SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 150
* Venus: A Lifeless World
New research has debunked the long-standing theory that Venusmight have once been habitable. Despite being Earth's sister planet, a study of its atmospheric chemistry reveals that Venus has always been too dry to support oceans, making it an inhospitable world throughout its history. These findings, published in Nature Astronomy, have significant implications for the search for life on exoplanets, suggesting a focus on more Earth-like candidates.
* Mars Perseverance Rover Reaches Jezero Crater Rim
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has successfully reached the rim of Jezero Crater, where it is examining the Picotquino region. This area could provide insights into ancient geological processes on Mars, potentially revealing clues about the planet's past climate and the impact that formed the crater.
* Quantum Sensors in Space
NASA's Cold Atom Lab aboard the International Space Station has achieved a groundbreaking milestone by using ultra-cold atoms to detect environmental changes in Space. This marks a new era in quantum science, with potential applications in studying planetary compositions and testing fundamental theories of gravity.
00:00 New study suggests Venus was never habitable; quantum sensor used in space
00:26 New study has shown that the planet Venus was never habitable
06:32 NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has finally reached the rim of Jezero
08:56 NASA's Cold Atom Lab has taken another step towards quantum science in space
16:33 Permafrost thawing due to climate change could lead to wildfires
19:30 New images have emerged of what's reported to be the famed Loch Ness Monster
23:41 Space Time podcast features Stuart Gary talking about Bigfoot in America www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com (https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com)
www.bitesz.com (https://www.bitesz.com)
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✍️ Episode References
Nature Astronomy
[Nature Astronomy Journal](https://www.nature.com/natastron/)
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover
[NASA Perseverance Rover](https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/)
Cambridge University
[University of Cambridge](https://www.cam.ac.uk/)
NASA's Da Vinci Mission
[NASA Da Vinci Mission](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-davinci-mission-to-take-the-plunge-through-massive-venus-atmosphere)
James Webb Space Telescope
[James Webb Space Telescope](https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/)
NASA Cold Atom Lab
[NASA Cold Atom Lab](https://coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov/)
Grace FO Mission
[GRACE-FO Mission](https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/)
Nature Communications
[Nature Communications Journal](https://www.nature.com/ncomms/)
Forensic Science International Genetics
[Forensic Science International: Genetics](https://www.journals.elsevier.com/forensic-science-international-genetics)
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/24603631?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 150
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 13th of December
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on SpaceTime a new study
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 suggest Venus was never habitable NASA's
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 Mars perseverance Rover now exploring
00:00:15 --> 00:00:18 the rim of gzro crater and an Ultra Cool
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 Quantum sensor used for the first time
00:00:21 --> 00:00:25 in space all that and more coming up on
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:29 --> 00:00:31 steuart gar
00:00:31 --> 00:00:37 [Music]
00:00:46 --> 00:00:47 a new study has shown that the planet
00:00:47 --> 00:00:50 Venus was never habitable that's despite
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 Decades of speculation that the Earth's
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 sister Planet May once have been much
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 more earthlike than what it is today
00:00:57 --> 00:00:58 after all both these worlds are about
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 the same size they were formed in the
00:01:01 --> 00:01:02 same part of the solar system out of the
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 same material and at the same time but a
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 new study looking at the chemical
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 composition of the venusian atmosphere
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 suggests that the planet's interior is
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 far too dry today for there ever have
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 been enough water for oceans to have
00:01:15 --> 00:01:18 existed on its surface instead it now
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 appears the planet has been a scorching
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 hot inhospitable world for its entire
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 history the new results reported in the
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 journal Nature astronomy have
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 implications not just for understanding
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 Earth's uniqueness but also for the
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 search for life on planets outside our
00:01:32 --> 00:01:35 solar system see while many exoplanets
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 are venus-like the studies suggest that
00:01:37 --> 00:01:38 astronomers should really be narrowing
00:01:38 --> 00:01:40 their focus to exoplanets which are far
00:01:40 --> 00:01:43 more earthlike from a distance Venus and
00:01:43 --> 00:01:47 Earth look like siblings but up close
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 Venus is far more like Earth's evil twin
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 it's covered in thick clouds of sulfuric
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 acid has a heavy carbon dioxide
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 atmosphere and surface temperatures
00:01:56 --> 00:02:00 close to 500° C hot enough to melt lead
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 and even if you make it down to the
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 surface the surface pressure is 100
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 times atmospheric pressure at sea level
00:02:06 --> 00:02:09 on earth now it does rain on Venus but
00:02:09 --> 00:02:12 it's acid rain and there are snow caps
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 on some of Venus's taller mountain
00:02:14 --> 00:02:17 ranges but the snow is metallic all in
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 all if Venus is Earth sister Planet then
00:02:19 --> 00:02:22 it really truly is a Twisted Sister yet
00:02:23 --> 00:02:24 despite all these extreme conditions for
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 decades astronomers have been
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 investigating whether Venus once had
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 liquid oceans capable of supporting ing
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 life or whether some mysterious form of
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 aerial life could exist in its thick
00:02:34 --> 00:02:37 clouds nowadays the study's lead author
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 Theresa constantina from Cambridge
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 University says scientists won't know
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 for sure whether Venus can or had
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 supported life until we actually send
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 probes there that won't be till the end
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 of the decade but given it likely never
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 had oceans it's hard to imagine ven ever
00:02:52 --> 00:02:54 having supported earthlike life which
00:02:54 --> 00:02:57 requires liquid water when searching for
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 life elsewhere in our galaxy astronomers
00:02:59 --> 00:03:00 search for planet orbiting within their
00:03:00 --> 00:03:03 host star's habitable zones that's an
00:03:03 --> 00:03:05 area where it's not too hot and not too
00:03:05 --> 00:03:08 cold but just right a so-call godil
00:03:08 --> 00:03:10 loxone for water to exist on a planet's
00:03:10 --> 00:03:13 surface in a liquid form now in our
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 solar system there are three planets
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 within the Sun's habitable zone Venus
00:03:17 --> 00:03:21 Earth and Mars but Constantino says
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 Venus and Mars provide a powerful limit
00:03:23 --> 00:03:25 on where this habitable zone actually
00:03:25 --> 00:03:28 lies around a star see only the Earth is
00:03:28 --> 00:03:31 habitable even the Earth's Moon lacks
00:03:31 --> 00:03:32 the conditions for
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 habitability currently there are two
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 primary hypothesis to try and explain
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 how conditions on Venus may have evolved
00:03:38 --> 00:03:41 since its formation 4.6 billion years
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 ago the first is that conditions on
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 Venus's surface were once tempered
00:03:45 --> 00:03:48 enough to support liquid water but a
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 runaway greenhouse effect caused by
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 widespread volcanic activity caused the
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 planet to get hotter and hotter
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 eventually evaporating the water the
00:03:56 --> 00:03:59 second is that Venus was born hot and
00:03:59 --> 00:04:01 liquid water was never really able to
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 condense onto the surface now both of
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 these hypotheses are based on climate
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 models but Constantino and colleagues
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 wanted to take a different approach
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 based on observations of Venus's current
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 atmospheric chemistry to keep the venian
00:04:13 --> 00:04:16 atmosphere stable then any chemical
00:04:16 --> 00:04:17 being removed from that atmosphere
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 should also be getting restored to it
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 since the planet's interior and exterior
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 are in constant chemical communication
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 with each other the research has
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 calculated the present distraction rate
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 of water carbon dioxide and carbonal
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 sulfide molecules in Venus's atmosphere
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 which must be restored by volcanic gases
00:04:34 --> 00:04:36 to keep the atmosphere stable and
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 volcanism through its supply of gases to
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 the atmosphere provides a window into
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 the interior of Rocky terrestrial worlds
00:04:42 --> 00:04:45 like Venus as magma rises from the matle
00:04:45 --> 00:04:48 towards the surface it releases gases
00:04:48 --> 00:04:50 from the deeper portions of the planet
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 now on Earth volcanic eruptions are
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 mostly steam that's due to our planet's
00:04:54 --> 00:04:57 water-rich interior but based on the
00:04:57 --> 00:04:58 composition of the volcanic gases
00:04:59 --> 00:05:00 necessary to to sustain the venan
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 atmosphere the authors found that
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 volcanic gases on Venus are at most just
00:05:04 --> 00:05:08 6% water these dry eruptions suggested
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 venice's interior the source of the
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 magma that releases gases in the
00:05:12 --> 00:05:15 atmosphere must also be dehydrated at
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 the end of this decade NASA's Da Vinci
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 Mission will be able to test and confirm
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 whether Venus has always been a dry
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 inhospitable planet with a series of
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 flybys and a probe which will descend
00:05:25 --> 00:05:27 through the atmosphere down to the
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 surface the results could help astronom
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 has better narrow their focus when
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 searching for exoplanets that could
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 support life in orbit around other stars
00:05:35 --> 00:05:39 in our galaxy Constantino says if Venus
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 were habitable in the past it would mean
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 other planets we've already found might
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 also be habitable instruments like the
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 James web Space Telescope are best at
00:05:48 --> 00:05:49 studying atmospheres of planets close to
00:05:49 --> 00:05:52 the her stars like Venus is to the Sun
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 but if Venus was never habitable then it
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 makes venus-like planets elsewhere less
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 likely candidates for the habitable
00:05:59 --> 00:06:02 conditions necessary for life this is
00:06:02 --> 00:06:05 spacetime still to come NASA's M
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 perseverance Rover finally exploring the
00:06:07 --> 00:06:10 rim of gzro crater and Ultra Cool
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 Quantum senses demonstrated in space for
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 the first time all that and more still
00:06:15 --> 00:06:19 to come on SpaceTime
00:06:19 --> 00:06:32 [Music]
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 well after a long and difficult Journey
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 NASA's Mars perseverance Rover has
00:06:36 --> 00:06:40 finally reached the rim of jezzro crater
00:06:40 --> 00:06:41 right now the Rover is taking a close-up
00:06:42 --> 00:06:45 look at pico quino Mission managers hope
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 to investigate the geological history
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 recorded in this roughly 200 meter long
00:06:49 --> 00:06:52 region of exposed rock outcrop scius say
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 these rocks May reveal clues about
00:06:54 --> 00:06:57 ancient geological processes on Mars
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 including those that predate or are Rel
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 reled to the violent impact that formed
00:07:01 --> 00:07:04 jro crater in the first place the car
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 size 6 World robotic Rover has been
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 studying a number of unusual Rock outc
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 crop ridges during its long and
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 difficult Ascent to the Crater Rim the
00:07:12 --> 00:07:14 journey up to the rim has been Steep and
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 dangerous with numerous Sandy basins
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 making the climb up from the dried up
00:07:18 --> 00:07:21 riverbed Delta floor very slippery now
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 on the rim scientists want to
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 characterize the compositional diversity
00:07:25 --> 00:07:28 and structure of these exposed rocks
00:07:28 --> 00:07:30 after paralleling picket quick queo for
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 about 70 m to the South last week
00:07:32 --> 00:07:33 Mission managers planned a close-up
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 approach over the weekend that
00:07:35 --> 00:07:36 positioned the Rover at the far
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 Southeastern extent of the ridge prior
00:07:39 --> 00:07:42 to the 107 M long drive scius planned
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 two days of targeted remote sensing
00:07:44 --> 00:07:47 using both Mass cam Z and super cam to
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 investigate local regul and conduct
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 longdistance Imaging of a steep scarp
00:07:51 --> 00:07:54 and a 20 M wide crater to the Northwest
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 the successful approach Drive allowed
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 scientists to focus on assessing
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 outcrops amable for proximity science
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 and repositioning the Rover for upcoming
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 abrasion activities following the
00:08:04 --> 00:08:07 abrasion test at pico toino the Rover
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 will be hitting the road again on its
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 way to its next science stop at witch
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 hazel Hill orbital views of witch hazel
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 Hill suggest that this area may contain
00:08:15 --> 00:08:18 layered light ton bedrock and that rock
00:08:18 --> 00:08:19 could likely have recorded important
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 information about the planet's ancient
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 climate but prior to arriving at witch
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 hazel Hill the Rover plans to pass
00:08:26 --> 00:08:27 through a high point known as Lookout
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 Hill and that will afford missions
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 scientist incredible views looking back
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 into the crater as well as getting a
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 glimpse westwards of the wild Martian
00:08:35 --> 00:08:40 terrain far beyond jez this is spacetime
00:08:40 --> 00:08:42 still to come Nessa demonstrates its
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 Ultra Cool Quantum sensor for the first
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 time in space and later in the science
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 report a new study warns that permafrost
00:08:49 --> 00:08:51 thoring due to climate change may
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 increase the risk of wildfires in both
00:08:53 --> 00:08:56 the Arctic and subarctic regions all
00:08:56 --> 00:08:59 that and more still to come on SpaceTime
00:08:59 --> 00:09:06 [Music]
00:09:14 --> 00:09:16 ness's Cod atom lab the first of its
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 kind facility above the International
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 Space Station has taken another step
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 towards revolutionizing how Quantum
00:09:22 --> 00:09:25 science can be used in space members of
00:09:25 --> 00:09:26 the science team were able to measure
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 subtle vibrations of the space station
00:09:28 --> 00:09:31 with one of the labs onboard tools the
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 first time ultra cold atoms have been
00:09:33 --> 00:09:34 employed to detect changes in the
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 surrounding environment in Space the
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 study reported in the journal Nature
00:09:39 --> 00:09:40 Communications marked the longest
00:09:40 --> 00:09:43 demonstration of the wavelike nature of
00:09:43 --> 00:09:44 atoms in
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 microgravity the cold atom lab science
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 team made their measurements using a
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 Quantum tool called the cold atom
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 interferometer which can precisely
00:09:52 --> 00:09:54 measure gravity magnetic fields and
00:09:54 --> 00:09:57 other forces scientists and Engineers on
00:09:57 --> 00:09:58 Earth use this tool to study the
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 fundamental nature of gravity and
00:10:00 --> 00:10:02 Advanced Technologies that Aid aircraft
00:10:02 --> 00:10:05 and shipping navigation so physicists
00:10:05 --> 00:10:06 have been eager to apply atom
00:10:07 --> 00:10:08 interferometry to space because
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 microgravity there allows longer
00:10:10 --> 00:10:13 measurement times and greater instrument
00:10:13 --> 00:10:15 sensitivity cold atom lab project
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 scientist Jason Williams from Nas's jet
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 propulsion laboratory in pasaden
00:10:19 --> 00:10:21 California says that reaching the small
00:10:21 --> 00:10:23 Stone was incredibly challenging and
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 success was never a given he says that
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 space-based sensors can measure gravity
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 with high precision and have a wide
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 range of potential applications they
00:10:32 --> 00:10:33 could reveal the composition of planets
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 and moons in our solar system because
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 different materials have different
00:10:37 --> 00:10:38 densities and that creates subtle
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 variations in gravitational fields now
00:10:42 --> 00:10:43 this type of measurement is already
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 being performed by The Joint American
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 German collaboration Grace Foo that
00:10:47 --> 00:10:50 stands for Gravity recovery and climate
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 experiment followon it detects slight
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 changes in gravity in order to track the
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 movement of water and ice on the earth
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 an atom interferometer could provide
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 additional precision and stability
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 revealing more details about surface
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 mass changes precise measurements of
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 gravity could also offer new insights
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 into the nature of dark matter and dark
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 energy these are two of the biggest
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 cosmological mysteries facing science
00:11:14 --> 00:11:17 today atom IND aeromet could also be
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 used to test Einstein's theory of
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 general relativity in new ways and
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 that's the basic Theory explaining the
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 large scale structure of the universe
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 you see we know there are aspects of
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 general relativity Theory which we don't
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 understand correctly at least not yet
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 and this new technology could help fill
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 in those gaps providing a more complete
00:11:36 --> 00:11:39 picture of the reality we inhabit the
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 cord atom lab is about the size of a bar
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 fridge it was launched to the
00:11:43 --> 00:11:44 International Space Station with a goal
00:11:44 --> 00:11:47 of advancing Quantum science by putting
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 a long-term facility into micro gravity
00:11:49 --> 00:11:52 in low earth orbit the lab cools atoms
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 down to almost absolute zero that's-
00:11:55 --> 00:11:58 273° C now at this temperature some
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 atoms can form what are known as Bose
00:12:00 --> 00:12:03 Einstein condensates that's a state of
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 matter in which all the atoms
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 essentially share the same Quantum
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 identity in other words they act like
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 one giant single atom as a result some
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 of the atoms typically microscopic
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 Quantum properties become macroscopic
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 making them easier to study Quantum
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 properties include some really weird
00:12:20 --> 00:12:23 science like sometimes acting like
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 particles and sometimes acting like
00:12:25 --> 00:12:28 waves this particle wave Duality is
00:12:28 --> 00:12:31 always in read scientists trouble is
00:12:31 --> 00:12:32 scientists don't know how these building
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 blocks of all matter can transition
00:12:34 --> 00:12:37 between different physical behaviors but
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 they're using Quantum technology like
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 what's available with a cold atom lab on
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 the ISS to seek the answers in
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 microgravity Bose Einstein condensates
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 can reach colder temperatures and exist
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 for longer thereby giving scientists
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 more opportunities to study them due to
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 its wave likee Behavior a single atom
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 can simultaneously travel two physically
00:12:57 --> 00:13:00 separate paths now if gravity or other
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 forces are acting on those waves
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 scientists can measure that influence by
00:13:04 --> 00:13:06 observing how the waves recombine and
00:13:06 --> 00:13:10 interact this report from Nessa TV have
00:13:10 --> 00:13:13 you ever wanted to be in two places at
00:13:13 --> 00:13:16 once it's not something we can do but
00:13:16 --> 00:13:20 atams can how is this possible well
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 atams are the building blocks that make
00:13:22 --> 00:13:25 up everything we can see in the universe
00:13:25 --> 00:13:27 but when we look closely at atoms they
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 exhibit some pretty Myer mysterious
00:13:29 --> 00:13:32 behaviors that we don't see at large
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 scales sometimes atoms act like solid
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 particles or a lot like bilard balls
00:13:37 --> 00:13:40 bouncing off each other and other
00:13:40 --> 00:13:43 objects but sometimes atoms act like
00:13:43 --> 00:13:47 waves just like waves on the ocean so a
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 single atom can travel through two
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 Passages at the same time that's how an
00:13:52 --> 00:13:55 atom can be in two places at once and
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 when these atoms interact they can
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 scatter off each other pass through each
00:13:59 --> 00:14:03 other completely or combine the study of
00:14:03 --> 00:14:05 these behaviors is called Quantum
00:14:05 --> 00:14:08 science this field has changed
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 Humanity's understanding of the very
00:14:10 --> 00:14:13 nature of the physical world it has also
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 led to the development of all kinds of
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 Technologies including cell phones
00:14:17 --> 00:14:21 computers MRI machines and even GPS but
00:14:21 --> 00:14:24 Earth's gravity makes it tough to study
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 these little atoms for very long so NASA
00:14:26 --> 00:14:29 built a Quantum science laboratory
00:14:29 --> 00:14:33 in space they named it the cold atom lab
00:14:33 --> 00:14:36 it operates inside the International
00:14:36 --> 00:14:39 Space Station but it's run remotely by
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 scientists back on Earth at NASA's jet
00:14:41 --> 00:14:44 propulsion laboratory in Southern
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 California inside the cold atom lab
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 atoms are cooled to less than 1
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 billionth of a degree above absolute
00:14:52 --> 00:14:55 zero that's colder than the coldest
00:14:55 --> 00:14:58 matter ever found in the natural
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 universe because cold atoms are almost
00:15:00 --> 00:15:03 motionless it's easier to look closely
00:15:03 --> 00:15:06 at how they behave and did you know a
00:15:06 --> 00:15:09 whole bunch of cold atoms can also start
00:15:09 --> 00:15:12 to behave like one big Quantum wave this
00:15:12 --> 00:15:16 is called a Bose Einstein condensate it
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 is a fifth state of matter distinct from
00:15:18 --> 00:15:22 solids liquids gases or plasmas it makes
00:15:22 --> 00:15:25 Quantum behaviors bigger and easier to
00:15:25 --> 00:15:27 study without Earth's gravity getting in
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 the way scientists can study atoms
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 longer and open up new avenues of
00:15:32 --> 00:15:36 quantum exploration NASA's cold atom lab
00:15:36 --> 00:15:39 is the first Quantum science facility in
00:15:39 --> 00:15:41 Earth's orbit and it's helping us answer
00:15:41 --> 00:15:44 new questions about the quantum nature
00:15:44 --> 00:15:47 of the world around us what we learned
00:15:47 --> 00:15:49 from the cold atom lab could one day be
00:15:49 --> 00:15:51 used to study the composition of other
00:15:51 --> 00:15:54 planets and moons from orbit they could
00:15:54 --> 00:15:57 also improve space navigation or help us
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 understand Cosmic Mysteries like dark
00:15:59 --> 00:16:02 matter and dark energy who knows what we
00:16:02 --> 00:16:05 may discover next Quantum science could
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 change our understanding of the universe
00:16:08 --> 00:16:13 one cold atom at a
00:16:13 --> 00:16:18 time this is spacetime
00:16:18 --> 00:16:26 [Music]
00:16:32 --> 00:16:33 and time now to take another brief look
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 at some of the other stories making news
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 in science this week with the science
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 report a new study has warned that
00:16:39 --> 00:16:42 permafrost thoring due to climate change
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 could lead to an increase in wildfires
00:16:44 --> 00:16:47 in Arctic and subarctic regions the
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 warnings reported in the journal Nature
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 Communications show that an increase in
00:16:51 --> 00:16:53 wildfires over permafrost regions may
00:16:53 --> 00:16:55 lead to changes in total terrestrial
00:16:55 --> 00:16:58 carbon uptake permafrost is ground that
00:16:58 --> 00:17:01 normally remains permanently Frozen but
00:17:01 --> 00:17:03 it's been shown to be thoring due to
00:17:03 --> 00:17:05 global warming temperature increases
00:17:06 --> 00:17:07 that's leading to changes in soil
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 moisture levels and that may alter the
00:17:09 --> 00:17:12 likelihood of wildfires the authors used
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 a climate model which simulates the
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 earth's climate system to analyze 50
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 different climate situations under both
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 historical and projected future emission
00:17:20 --> 00:17:23 scenarios for the period 1850 to
00:17:23 --> 00:17:26 21100 their model projects a notable
00:17:26 --> 00:17:29 increase in permafrost thoring and rapid
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 decrease in soil moisture especially in
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 regions such as Siberia and Canada
00:17:33 --> 00:17:36 between the mid to late 21st century
00:17:36 --> 00:17:38 compared to historical records this
00:17:38 --> 00:17:40 abrupt decline in soil moisture is
00:17:40 --> 00:17:42 associated with an increase in surface
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 air temperature and a decrease in
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 relative humidity further exasperating
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 the effects of rising temperatures which
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 could be associated with the projected
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 intensification of wildfires especially
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 in high latitude
00:17:55 --> 00:17:58 regions scientists have discovered a new
00:17:58 --> 00:18:01 way to use DNA to catch criminals the
00:18:01 --> 00:18:03 pioneering new DNA forensic technique
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 reported in the journal forensic science
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 International genetics look for a
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 reliable method to measure a suspect's
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 individual level of natural shedding of
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 skin and other cells to add to and
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 compare with evidence collected at crime
00:18:15 --> 00:18:18 scenes using a novel technique of self
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 staining developed at fenders University
00:18:20 --> 00:18:23 forensic science experts have tested 100
00:18:23 --> 00:18:24 people to confirm how people shed
00:18:24 --> 00:18:26 varying levels of touch DNA from very
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 low to very high of course all this
00:18:29 --> 00:18:31 assumes the DNA isn't second party
00:18:31 --> 00:18:34 transfer or deliberately planted there
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 by corrupt
00:18:36 --> 00:18:39 cops a new study warns that many of the
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 Earth's oldest largest and most
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 experienced animals are being quite
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 literally wiped off the planet by human
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 activity the findings reported in the
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 journal science shows that poaching
00:18:50 --> 00:18:52 trophy hunting culling and harvesting
00:18:52 --> 00:18:54 often targeted the largest animals in a
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 group because they have the largest
00:18:56 --> 00:18:59 antlers or horns or tusks and this
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 coupled with pressures from habitat loss
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 disease and extreme climate events can
00:19:03 --> 00:19:06 lead to a loss of large and old animals
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 from sponges and sharks to elephants and
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 lions there's a wide range of species
00:19:11 --> 00:19:12 where older animals are being
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 overexploited but the authors say this
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 depletion of the oldest animals
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 continues to be an underappreciated
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 issue for natural resource management
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 they're calling for dedicated policy
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 directives political motivation and
00:19:24 --> 00:19:27 careful Management in order to preserve
00:19:27 --> 00:19:30 these vital elders
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 new images have emerged of what's
00:19:32 --> 00:19:33 reported to be the famed likeness
00:19:33 --> 00:19:36 monster one involves a sonar reading of
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 a large object lurking the depth of
00:19:38 --> 00:19:41 around 96 M the other is a series of
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 pictures of the mythical creature taken
00:19:43 --> 00:19:46 years ago but only just released Tim
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 menum from a Str skeptic says they
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 joined the thousands of other images of
00:19:50 --> 00:19:52 the famous beasti which all appear to
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 have the one thing in common I love
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 Nessie been there three times trying to
00:19:56 --> 00:19:57 find Nessie loock Ness monster we're
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 talking about in Scotland beautiful
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 location very much worth visiting
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 haven't seen a monster there's a couple
00:20:03 --> 00:20:06 of examples of sightings and I use that
00:20:06 --> 00:20:09 advisedly in quotes Etc of the Loch Ness
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 monster and one of them was a sonar
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 reading with someone who went out with
00:20:13 --> 00:20:15 the wonderful name of Shan sloy this is
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 the seasoned L Ness Skipper yes seasoned
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 he's only about in his early 30s does
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 that mean he's an old salt ha he
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 supposedly saw this S I think of
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 something big never seen anything like
00:20:25 --> 00:20:26 it he said the sort of thing that leaves
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 you speechless I'm sure it is he went
00:20:28 --> 00:20:29 back and he talked to someone else
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 another season pilot Maritime pilot it's
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 all of 29 they went back out to see if
00:20:34 --> 00:20:35 it was there and it wasn't there anymore
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 so therefore it must have been a li or
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 it must have been a weird sonar effect
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 could be heat or anything or coolness or
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 whatever you can sort of find on a sonar
00:20:43 --> 00:20:45 screen the second one was a bunch of
00:20:45 --> 00:20:46 photographs that someone had kept for a
00:20:46 --> 00:20:49 while and finally released them having
00:20:49 --> 00:20:50 been embarrassed too embarrassed to
00:20:50 --> 00:20:51 release them early which I understand
00:20:51 --> 00:20:53 you release something like that you get
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 a bit of ridicule from the Skeptics the
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 trouble is the son thing and the photos
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 that have been released are really poor
00:20:59 --> 00:21:00 that's always the case isn't it it's
00:21:00 --> 00:21:04 it's never a really sharp clear picture
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 or other images taken from various
00:21:06 --> 00:21:09 angles it's always a blob yes those that
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 are very well focused The Fakes and
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 they're easy to spot by and LGE so
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 something which is like the surgeon's
00:21:15 --> 00:21:16 picture yeah well the surgeon's picture
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 convinced people for about 70 years that
00:21:18 --> 00:21:19 it was real until someone finally and
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 you know I kept saying you look at the
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 surgeon's photo those ripples coming off
00:21:23 --> 00:21:24 that thing are too big for something in
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 in a big lock that's right like a Title
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 Wave they little ripples in a pond then
00:21:29 --> 00:21:30 for a small object and I kept saying
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 that and they finally agree with me that
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 it was a fake and it was a small thing
00:21:34 --> 00:21:35 about the size of a toy submarine in
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 fact it was a toy submarine I believe so
00:21:37 --> 00:21:38 that that photo the famous photo you've
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 seen on the front of every book every Lo
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 nness story Etc the black shape with a
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 big neck coming out was around for about
00:21:44 --> 00:21:45 20 years until one of the people
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 involved in it said it's a fake there's
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 a group called the official Lochness
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 Monster fan club has an online register
00:21:51 --> 00:21:54 of about a thousand sightings of nessi
00:21:54 --> 00:21:55 and you see with a th sightings that's
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 listed and all the ones that aren't
00:21:57 --> 00:21:58 listed really should have something
00:21:58 --> 00:22:00 better than just a fuzzy photograph that
00:22:00 --> 00:22:01 you really can't see anything and
00:22:02 --> 00:22:03 someone points to you there it is and
00:22:03 --> 00:22:04 you stare at and say where and all the
00:22:05 --> 00:22:06 explanations for what it might be a
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 pleas youur you got to have a mate you
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 really need a colony to survive you need
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 at least two and then the kids right and
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 think you you see a lot of these things
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 out there at this lock which is it's
00:22:16 --> 00:22:18 long but it's not that long You' see a
00:22:18 --> 00:22:19 family of these things wandering up and
00:22:19 --> 00:22:22 there the water Etc they can't hide
00:22:22 --> 00:22:23 really it's not for very long and not
00:22:23 --> 00:22:24 when you have to have a lot of them and
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 they're breeding like crazy so one is
00:22:26 --> 00:22:28 not enough one's not going to last very
00:22:28 --> 00:22:30 long so it's the same for big fooot and
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 yetis and all sorts of these things
00:22:32 --> 00:22:33 you're going to have families otherwise
00:22:33 --> 00:22:34 they're only going to be one of them and
00:22:35 --> 00:22:36 they they're not going to live forever
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 anyway bad photos if you get a bit of
00:22:38 --> 00:22:39 evidence like a photo or something and
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 it's you can rate it a two out of 10
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 having two two out of 10 bits of
00:22:43 --> 00:22:44 evidence does not make a fall it makes
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 two * two out of 10 a lot of bad
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 evidence is still bad evidence
00:22:48 --> 00:22:49 regardless of how many you have you're
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 looking for the good evidence we haven't
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 seen anything like that at all from Lo
00:22:53 --> 00:22:56 nness or for a lot of the crypted that
00:22:56 --> 00:22:58 that claimed around love to see it would
00:22:58 --> 00:22:59 love it show me some good evidence
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 rather than some you know perhaps so so
00:23:01 --> 00:23:02 evidence I'd love there to be yeah I
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 want there to be a Lo Nest monster I
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 want there to be a Bigfoot but yeah
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 there's lots of locks in Scotland which
00:23:08 --> 00:23:09 have their own monster of course I think
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 lock lman has one quite a few locks all
00:23:11 --> 00:23:12 around the place lake monsters are
00:23:12 --> 00:23:15 common around the world everywhere
00:23:15 --> 00:23:18 there's a Lake Champlain in in Canada
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 there's ogogo in the US we have our own
00:23:20 --> 00:23:21 we have bus of course in Australia and
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 all don't forget yetis don't forget
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 yetis but every country of the world has
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 some sort of big apik manlike creature
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 ye gold she's just on The View that
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 including Singapore which is about as
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 big as a postage St yeah in the park
00:23:33 --> 00:23:35 somewhere doesn't it it look at a small
00:23:35 --> 00:23:37 Park in the middle of of Singapore
00:23:37 --> 00:23:38 apparrently it doesn't anymore it's
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 disappeared what a shame but I mean it
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 is a strange phenomenon you go around to
00:23:42 --> 00:23:43 all of America yeah you think Bigfoot is
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 being in a forest or something like that
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 up in the Northwest Oregon Washington
00:23:47 --> 00:23:49 State it's supposedly big feet all over
00:23:49 --> 00:23:52 the US in desert States and you name it
00:23:52 --> 00:23:53 so you think I've watched Finding
00:23:53 --> 00:23:55 Bigfoot I'm familiar with this
00:23:55 --> 00:23:56 hypothesis when they go out the night
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 they hear a howling sound they never
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 quite get there in time no they was rush
00:24:00 --> 00:24:03 we just missed it that's Tim mum from
00:24:03 --> 00:24:06 Australian
00:24:06 --> 00:24:14 [Music]
00:24:19 --> 00:24:22 Skeptics and that's the show for now
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00:25:16 --> 00:25:18 Gary this has been another quality
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