SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 44
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
New Discoveries About Uranus, the 2025 Space Environment Robert on Space Junk, and NASA's Starliner Testing Updates
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking insights into the atmosphere of Uranus, derived from two decades of observations by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. Uranus, an ice giant with its unique tilt and rotation, reveals complex atmospheric dynamics that scientists are just beginning to understand. We discuss the implications of Hubble's findings, including the distribution of methane and the changing aerosol structures as the planet approaches its northern summer solstice in 2030.
The 2025 Space Environment Robert
Next, we delve into the European Space Agency's 2025 Space Environment Robert, highlighting the growing challenge of space debris orbiting Earth. With thousands of defunct satellites and rocket stages contributing to the clutter, we examine the risks posed to operational spacecraft and the urgent need for international debris reduction measures. The report underscores the potential for catastrophic chain reactions in space, known as Kessler Syndrome, and the pressing need for sustainable practices in orbit.
Nasa and Boeing's Starliner Testing Preparations
Additionally, we provide updates on NASA and Boeing's ongoing efforts to address issues with the CST-100 Starliner spacecraft. Following a series of test flight challenges, the teams are preparing for new evaluations and propulsion system tests aimed at certifying Starliner for future crewed missions. We discuss the history of Starliner's difficulties and what lies ahead in its journey to becoming a reliable transport vehicle for astronauts.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 44 for broadcast on 11 April 2025
00:49 New insights into Uranus's atmospheric dynamics
06:30 Hubble's long-term observations and their implications
12:15 Overview of the 2025 Space Environment Robert
18:00 The growing threat of space debris
22:45 NASA and Boeing's Starliner testing updates
27:00 Summary of recent space exploration developments
30:15 Science report: Microplastics and health impacts
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✍️ Episode References
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int (https://www.esa.int/)
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov (https://www.nasa.gov/)
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/ (https://www.nature.com/ncomms/)
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/26556361?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is Spacetime Series 28 episode 44
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 11th of April
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on Spaceime new insights
00:00:09 --> 00:00:13 in the atmosphere of Uranus the 2025
00:00:13 --> 00:00:15 space environment report on space junk
00:00:15 --> 00:00:18 and NASA and Boeing preparing for a new
00:00:18 --> 00:00:20 round of Starlininer testing all that
00:00:20 --> 00:00:24 and more coming up on Spaceime
00:00:24 --> 00:00:28 welcome to Spaceime with Stuart Garry
00:00:28 --> 00:00:44 [Music]
00:00:44 --> 00:00:46 astronomers have uncovered new insights
00:00:46 --> 00:00:47 into the atmospheric composition
00:00:47 --> 00:00:51 dynamics of the mysterious planet Uranus
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 the findings are based on two decades
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 worth of observations of the ice giant
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope uranus
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 is a strange world traveling around the
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 sun tipped on its side rotating at a
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 nearly 90° angle from the plane of its
00:01:04 --> 00:01:07 orbit it's the seventh planet from the
00:01:07 --> 00:01:08 sun and the third largest planet in the
00:01:08 --> 00:01:11 solar system about four times the size
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 of the Earth uranus is surrounded by a
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 faint ring system and is more than two
00:01:16 --> 00:01:19 dozen small moons the new Hubble results
00:01:19 --> 00:01:20 will help astronomers better understand
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 how the atmosphere of Uranus works and
00:01:22 --> 00:01:25 how it responds to changing sunlight
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 these long-term observations provide
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 valuable data for understanding
00:01:29 --> 00:01:32 atmospheric dynamics when Voyager 2 flew
00:01:32 --> 00:01:35 past Uranus back in 1986 it provided a
00:01:35 --> 00:01:38 close-up snapshot of the sideways world
00:01:38 --> 00:01:40 we know that Uranus's atmosphere is
00:01:40 --> 00:01:42 mostly hydrogen and helium with small
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 amounts of methane and traces of water
00:01:44 --> 00:01:47 and ammonia the methane gives Uranus its
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 cyan color by absorbing the red
00:01:49 --> 00:01:52 wavelengths of sunlight what Voyer 2 saw
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 resembled a bland blue green billyard
00:01:54 --> 00:01:57 ball by comparison Hubble chronicled a
00:01:57 --> 00:02:00 20ear story of seasonal changes between
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 2002 and
00:02:02 --> 00:02:05 2022 over that period scientists used
00:02:05 --> 00:02:06 Hubble spectrograph to develop an
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 accurate picture of the atmospheric
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 structure of the planet they observed
00:02:10 --> 00:02:14 Uranus four times in 2002 in 2012 in
00:02:14 --> 00:02:17 2015 and again in 2022 finding that
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 unlike conditions on the gas giant
00:02:19 --> 00:02:21 Saturn and Jupiter methane isn't
00:02:21 --> 00:02:24 uniformly distributed across Uranus
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 instead it's strongly depleted near the
00:02:26 --> 00:02:29 poles and this depletion remained
00:02:29 --> 00:02:32 relatively constant over the two decades
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 however the planet's aerosol and haze
00:02:34 --> 00:02:35 structure change dramatically
00:02:36 --> 00:02:37 brightening significantly as the
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 northern polar region of the planet
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 approaches the northern summer solstice
00:02:41 --> 00:02:44 in 2030 uranus takes a little over 84
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 Earth years to complete each orbit
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 around the sun so over the two decades
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 the Hubble team have really only seen
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 the northern spring as the sun moves
00:02:52 --> 00:02:54 from shining directly over Uranus's
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 equator towards shining almost directly
00:02:56 --> 00:02:59 over its north pole in 2030 the Hubble
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 observations are suggesting complex
00:03:01 --> 00:03:03 atmospheric circulation patterns on
00:03:03 --> 00:03:05 Uranus during this period the data
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 that's most sensitive to methane
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 distribution indicates a downwelling in
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 the polar regions and an upwelling in
00:03:11 --> 00:03:14 other areas over the years the authors
00:03:14 --> 00:03:16 watched the seasons of Uranus as the
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 south pole region darkened going into a
00:03:18 --> 00:03:19 winter shadow while the northern polar
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 region brightened as it began to come
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 into a more direct view as the northern
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 hemisphere summer approaches at middle
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 and lower latitudes aerosols and methane
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 depletion have their own latitudinal
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 structure that mostly didn't change over
00:03:32 --> 00:03:35 the two decades of observations however
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 in the polar regions aerosols and
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 methane depletion behave very
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 differently the aerosols near the north
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 pole displayed a dramatic increase
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 showing up as very dark during the early
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 northern spring and turning very bright
00:03:47 --> 00:03:50 in more recent years aerosols also seem
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 to disappear as the solar radiation
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 disappeared and this is evidence that
00:03:54 --> 00:03:57 solar radiation is changing the aerosol
00:03:57 --> 00:03:59 haze in the atmosphere on the other hand
00:03:59 --> 00:04:01 methane depletion appears to stay quite
00:04:02 --> 00:04:03 high in both polar regions throughout
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 the observing period needless to say
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 astronomers will continue to observe
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 Uranus as the planet approaches its
00:04:09 --> 00:04:12 northern hemisphere summer this is
00:04:12 --> 00:04:15 spaceime still to come the European
00:04:15 --> 00:04:18 Space Ay's 2025 space environment report
00:04:18 --> 00:04:20 and NASA and Boeing prepare for a new
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 round of testing of the troubled
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 Starlininer spacecraft all that and more
00:04:24 --> 00:04:28 still to come on Spaceime
00:04:28 --> 00:04:42 [Music]
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 the European Space Agency has released
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 its latest space environment report
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 warning of the ever growing problem of
00:04:48 --> 00:04:51 space junk orbiting the Earth our planet
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 is surrounded by spacecraft carrying out
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 important work to study our changing
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 climate deliver global communications
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 and navigation services and help answer
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 important scientific questions the
00:05:02 --> 00:05:03 problem is some of their orbits are
00:05:03 --> 00:05:06 getting really crowded and increasingly
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 churning with deadly fastmoving pieces
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 of defunct satellites and rockets that
00:05:10 --> 00:05:13 threaten operational spacecraft since
00:05:13 --> 00:05:16 2017 the European Space Agency Space
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 Debris Office has published an annual
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 space environment report in order to
00:05:20 --> 00:05:23 provide a transparent overview of global
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 space activities and determine just how
00:05:25 --> 00:05:26 well international debris reduction
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 measures are working to try and improve
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 the long-term sustainability of space
00:05:30 --> 00:05:33 flight the 2025 report says intact
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 satellites and rocket bodies are now
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 re-entering the Earth's atmosphere on
00:05:37 --> 00:05:40 average more than three times a day
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 however still not enough satellites are
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 programmed to leave heavily congested
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 orbits at the end of their lives thereby
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 creating an increased risk of collision
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 in fact 2024 saw several major
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 fragmentation events as well as many
00:05:53 --> 00:05:55 smaller ones together these have added
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 thousands of new debris objects into
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 space underlying the need for prevention
00:05:59 --> 00:06:02 by implementing pacivation and reduced
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 orbit lifetime measures the report says
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 that even without any additional
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 launches the amount of space debris will
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 simply keep growing that's because of
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 fragmentation events as spacecraft
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 collide that results in new debris
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 objects building up faster than debris
00:06:17 --> 00:06:18 can naturally reenter the
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 atmosphere the United States is
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 currently tracking well over 20
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 artificial objects in orbit above the
00:06:25 --> 00:06:28 Earth now of these only about 4 are
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 operational satellites with the rest
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 being disused spacecraft spent rocket
00:06:32 --> 00:06:35 stages and larger segments of space junk
00:06:35 --> 00:06:37 big enough to be tracked from the ground
00:06:37 --> 00:06:39 and current estimates suggest that there
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 are probably more than 200 million bits
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 of space junk a few centimeters or less
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 in size orbiting the Earth now all these
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 objects are traveling at orbital speeds
00:06:48 --> 00:06:51 of 28 km an hour
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 one of the biggest fears are cascade
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 events where satellites spent rocket
00:06:55 --> 00:06:57 stages or bits of space junk slam into
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 each other creating more shrapnel and
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 space junk which then slams into other
00:07:01 --> 00:07:02 spacecraft creating even more space
00:07:02 --> 00:07:05 debris and so on ultimately the Earth
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 could face what's known as a Kesler
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 syndrome first proposed by NASA
00:07:10 --> 00:07:13 scientist Donald Kesler back in 1978 the
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 Kesler syndrome involves a runaway chain
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 reaction of collisions exponentially
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 increasing the amount of debris clouds
00:07:19 --> 00:07:20 orbiting the Earth to the point where
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 the distribution of debris could render
00:07:22 --> 00:07:23 space activities and the use of
00:07:24 --> 00:07:25 satellites in specific orbital ranges
00:07:26 --> 00:07:27 impractical for
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 generations and it's not that
00:07:29 --> 00:07:32 far-fetched the International Space
00:07:32 --> 00:07:33 Station is regularly forced to change
00:07:33 --> 00:07:36 orbit to avoid space junk with crews
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 needing to seek refuge inside dock
00:07:38 --> 00:07:39 capsules in the event of a collision and
00:07:40 --> 00:07:41 the potential need to undertake
00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 emergency escape back to Earth spacew
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 walking astronauts have also recorded
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 impact damage to the orbiting outpost
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 and returning spacecraft have also shown
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 evidence of debris impact caused while
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 in orbit and it's all been happening
00:07:54 --> 00:07:57 very quickly the first major recorded
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 satellite collision was back on February
00:07:59 --> 00:08:00 the 10th
00:08:00 --> 00:08:04 2009 that's when the 560 kg Aridium 33
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 telecommunications satellite collided
00:08:06 --> 00:08:10 with a deactivated 950 kg Russian Cosmos
00:08:10 --> 00:08:13 2251 satellite the collision occurred
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 some 800 km over Siberia at a relative
00:08:15 --> 00:08:19 speed of 11.7 km/s that's about
00:08:19 --> 00:08:24 42 kmh destroying both spacecraft in
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 January 2020 the DIS used Russian Cosmos
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 2491 spy satellite was suddenly hit by a
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 piece of space junk shattering it into
00:08:32 --> 00:08:35 at least 10 major fragments but to date
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 the worst incident polluting space with
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 deadly shrapnel wasn't an accident but
00:08:40 --> 00:08:44 deliberate back on January the 11th 2007
00:08:44 --> 00:08:45 China conducted an anti-satellite
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 missile test using a DF-21 ballistic
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 missile launched from the Xia satellite
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 launch center to deliberately blow up a
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 disused Chinese weather satellite for no
00:08:54 --> 00:08:55 other reason than in order to
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 demonstrate to the rest of the world
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 that they could do it the missile
00:08:59 --> 00:09:02 slammed headon into the 750 kg Fanggy
00:09:02 --> 00:09:05 Yong FY1C Weather Satellite at an
00:09:05 --> 00:09:09 altitude of 865 km traveling at 8 km/s
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 and smashing both spacecraft into a
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 massive debris cloud containing hundreds
00:09:13 --> 00:09:16 of thousands of bits of shrapnel the
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 event remains the largest recorded
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 creation of space junk in history with
00:09:20 --> 00:09:23 well over 2 pieces of trackablesiz
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 space debris cataloged in the immediate
00:09:25 --> 00:09:28 aftermath beijing was condemned by other
00:09:28 --> 00:09:29 nations including the United States
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 Britain Japan Russia and Australia for
00:09:32 --> 00:09:33 their actions which dramatically
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 worsened the problem of space junk and
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 increased the dangers it posed to both
00:09:37 --> 00:09:40 people and spacecraft and those fears
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 proved justified on January the 22nd
00:09:42 --> 00:09:45 2013 when a Russian laser ranging
00:09:45 --> 00:09:47 satellite was struck by debris from the
00:09:47 --> 00:09:50 2007 Chinese missile test damaging the
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 spacecraft and changing both its orbit
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 and spin rate this summary of the 2025
00:09:55 --> 00:09:59 space environment report from ISA TV
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 humanity has a littering habit from the
00:10:01 --> 00:10:04 deep sea up into the sky space debris is
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 now a wellestablished problem around 70%
00:10:06 --> 00:10:09 of the 20 satellites ever launched
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 remain in space today orbiting alongside
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 hundreds of millions of fragments left
00:10:13 --> 00:10:15 behind by collisions explosions and
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 intentional destruction and the outlook
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 is worsening year on year for each
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 satellite ISA has to perform twice as
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 many collision avoidance maneuvers than
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 it did 10 years ago with some operators
00:10:26 --> 00:10:29 reporting two such maneuvers per month
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 per satellite but the challenge we face
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 now is nothing compared to what is to
00:10:33 --> 00:10:36 come a new era is here the commercial
00:10:36 --> 00:10:39 space race access to space has become
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 faster easier and cheaper and vast
00:10:42 --> 00:10:43 constellations of satellites are
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 dominating entire orbits on a first come
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 first serve basis current predictions
00:10:48 --> 00:10:51 indicate that by 2030 the number of
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 active satellites orbiting our planet
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 could reach
00:10:55 --> 00:10:58 100 every additional satellite burns
00:10:58 --> 00:11:01 new rocket emissions increases collision
00:11:01 --> 00:11:04 risks and stains the skies for
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 astronomy humanity's exploitation
00:11:07 --> 00:11:10 threatens a common inheritance a common
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 benefit a cycle we are not unfamiliar
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 with
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 international regulations and space
00:11:16 --> 00:11:18 debris mitigation measures are limited
00:11:18 --> 00:11:19 and we are only just beginning to see
00:11:19 --> 00:11:22 the consequences of this new complex and
00:11:22 --> 00:11:24 unregulated mix of institutional and
00:11:24 --> 00:11:27 commercial space activity so is this a
00:11:27 --> 00:11:32 crisis in some orbits yes above 800 km
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 we cannot rely on the atmosphere to pull
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 down debris for disposal once these high
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 altitude orbits have been littered with
00:11:38 --> 00:11:41 shrapnel there is no going back the
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 problem is cumulative and with our
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 current level of technology irreversible
00:11:46 --> 00:11:48 application specific orbits such as the
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 geostationary ring are simply
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 irreplaceable the satellites that enable
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 our modern lives are at risk from
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 navigation for global transport to time
00:11:57 --> 00:12:00 synchronization for banking and finance
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 telecommunications climate monitoring
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 air traffic control and international
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 communication we need space now more
00:12:06 --> 00:12:09 than ever to address the climate crisis
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 and predict extreme weather events
00:12:11 --> 00:12:13 sudden damage to these satellites could
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 lead to blackouts and breakdowns with
00:12:15 --> 00:12:16 unforeseen
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 consequences a catastrophic chain
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 reaction is not just a possibility it is
00:12:22 --> 00:12:25 already underway in some orbital regions
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 our behavior really could see us run out
00:12:27 --> 00:12:27 of
00:12:27 --> 00:12:30 space space has so much value beyond
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 satellite services it has been an
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 integral part of our culture for
00:12:34 --> 00:12:36 millennia entangled throughout our
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 science and philosophies our religions
00:12:38 --> 00:12:39 and
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 mythologies overwhelming our skies with
00:12:42 --> 00:12:43 satellites is putting groundbased
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 astronomy and worldwide social and
00:12:45 --> 00:12:48 cultural uses of space at risk all
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 future generations deserve to wonder at
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 the night skies just as our ancestors
00:12:52 --> 00:12:54 have before us the stakes are high the
00:12:54 --> 00:12:57 challenge is daunting but there is still
00:12:57 --> 00:12:58 so much we can do to ensure a
00:12:58 --> 00:13:01 sustainable future isa is imposing
00:13:01 --> 00:13:03 stricter rules on itself with the goal
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 of becoming debris neutral by
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 2030 the agency is reducing the maximum
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 time that its satellites can spend in
00:13:10 --> 00:13:11 orbit after the end of their mission
00:13:12 --> 00:13:15 from 25 years to 5 and developing more
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 reliable methods for depleting excess
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 fuel and battery power to minimize
00:13:19 --> 00:13:22 explosion risk isa is also designing
00:13:22 --> 00:13:23 measures to preserve dark and quiet
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 skies by minimizing the impact of
00:13:25 --> 00:13:28 satellites on optical infrared and radio
00:13:28 --> 00:13:31 astronomy but space exploration is a
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 global endeavor for the shared benefit
00:13:33 --> 00:13:34 of
00:13:34 --> 00:13:36 humankind the long-term sustainability
00:13:36 --> 00:13:38 of space will require action and change
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 from both traditional and new players
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 together the Zero Debris community is
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 working on new principles and
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 technologies for minimizing the creation
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 of new space debris and improving our
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 ability to track monitor and avoid the
00:13:52 --> 00:13:55 debris already in orbit isa is also
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 working to establish the concept of an
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 orbital capacity this would evaluate the
00:13:59 --> 00:14:02 space debris generation risk associated
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 with new and existing missions to help
00:14:04 --> 00:14:06 guide safe and sustainable operations
00:14:06 --> 00:14:10 now and in the future ultimately ISA
00:14:10 --> 00:14:11 aims to treat Earth's orbital
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 environment like an international nature
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 reserve what you bring in with you you
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 must take out when you are done and to
00:14:17 --> 00:14:20 encourage others to do the same in the
00:14:20 --> 00:14:21 orbits where a chain reaction of
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 collisions and breakups has already
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 begun active debris removal will be
00:14:25 --> 00:14:28 essential to prepare for this ISSA will
00:14:28 --> 00:14:30 begin to equip missions with systems to
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 assist their removal if they are unable
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 to remove themselves from orbit true
00:14:34 --> 00:14:37 sustainability is complex and rushed
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 solutions risk creating the problem of
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 burden shifting solving one problem can
00:14:41 --> 00:14:44 sometimes create another for example the
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 metals and chemicals used in satellites
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 are released during re-entry and the
00:14:48 --> 00:14:50 impact that they have on the environment
00:14:50 --> 00:14:52 is an accelerating area of research for
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 objects that reach the ground the
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 current best practice is to let them
00:14:56 --> 00:14:58 pollute the ocean to avoid human
00:14:58 --> 00:15:01 casualty risk so how can our use of
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 space ever be sustainable space is
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 currently a linear economy one that
00:15:05 --> 00:15:07 starts with the construction of rockets
00:15:07 --> 00:15:09 and satellites and ends with debris the
00:15:09 --> 00:15:11 ultimate solution would be the creation
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 of a sustainable circular economy in
00:15:13 --> 00:15:16 orbit to achieve this solutions such as
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 inorbit servicing refueling or reusing
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 existing satellite platforms or more
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 ambitious and futuristic solutions such
00:15:23 --> 00:15:26 as orbiting recycling stations will be
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 necessary if humankind wishes to
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 establish itself in Earth orbit or even
00:15:30 --> 00:15:32 at the moon Mars and beyond for
00:15:32 --> 00:15:35 centuries to come this is our chance to
00:15:35 --> 00:15:38 build healthy practices in space our
00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 time to act already came and now the
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 clock is ticking our world could look
00:15:43 --> 00:15:45 vastly different if our measure of
00:15:45 --> 00:15:46 success was maintaining a healthy
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 balanced relationship with an
00:15:48 --> 00:15:51 environment pollution isn't inevitable
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 but the choices we make today will
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 determine access to resources for
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 generations to come let's build good
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 habits on and around the pale blue dot
00:15:59 --> 00:16:02 that future generations can be proud of
00:16:02 --> 00:16:05 habits that humankind can carry with it
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 out into the solar system this is
00:16:07 --> 00:16:11 spaceime still to come NASA and Boeing
00:16:11 --> 00:16:12 prepare for a new round of Starlininer
00:16:12 --> 00:16:15 testing and later in the science report
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 a new study found that places with high
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 concentrations of microlastics have
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 populations with higher rates of
00:16:21 --> 00:16:24 hypertension diabetes and stroke all
00:16:24 --> 00:16:27 that and more still to come on Spaceime
00:16:27 --> 00:16:41 [Music]
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 nasa and Boeing are working on new tests
00:16:44 --> 00:16:46 and evaluations towards finally ironing
00:16:46 --> 00:16:48 out the ongoing problems with Boeing's
00:16:48 --> 00:16:51 CST 100 Star Liner following a string of
00:16:51 --> 00:16:53 disastrous test flight attempts in
00:16:53 --> 00:16:55 recent years the joint teams are working
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 to resolve Starlininer's in-flight
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 anomalies and preparing for new
00:16:59 --> 00:17:01 propulsion system testing ahead of more
00:17:01 --> 00:17:03 flight certification tests in the future
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 nasa's space operations administrator
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 Ken Bowox says the AY's investment in
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 commercial crew transportation
00:17:10 --> 00:17:12 capabilities is crucial to providing the
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 needed flexibility to operate in space
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 as safely as possible and respond to
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 changes quickly when they
00:17:18 --> 00:17:21 arise starlininer's first man space
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 flight returned to Earth safely in
00:17:23 --> 00:17:24 September but without its crew following
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 ongoing problems with both its
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 propulsion system and repeated helium
00:17:28 --> 00:17:31 leaks the crew were left aboard the
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 International Space Station they
00:17:33 --> 00:17:34 eventually returned to Earth last month
00:17:34 --> 00:17:37 aboard a SpaceX Dragon capsule instead
00:17:37 --> 00:17:40 for NASA it was the last straw in the
00:17:40 --> 00:17:43 long list of failures for Starlininer it
00:17:43 --> 00:17:44 followed two earlier unmanned
00:17:44 --> 00:17:47 Starlininer test flights first in
00:17:47 --> 00:17:49 December 2019 was plagued with computer
00:17:49 --> 00:17:51 problems that saw Starlininer enter
00:17:51 --> 00:17:53 orbit too early unable to reach its
00:17:54 --> 00:17:55 intended target the International Space
00:17:55 --> 00:17:58 Station and just prior to its de-orbit
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 and return to Earth Mission Manage
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 discovered another computer problem this
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 one far more serious as it would have
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 caused the capsule and its service motor
00:18:06 --> 00:18:07 to collide during their planned
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 separation prior to re-entry which would
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 have resulted in the destruction of both
00:18:11 --> 00:18:14 vehicles and once on the ground another
00:18:14 --> 00:18:15 problem was discovered which would have
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 prevented Starlininer from docking with
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 the space station anyway had it been
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 able to reach it a complete
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 re-evaluation the Starlininer spacecraft
00:18:23 --> 00:18:25 and its systems was undertaken that
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 resulted in over 155 changes being
00:18:28 --> 00:18:31 ordered by NASA a second test flight
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 slated for November 2020 was cancelled
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 due to more software issues and the
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 discovery of corrosion damage to 13
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 propulsion system valves resulting in
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 the need to undertake a complete rebuild
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 of the spacecraft including the
00:18:43 --> 00:18:45 development of a new service module
00:18:45 --> 00:18:46 apparently the valves had been corroded
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 by the intrusion of moisture which
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 interacted with the propellant trouble
00:18:50 --> 00:18:52 is the source of the moisture was never
00:18:52 --> 00:18:54 found a second unmanned orbital
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 Starlininer test flight finally launched
00:18:56 --> 00:18:58 in May 2022
00:18:58 --> 00:19:00 however two orbital maneuvering and
00:19:00 --> 00:19:02 attitude control system thrusters failed
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 during the orbital insertion burn that
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 force mission manages to compensate
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 using the remaining thrusters with the
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 addition of the reaction control system
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 thrusters but a couple of reaction
00:19:12 --> 00:19:13 control system thrusters used to
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 maneuver Starliner also failed due to
00:19:16 --> 00:19:17 low chamber pressure during the docking
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 procedure to the space station and
00:19:20 --> 00:19:21 mission managers found some thermal
00:19:22 --> 00:19:23 systems used to cool the spacecraft
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 showed extra cold temperatures requiring
00:19:25 --> 00:19:27 engineers to manage it during the
00:19:27 --> 00:19:29 docking eventually the spacecraft did
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 return safely to Earth landing back at
00:19:32 --> 00:19:33 the White Sands missile range in New
00:19:33 --> 00:19:37 Mexico 6 days later without incident but
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 once back on the ground more problems
00:19:39 --> 00:19:40 were detected this time with the harness
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 straps on the parachute system which
00:19:42 --> 00:19:43 required extra strengthening and also
00:19:44 --> 00:19:45 with the glue used on the installation
00:19:45 --> 00:19:47 of the spacecraft electrical wiring
00:19:47 --> 00:19:50 harnesses it turns out that glue was
00:19:50 --> 00:19:52 flammable that resulted in another
00:19:52 --> 00:19:55 complete rebuild and all that pushed the
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 first man test flight of Starlininer to
00:19:57 --> 00:19:58 June
00:19:58 --> 00:20:01 2024 but what was to be an 8-day flight
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 to the International Space Station
00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 turned out to be a 9-month stay as
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 Starlininer arrived at the space station
00:20:07 --> 00:20:10 five of its 28 reaction control system
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 thrusters malfunctioned it was clear
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 evidence that underlying issues remained
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 with the spacecraft mission managers
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 eventually got four of the five
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 problematic thrusters operational before
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 clearing Starlininer to approach and
00:20:22 --> 00:20:23 dock with the orbiting outpost on its
00:20:23 --> 00:20:26 second docking attempt eventually NASA
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 decided Starlininer simply wasn't safe
00:20:28 --> 00:20:30 enough for man flight and the crew were
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 ordered to remain on station leaving
00:20:32 --> 00:20:35 Star Liner to return to Earth empty in
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 the months following its return NASA and
00:20:37 --> 00:20:38 Boeing have been working on post-flight
00:20:38 --> 00:20:41 data analysis of its crude flight test
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 the major in-flight propulsion system
00:20:43 --> 00:20:45 anomalies Starline has been experiencing
00:20:45 --> 00:20:47 in orbit are expected to remain open
00:20:47 --> 00:20:49 pending further ground tests and system
00:20:49 --> 00:20:52 upgrades testing at White Sands will
00:20:52 --> 00:20:53 include integrated firing of key
00:20:53 --> 00:20:56 Starlininer thrusters a test of the
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 spacecraft's thermal protection system
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 upgrades operational solutions for
00:21:00 --> 00:21:01 future space flight issues and the
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 testing of new helium system seals in
00:21:04 --> 00:21:05 order to mitigate the risk of future
00:21:05 --> 00:21:08 leaks only once they get through all
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 these planned test campaigns will they
00:21:10 --> 00:21:12 have a better idea of exactly how fit
00:21:12 --> 00:21:15 the spacecraft is to fly again and only
00:21:15 --> 00:21:17 then will NASA determine where
00:21:17 --> 00:21:18 Starlininer best fits in the schedule
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 for the International Space Station and
00:21:20 --> 00:21:23 its crew and cargo missions now that
00:21:23 --> 00:21:24 could be towards the end of this year
00:21:24 --> 00:21:28 but more likely early 2026
00:21:28 --> 00:21:29 this is
00:21:29 --> 00:21:39 [Music]
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 spaceime and time now to take another
00:21:47 --> 00:21:48 brief look at some of the other stories
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 making news in science this week with
00:21:50 --> 00:21:52 the science report
00:21:52 --> 00:21:54 a new study has shown that places with
00:21:54 --> 00:21:56 high concentrations of microplastics
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 also have populations with higher rates
00:21:58 --> 00:22:01 of hypertension diabetes stroke and
00:22:01 --> 00:22:04 other non-communicable diseases the
00:22:04 --> 00:22:06 findings presented at the American
00:22:06 --> 00:22:07 College of Kylo annual scientific
00:22:08 --> 00:22:09 sessions looked at the concentrations of
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 microplastics in water bodies around the
00:22:12 --> 00:22:13 coasts and lakes shores in the United
00:22:13 --> 00:22:17 States between 2015 and 2019 the authors
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 then use statistical analyses of rates
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 of conditions like high blood pressure
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 diabetes stroke and cancer in those
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 areas as well as other social
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 environmental factors including medium
00:22:27 --> 00:22:30 household incomes employment rates and
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 particulate matter air pollution in the
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 same areas they found that higher
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 microplastic concentrations were
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 associated with higher blood pressure
00:22:38 --> 00:22:41 higher diabetes rates and higher stroke
00:22:41 --> 00:22:45 rates but not with higher cancer rates
00:22:45 --> 00:22:46 a new study has shown that people who
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 are usually being constantly distracted
00:22:48 --> 00:22:50 by their cell phones are just as likely
00:22:50 --> 00:22:52 to find other ways to procrastinate if
00:22:52 --> 00:22:55 their phones aren't nearby a report in
00:22:55 --> 00:22:56 the journal Frontiers of Computer
00:22:56 --> 00:22:59 Science asked 22 people to work for 2
00:22:59 --> 00:23:02 days in a private soundproofed room they
00:23:02 --> 00:23:03 asked either place their phones on their
00:23:03 --> 00:23:05 desk or on another desk just out of
00:23:05 --> 00:23:08 reach the authors found the participants
00:23:08 --> 00:23:09 didn't spend any less time pursuing
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 leisure activities when their phones
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 were further away they wound up still
00:23:13 --> 00:23:15 switching between work and leisure tasks
00:23:15 --> 00:23:17 just as
00:23:17 --> 00:23:19 often scientists have turned a woman's
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 thoughts into speech using a device
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 trained on her brain activity that can
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 speak in real time the researchers
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 implanted their device into a 47year-old
00:23:28 --> 00:23:29 woman who had been unable to speak for
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 18 years and they trained their device
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 on her brain activity as she internally
00:23:33 --> 00:23:35 spoke sentences containing just over a
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 thousand unique words the voice of the
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 device was also trained using a clip of
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 the woman speaking before her injury in
00:23:42 --> 00:23:44 order to help her voice sound like her a
00:23:44 --> 00:23:45 report in the journal Nature
00:23:46 --> 00:23:48 Neuroscience says while similar devices
00:23:48 --> 00:23:50 have been designed previously this new
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 technology is the first to allow
00:23:52 --> 00:23:55 realtime conversation and avoid
00:23:55 --> 00:23:59 delays neuraluic programming or NLP is a
00:23:59 --> 00:24:01 collection of psychological and
00:24:01 --> 00:24:03 communication strategies that can be
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 applied to help someone reach a desired
00:24:05 --> 00:24:08 goal classic NLP techniques which have
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10 been around since the 1970s include
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 things like using visualization to
00:24:12 --> 00:24:14 change thought processes and habits
00:24:14 --> 00:24:15 mirroring body languages to make
00:24:15 --> 00:24:17 connections with other people and using
00:24:17 --> 00:24:20 affirmations or incantations to try and
00:24:20 --> 00:24:22 turn your aspirations into reality such
00:24:22 --> 00:24:25 as I think therefore I can while neural
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 linguistic programming is considered a
00:24:27 --> 00:24:30 pseudocience in remains popular among
00:24:30 --> 00:24:32 some business coaches sales and
00:24:32 --> 00:24:34 marketing executives and athletes and
00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 while some people might find it useful
00:24:36 --> 00:24:38 although probably not for the reasons
00:24:38 --> 00:24:40 they think it's also being used by other
00:24:40 --> 00:24:42 people who have turned it into a
00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 commercial cult tim Mendum from
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 Australian Skeptics says amid the
00:24:46 --> 00:24:47 psychological coaching are some
00:24:47 --> 00:24:49 disreputable groups who are offering
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 promises of big money and certificate
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 training neural linguistics is a
00:24:53 --> 00:24:56 psychology treatment process that is
00:24:56 --> 00:24:57 claiming to have some scientific
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 background that is designed to help you
00:25:00 --> 00:25:02 cope with your particular issues that
00:25:02 --> 00:25:03 you have everything from confidence
00:25:04 --> 00:25:05 depression through to postpartum
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 depression and all sorts of different
00:25:07 --> 00:25:09 things and it's not regarded highly in
00:25:09 --> 00:25:11 scientific terms it's not regarded as
00:25:11 --> 00:25:12 being very well founded even though
00:25:12 --> 00:25:15 there are organizations and people with
00:25:15 --> 00:25:16 qualifications you would hope would sort
00:25:16 --> 00:25:18 of indicate that they'd be a bit more
00:25:18 --> 00:25:19 critical neural linguistic programming
00:25:19 --> 00:25:23 NLT is supposedly applied individually
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 so each person's individual
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 circumstances means you work out the
00:25:27 --> 00:25:28 treatment you're going to give them
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 through this confidence building helping
00:25:30 --> 00:25:33 you sort out your deep traumas etc what
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 is happening is that the industry is
00:25:35 --> 00:25:38 being taken over by some people who
00:25:38 --> 00:25:40 because of the reliance that people who
00:25:40 --> 00:25:43 go see an NLP practitioner have for the
00:25:43 --> 00:25:45 practitioner it becomes a bit cultish
00:25:45 --> 00:25:47 and people are encouraged to come back
00:25:47 --> 00:25:48 and back and back for more treatment
00:25:48 --> 00:25:51 more courses increasingly expensive etc
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 etc things that they can't afford and
00:25:53 --> 00:25:55 then in some cases they're actually
00:25:55 --> 00:25:56 saying that they're training up this
00:25:56 --> 00:25:58 person to become their own NLP
00:25:58 --> 00:26:01 practitioner so it's one pseudocience
00:26:01 --> 00:26:03 largely creating other people to follow
00:26:03 --> 00:26:05 them to promote pseudocience it's almost
00:26:05 --> 00:26:06 like a pyramid scheme when you think
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 about it it is a bit like pyramid scheme
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 it's a bit like multi-level marketing is
00:26:10 --> 00:26:12 called which is basically I sell my
00:26:12 --> 00:26:14 courses to you you sell those courses to
00:26:14 --> 00:26:15 everyone else and it's a pyramid right
00:26:15 --> 00:26:17 uh people see cult aspects to this
00:26:17 --> 00:26:20 training this NLP treatment processes
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 the more you get involved the more you
00:26:22 --> 00:26:23 need to be involved and the more you
00:26:23 --> 00:26:24 know you need to be involved the bit
00:26:24 --> 00:26:27 more courses you are sold on and you can
00:26:27 --> 00:26:29 do a 10-week course to help you out with
00:26:29 --> 00:26:30 these particular problems and then oh by
00:26:30 --> 00:26:32 the way we've discovered these things so
00:26:32 --> 00:26:33 happy to go to the second level course
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 or the premier course or the gold level
00:26:36 --> 00:26:37 course or this sort of thing and you
00:26:37 --> 00:26:38 know once you're in you're trapped and
00:26:38 --> 00:26:40 you're pouring out tens of thousands of
00:26:40 --> 00:26:41 dollars to a practitioner and then you
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 reach the the end stage and say what
00:26:43 --> 00:26:44 about being a practitioner yourself and
00:26:44 --> 00:26:46 then you're going out the other end to
00:26:46 --> 00:26:48 inflict that practice on somebody else
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 in some instances a well-intentioned way
00:26:50 --> 00:26:53 to treat people with depression etc with
00:26:53 --> 00:26:55 psychological issues but it's like any
00:26:55 --> 00:26:56 of these things it can be it's it's
00:26:56 --> 00:26:59 vague and it can be manipulated by other
00:26:59 --> 00:27:04 people that's Tim Mindum from Australian
00:27:04 --> 00:27:16 [Music]
00:27:17 --> 00:27:20 Skeptics and that's the show for now
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