SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 43
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Exploring Venusian Volcanoes, the End of the Gaia Mission, and SpaceX's Historic Polar Orbit Launch
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the geological mysteries of Venus, where new research suggests that convection in its crust may explain the planet's numerous volcanoes. Unlike Earth, which supports life, Venus is a harsh environment with extreme temperatures and a crushing atmosphere. We discuss how this convection could indicate a more active geological landscape than previously understood, shedding light on the planet's evolution.
The Conclusion of the Gaia Mission
Next, we mark the end of an era as the European Space Agency officially powers down the Gaia spacecraft. After over a decade of groundbreaking work mapping the Milky Way, Gaia has provided invaluable data that has transformed our understanding of the galaxy. We highlight the mission's key achievements and the lasting legacy of its extensive data archive that will continue to inform astronomical research for years to come.
SpaceX's Manned Polar Orbit Mission
Additionally, we celebrate SpaceX's successful launch of its first manned mission to orbit above the Earth's poles. This historic flight, which included a variety of scientific experiments, showcases the capabilities of modern space travel and the potential for future polar exploration. We detail the mission's objectives, the crew's experiences, and the significance of this achievement in the context of human spaceflight.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 43 for broadcast on 9 April 2025
00:49 New study on volcanic activity on Venus
06:30 Implications of convection in Venus's crust
12:15 The end of the Gaia mission and its contributions
18:00 Highlights of Gaia's discoveries and data legacy
22:45 SpaceX's first manned polar orbit mission
27:00 Summary of recent space exploration milestones
30:15 Science report: Antibiotic use in livestock and environmental impacts
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✍️ Episode References
Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/physics-of-the-earth-and-planetary-interiors (https://www.journals.elsevier.com/physics-of-the-earth-and-planetary-interiors)
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int (https://www.esa.int/)
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/ (https://www.nature.com/ncomms/)
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/26517286?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is Spacetime Series 28 episode 43
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 9th of April
00:00:06 --> 00:00:10 2025 coming up on Spacetime why does the
00:00:10 --> 00:00:13 planet Venus have so many volcanoes the
00:00:13 --> 00:00:15 European Space Agency shuts down the
00:00:15 --> 00:00:18 Gaia spacecraft for good and the first
00:00:18 --> 00:00:20 man mission to orbit above the Earth's
00:00:20 --> 00:00:24 poles all that and more coming up on
00:00:24 --> 00:00:26 Spaceime
00:00:26 --> 00:00:30 welcome to Space Time with Stuart
00:00:30 --> 00:00:37 [Music]
00:00:44 --> 00:00:46 Garry a new study suggests that
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 convections in its planetary crust could
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 explain why Venus has so many
00:00:51 --> 00:00:55 volcanoes venus is Earth's sister planet
00:00:55 --> 00:00:57 both worlds are about the same size and
00:00:57 --> 00:00:59 age they both evolved in the same part
00:01:00 --> 00:01:01 of the solar system out of the same
00:01:01 --> 00:01:04 materials at the same time and under
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 similar conditions but while the Earth
00:01:06 --> 00:01:09 is a life sustaining environment Venus
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 is a hellish world with a runaway
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 greenhouse effect its surface is
00:01:13 --> 00:01:14 scorchingly hot with average
00:01:14 --> 00:01:17 temperatures of 462° C that's hot enough
00:01:17 --> 00:01:20 to melt lead it has thick opaque planet
00:01:20 --> 00:01:23 shrouding rain clouds but the rain that
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 falls isn't water it's droplets of metal
00:01:25 --> 00:01:28 eating sulfuric acid scientists have
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 seen what look like snow clouds on some
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 of Venus's tall mountain ranges but the
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 snow isn't frozen water it's actually
00:01:34 --> 00:01:37 metallic and those suffocating clouds on
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 Venus is so heavy they crush the
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 planet's rich carbon dioxidebased
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 atmosphere acting like the lid on a
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 pressure cooker and giving the planet a
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 surface pressure some 92 times greater
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 than the average sea level surface
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 pressure on Earth the surface of Venus
00:01:51 --> 00:01:54 is dominated by thousands of volcanic
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 structures more than any other planet in
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 the solar system and now a new study
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 suggests the planet may even be more
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 geologically active near its surface
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 than previously thought new calculations
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 suggest that the planet's outer crust
00:02:06 --> 00:02:09 may be constantly churning an unexpected
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 phenomenon called convection that could
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 help explain many of the volcanoes and
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 other features of the Venusian landscape
00:02:15 --> 00:02:18 one of the studies authors Slava Solomon
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 from Washington University in St louie
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 says nobody considered the possibility
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 of convection in the crust of Venus
00:02:24 --> 00:02:27 before but solo's calculations suggest
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30 that convection is possible perhaps even
00:02:30 --> 00:02:33 likely now if true the findings reported
00:02:33 --> 00:02:34 in the journal physics of Earth and
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 planetary interiors give scientists new
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 insights into the evolution of this
00:02:38 --> 00:02:41 planet convection occurs as heated
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 material rises towards the planet's
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 surface and cooler materials sink
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 creating a constant conveyor belt now on
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 Earth convection deep in the mantle
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 provides the energy that drives plate
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 tectonics solomov says the earth's crust
00:02:55 --> 00:02:56 which is about 40 km thick under the
00:02:56 --> 00:02:59 continents about 6 km thick under the
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 ocean basins is too thin and too cool to
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 support this type of convection but he
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 suspects that the crust of Venus just
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 might have the right thickness somewhere
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 between 30 and 90 km depending on
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 location composition and temperature to
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 keep that conveyor belt running now to
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 test his hypothesis Salomatov and
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 colleagues applied new dynamic theories
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 which suggest that Venus's crust could
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 support convection last year Salomatov
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 used a similar approach to determined
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 that convection likely didn't happen in
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 the mantle of the planet Mercury that's
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 because it's simply too small and has
00:03:32 --> 00:03:33 already cooled significantly since its
00:03:33 --> 00:03:37 formation 4.6 billion years ago venus on
00:03:37 --> 00:03:38 the other hand is much bigger therefore
00:03:38 --> 00:03:41 it can retain more heat both inside and
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 out he says surface temperatures at its
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 volcanoes and other surface features all
00:03:45 --> 00:03:48 show clear signs of melting scientists
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 have long wondered how heat from the
00:03:50 --> 00:03:51 planet's interior could be transferred
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 to the surface and convection of the
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 crust could be a likely missing
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 mechanism convection near the surface
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 could also influence the type and
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 placement of volcanoes on the Venuian
00:04:02 --> 00:04:05 surface back in 2023 scientists
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 published an atlas of Venusian volcanoes
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 based on radar images from NASA's Mellan
00:04:09 --> 00:04:10 mission in the early
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 1990s salomattov now wants to combine
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 his mathematical modeling with the
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 observations of Venus's surface to
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 better understand the planet's geology
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 now if convection is occurring as he
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 suspects some areas of the crust should
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 be warmer and less dense than others and
00:04:26 --> 00:04:27 those differences would be detectable
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 using high resolution gravity
00:04:29 --> 00:04:33 measurements this is spaceime still to
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 come the European Space Agency shuts
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 down the Gaia spacecraft for good and
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 SpaceX launches its first man mission to
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 orbit the Earth's poles all that and
00:04:42 --> 00:04:47 more still to come on Spaceime
00:04:47 --> 00:05:01 [Music]
00:05:01 --> 00:05:03 the European Space Agency has finally
00:05:03 --> 00:05:07 powered down its Gaia spacecraft gaia
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 has spent more than a decade gathering
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 data on the stars of the Milky Way
00:05:11 --> 00:05:14 galaxy but on March the 27th Gaia's
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 mission control team at the European
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 Space Operations Center in Damtar
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 Germany switched off the spacecraft
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 subsystems and sent the probe into a
00:05:22 --> 00:05:25 retirement orbit around the sun launched
00:05:25 --> 00:05:28 back in 2013 GIA has transformed
00:05:28 --> 00:05:31 science's understanding of the cosmos
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 it's precisely mapped the positions
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 distances motions and properties of
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 nearly 2 billion stars and other
00:05:37 --> 00:05:40 celestial objects this has provided the
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 largest most precise multi-dimensional
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 map of the galaxy ever created revealing
00:05:45 --> 00:05:46 its structure and evolution in
00:05:46 --> 00:05:49 unprecedented detail gia has uncovered
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 evidence of past galactic merges it's
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 identified new star clusters it's
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 contributed to the discovery of
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 exoplanets and black holes it's met
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 millions of quazars and galaxies and
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 it's tracked hundreds of thousands of
00:06:02 --> 00:06:03 asteroids and
00:06:03 --> 00:06:06 comets the missions also enabled the
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 creation of the best visualization of
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 how our galaxy might really look to an
00:06:10 --> 00:06:13 outside observer gaia project scientist
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 Johannes Zelman from says the
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 spacecraft's extensive data releases are
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 a unique treasure trove for astronomical
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 research which influences almost all
00:06:21 --> 00:06:24 disciplines in astronomy he says data
00:06:24 --> 00:06:27 release 4 which is planned for 2026 and
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 the final GIA legacy cataloges planned
00:06:29 --> 00:06:30 for release no earlier than the end of
00:06:30 --> 00:06:33 2030 will continue shaping astronomy's
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 understanding of the cosmos for decades
00:06:35 --> 00:06:38 to come gaia has far exceeded its
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 planned lifetime of 5 years and its fuel
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 reserves are now dwindling hence the
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 decision to end the mission and the guy
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 team carefully considered how best to
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 dispose of the spacecraft in line with
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 ISA's efforts to responsibly end its
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 missions they wanted to find a way to
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 prevent Guyia from drifting back towards
00:06:55 --> 00:06:57 its former home near the scientifically
00:06:57 --> 00:07:00 valuable Lrange L2 position on the
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 opposite side of the Earth from the sun
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 so after a lot of planning a trajectory
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 was established which allowed one final
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 burn of Gaia's thrusters to move the
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 spacecraft away from L2 and into a
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 stable retirement orbit around the sun
00:07:12 --> 00:07:14 that'll minimize the chances of it
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 coming to within 10 million kilometers
00:07:16 --> 00:07:17 of the Earth for at least the next
00:07:17 --> 00:07:20 century once safely in its new orbit
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 mission managers deactivated and
00:07:22 --> 00:07:23 switched off the spacecraft's
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 instruments and subsystems one by one
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 before deliberately corrupting its
00:07:27 --> 00:07:30 onboard software the communication
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 subsystem and the central computer were
00:07:32 --> 00:07:34 the last to be deactivated of course
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 though Guyire itself has now gone silent
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 its contributions to astronomy will
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 continue to shape research for decades
00:07:40 --> 00:07:43 to come its vast and expanding data
00:07:43 --> 00:07:45 archive remains a treasure trove for
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 scientists refining their knowledge of
00:07:47 --> 00:07:50 galactic archaeology stellar evolution
00:07:50 --> 00:07:53 exoplanets and much more a workhorse of
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 galactic exploration Guyire has charted
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 the maps that future explorers will rely
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 on to make new discoveries for example
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 the star trackers on's Uclid spacecraft
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 use Gaia data to precisely orient the
00:08:04 --> 00:08:07 probe and issa's upcoming Plato mission
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 will explore exoplanets around stars
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 characterized by Gaia and may follow up
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 on new exoplanetary systems discovered
00:08:13 --> 00:08:17 by Gaia this report on the many many
00:08:17 --> 00:08:19 achievements of Gaia from ISA TV the
00:08:20 --> 00:08:21 Gaia mission has transformed our
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 understanding of the Milky Way launched
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 in 2013 the Gaia Space Telescope set out
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 to map our galaxy with precision since
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 then Gaia has delivered one breakthrough
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 after another gaia has made more than
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 three trillion observations of 2 billion
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 stars asteroids and distant
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 galaxies these observations have allowed
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 researchers to peer deep into the Milky
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 Way's past present and
00:08:49 --> 00:08:52 future gaia has redefined our view of
00:08:52 --> 00:08:55 the Milky Way structure while we knew it
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 was a spiral Gaia revealed new details
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 on the number and arrangement of its
00:09:00 --> 00:09:03 arms this has reshaped our understanding
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 of its structure and
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 composition it's also helped estimate
00:09:07 --> 00:09:10 the Milky Way's mass which has been
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 difficult to determine with much of it
00:09:12 --> 00:09:16 hidden in an invisible dark matter
00:09:16 --> 00:09:19 halo but thanks to Gaia's astrometry we
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 can now peak into this vast hidden
00:09:21 --> 00:09:24 region and uncover its true extent
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 gaia has also revealed how nearby dwarf
00:09:27 --> 00:09:30 galaxies and the large melanic cloud are
00:09:30 --> 00:09:31 shaping its
00:09:31 --> 00:09:34 evolution as Gaia unravels the Milky
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 Way's past it reveals a complex galactic
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 family tree one of the most
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 groundbreaking discoveries is the Gaia
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 sausage and Celadus merger a cosmic
00:09:44 --> 00:09:47 collision 10 billion years ago this
00:09:47 --> 00:09:49 merger involved the absorption of a
00:09:49 --> 00:09:52 smaller galaxy into the Milky Way and
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 its remnants can still be seen today
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 guys also shed new light on the
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 Sagittarius dwarf galaxy which has been
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 colliding with the Milky Way for
00:10:01 --> 00:10:04 billions of years these repeated impacts
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 have warped our galaxy's disc and more
00:10:06 --> 00:10:09 surprisingly may have even triggered the
00:10:09 --> 00:10:12 formation of the sun 4.6 billion years
00:10:12 --> 00:10:13 ago
00:10:13 --> 00:10:16 these interactions are still ongoing and
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 continue to shape the movement of stars
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 within the Milky Way guyia has also
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 mapped star forming regions in stunning
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 detail just 500 lighty years from the
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 sun which is relatively close in
00:10:27 --> 00:10:30 astronomical distances these regions
00:10:30 --> 00:10:34 offer key insights into how stars are
00:10:34 --> 00:10:37 born gaia isn't just mapping the present
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 it's uncovering the Milky Way's deep
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 past
00:10:41 --> 00:10:44 two ancient star streams Shakti and
00:10:44 --> 00:10:47 Shiva merged with the Milky Way over 12
00:10:47 --> 00:10:51 billion years ago before it fully formed
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 gaia's precision lets us trace their
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 orbits revealing how the first stars
00:10:55 --> 00:10:58 took shape long before our sun was
00:10:58 --> 00:11:01 born the history of the Milky Way is one
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 of constant growth through collision
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 over billions of years smaller galaxies
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 have merged with our own leaving behind
00:11:08 --> 00:11:11 traces of these cosmic
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 encounters one key discovery is the
00:11:13 --> 00:11:16 Virgo radial merger which happened just
00:11:16 --> 00:11:19 2.7 billion years ago much later than
00:11:19 --> 00:11:22 once thought this highlights just how
00:11:22 --> 00:11:26 dynamic our galaxy's evolution truly is
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 in an exciting breakthrough Gaia
00:11:29 --> 00:11:31 revealed the presence of potential moons
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 orbiting more than 350 asteroids
00:11:33 --> 00:11:36 previously thought to be solitary by
00:11:36 --> 00:11:39 detecting tiny wobbles in their orbits
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 Gaia uncovered a hidden population of
00:11:41 --> 00:11:44 binary asteroids nearly doubling their
00:11:44 --> 00:11:45 known
00:11:45 --> 00:11:48 population one of Gaia's most unexpected
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 findings was discovering stellar mass
00:11:50 --> 00:11:53 black holes closer to Earth than seen
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 before this new population of black
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 holes also exist in wider orbits with
00:11:58 --> 00:12:01 companion stars challenging our
00:12:01 --> 00:12:02 understanding of how these massive
00:12:02 --> 00:12:06 objects form gaia also unearthed a
00:12:06 --> 00:12:09 sleeping giant a dormant black hole in
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 the constellation Aquila 33 times the
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 mass of our sun this sparked new
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 questions about the formation and
00:12:16 --> 00:12:20 behavior of such massive black holes
00:12:20 --> 00:12:23 as Gaia moves towards its passivation it
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 has stopped observing the stars but its
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 discoveries will shape astronomy for
00:12:27 --> 00:12:30 generations two massive data releases
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 are still to come refining our knowledge
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 of the Milky Way and unlocking new
00:12:34 --> 00:12:37 cosmic mysteries gaia's legacy is one of
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 profound discovery and its data will
00:12:39 --> 00:12:42 inspire scientists to continue exploring
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 our place in the universe
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 [Music]
00:12:46 --> 00:12:49 this is spaceime still to come SpaceX
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 launches the first man mission to orbit
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 above the Earth's poles and later in the
00:12:53 --> 00:12:56 science report warnings that agriculture
00:12:56 --> 00:12:58 is likely to push antibiotic use on
00:12:58 --> 00:13:01 livestock by a further 29% over the next
00:13:01 --> 00:13:04 15 years all that and more still to come
00:13:04 --> 00:13:08 on Spaceime
00:13:08 --> 00:13:21 [Music]
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 spacex has launched the first man
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 mission to undertake a polar orbit the
00:13:26 --> 00:13:27 historic mission launched aboard a
00:13:27 --> 00:13:30 Falcon 9 rocket from pad 39A at the
00:13:30 --> 00:13:31 Kennedy Space Center at the Cape
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 Canaveral Space Force Base in Florida
00:13:34 --> 00:13:36 the plan to undertake a polar orbit and
00:13:36 --> 00:13:39 consequently a 90° inclination was a
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 first stage one locks load is complete
00:13:41 --> 00:13:44 all right we've got a good lock load on
00:13:44 --> 00:13:45 first in terminal count and is on
00:13:46 --> 00:13:47 internal power and we've got the
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 confirmation Dragon has gone internal
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 power coming down from the the crew back
00:13:51 --> 00:13:54 to the Dragon team here in the mission
00:13:54 --> 00:13:57 control center dragon SpaceX go for
00:13:57 --> 00:14:07 launch 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
00:14:07 --> 00:14:11 ignition and liftoff copy
00:14:11 --> 00:14:15 alpha vehicle down range
00:14:15 --> 00:14:18 stage one propulsion is nominal t plus
00:14:18 --> 00:14:21 35 seconds into the round two mission
00:14:21 --> 00:14:22 the first ever human space flight
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 mission to cover the poles and we are
00:14:24 --> 00:14:27 throttling down the engines on the first
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 nominal on the first stage vehicle for
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 one throttle down oh it's perfect timing
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 with these call outs we dropped down the
00:14:33 --> 00:14:37 engines for max Q and there's max Q it's
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 the the maximum dynamic pressure that
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 the vehicle sees on the supersonic we're
00:14:41 --> 00:14:44 preparing to throttle back up on first
00:14:44 --> 00:14:45 stage merlin engine stage one throttle
00:14:46 --> 00:14:49 out one bravo that means if there was a
00:14:49 --> 00:14:51 need for an abort with the first stage
00:14:51 --> 00:14:53 now emptying itself of propellant Dragon
00:14:53 --> 00:14:54 would fly a different profile than if
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 say right off the pad we had mvac chill
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 is underway we're beginning to chill the
00:14:59 --> 00:15:02 second stage engine in preparation for
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 its ignition we also have a few events
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 that are going to happen backto back
00:15:06 --> 00:15:08 we'll have mo stage separation and
00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 second stage engine ignition mo is main
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 engine cutoff that's where we will shut
00:15:13 --> 00:15:15 down all of those nine engines on the
00:15:15 --> 00:15:16 first stage vehicle to slow down stage
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 one throttle down mo stage separation
00:15:19 --> 00:15:22 confirmed stage two copy stage two also
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 started the boost back burn on the first
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 stage dragon SpaceX trajectory nominal
00:15:26 --> 00:15:29 dragon copy coming up in a couple of
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 minutes we'll have the entry burn on the
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 first stage which is currently making
00:15:34 --> 00:15:37 its way back down to Earth and we did
00:15:37 --> 00:15:40 perform a boost back burn on this one
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 yeah we did uh we did a one engine boost
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 back burn we didn't have normally when
00:15:44 --> 00:15:47 you launch to the east or northeast in a
00:15:47 --> 00:15:49 crew mission you take advantage of the
00:15:49 --> 00:15:51 Earth's rotational velocity but in this
00:15:51 --> 00:15:52 case we're pretty much going straight
00:15:52 --> 00:15:55 south and so you don't get that eastward
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 velocity so the first stage needed to
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 use a little more propellant to get the
00:15:59 --> 00:16:02 crew up into the uh right position for
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 stage separation so we can't bring the
00:16:04 --> 00:16:05 first stage all the way back to land
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 like we might do on an ISS mission so
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 instead we're going to land on the drone
00:16:10 --> 00:16:13 ship but not as far south as we would uh
00:16:13 --> 00:16:16 normally do spacex trajectory nominal
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 something like a Starlink mission the
00:16:18 --> 00:16:21 entry burn has begun copy nominal entry
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 burn did complete we didn't hear any
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 call outs but we do have a green screen
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 here we have a good entry burn second
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 stage continuing to head towards the
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 separation orbit first stage heading to
00:16:32 --> 00:16:35 the drone ship stage 2 FTS has saved we
00:16:35 --> 00:16:36 are expecting the landing burn on the
00:16:36 --> 00:16:39 first stage to occur in about 20 seconds
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 from now that'll just be a single engine
00:16:41 --> 00:16:45 burn on the vehicle uh once again the M1
00:16:45 --> 00:16:48 engines have about 190 lbs of thrust
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 which is just enough to slow the vehicle
00:16:50 --> 00:16:53 down just in time for landing
00:16:53 --> 00:16:55 copy Panama it's another abort call out
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 on the second stage you run a space
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 station you hear it called Shannon that
00:16:59 --> 00:17:01 tells you where you can reach if there's
00:17:01 --> 00:17:03 a problem right now first stage landing
00:17:03 --> 00:17:06 burn has begun legs are deployed and
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 touchdown after six flight but we heard
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 the terminal guidance call we've
00:17:10 --> 00:17:11 essentially reached the altitude now
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 we're working the angular momentum of
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 the orbit so we're going to listen in
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 we're just seconds away from shutdown
00:17:17 --> 00:17:18 and about a less than a minute after
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 that we should have Dragon separation
00:17:20 --> 00:17:23 from the second stage mvac shut down
00:17:23 --> 00:17:26 Dragon orbit insertion
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 and great news there we heard the call
00:17:28 --> 00:17:32 out for nominal orbital dragon nominal
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 dragon Coffee is nominal the crew
00:17:34 --> 00:17:37 conducted 22 science experiments during
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 the mission including tests monitoring
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 glucose regulation a study of space
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 flight on women's reproductive health
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 and Australian research into growing
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 mushrooms in microgravity as a tasty
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 high nutrition space food supplement the
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 experiment referred to as the mushroom
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 another Australian connection to the
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 mission is 62-year-old South Australian
00:17:57 --> 00:18:00 polar explorer Eric Phillips who was one
00:18:00 --> 00:18:01 of the four crew members on the flight
00:18:01 --> 00:18:05 i'm uh an Australian polar adventurer uh
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 explorer i've skied four new routes to
00:18:07 --> 00:18:10 the South Pole these are expeditions
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 that I've I've planned myself i've
00:18:12 --> 00:18:15 looked at satellite imagery of these
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 glacias that have never been traversed
00:18:17 --> 00:18:20 before and I I'm going to have the
00:18:20 --> 00:18:23 opportunity as we fly over Antarctica
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 and see those roots from above we know
00:18:26 --> 00:18:29 that photographs of the Arctic and
00:18:29 --> 00:18:31 Antarctica are available on Google Earth
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 and and through satellite imagery but to
00:18:34 --> 00:18:38 see them from orbit may reveal things
00:18:38 --> 00:18:41 about these two areas the Antarctic and
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 and the Arctic that that we have
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 previously not known this was also the
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 sixth launch for the same Falcon 9
00:18:48 --> 00:18:49 booster and the fourth flight for the
00:18:50 --> 00:18:53 Dragon capsule Resilience splashdown in
00:18:53 --> 00:18:54 the Pacific Ocean off the coast of
00:18:54 --> 00:18:57 Oceanside California took place 3 and
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 1/2 days after the launch the spacecraft
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 having orbited the poles 55 times an
00:19:02 --> 00:19:05 average altitude of 437 kilome and we
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 are still currently in the blackout
00:19:07 --> 00:19:09 comms period but we are expecting to
00:19:09 --> 00:19:11 come out of that any minute now the
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 recovery ship Shannon patiently waiting
00:19:13 --> 00:19:16 as well as a couple fast boats there
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 part of the recovery team they'll first
00:19:18 --> 00:19:21 meet Dragon once it splashes down make
00:19:21 --> 00:19:22 sure that the vehicle is safe and then
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 begin the recovery operations we have
00:19:24 --> 00:19:27 two sets of parachutes on board Dragon
00:19:27 --> 00:19:28 during re-entry the first are the
00:19:28 --> 00:19:30 drogues we're standing by for that
00:19:30 --> 00:19:31 drogue shoot deploy that will happen
00:19:31 --> 00:19:35 when Dragon is moving at about 350 mph
00:19:35 --> 00:19:38 dragon SpaceX com check spacex Dragon we
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 have you loud and clear we have you the
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 same we see a healthy flight computer
00:19:42 --> 00:19:45 expect automated shoot deployment dragon
00:19:45 --> 00:19:49 copy agps has converged expect nominal
00:19:49 --> 00:19:51 altitude for drug shoot deploy dragon
00:19:51 --> 00:19:54 copy we have confirmation that we have
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 come out of the blackout period and
00:19:56 --> 00:19:59 established comms back with the prom
00:19:59 --> 00:20:00 crew as they're making their way back
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 down to Earth so again those drogue
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 shoots are are special and that they are
00:20:04 --> 00:20:06 smaller and lighter than our brace for
00:20:06 --> 00:20:10 drugs copy we brace for drogue the seats
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 are rotating in preparation for a
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 splashdown and the crew is bracing for
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 the drogue parachutes they're going to
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 feel maybe a little bit of a jolt as the
00:20:19 --> 00:20:20 vehicle is going to slow down very
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 quickly just ahead of the call out for
00:20:22 --> 00:20:24 drogue shoot deployment dragon will
00:20:24 --> 00:20:26 autonomously safe the propulsion system
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 on board and then deploy those drogue
00:20:28 --> 00:20:31 parachutes visual on two healthy drogue
00:20:31 --> 00:20:34 copy we see the same two healthy drogues
00:20:34 --> 00:20:37 a6 Dragon brace remains copy brace
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 remains we are expecting the main
00:20:39 --> 00:20:42 parachutes to deploy drogue shoots are
00:20:42 --> 00:20:44 doing that initial slowdown we see
00:20:44 --> 00:20:47 visual on four healthy mains physics
00:20:47 --> 00:20:49 Dragon we see the same four healthy
00:20:49 --> 00:20:52 mains the main parachutes have deployed
00:20:52 --> 00:20:54 they are expanding once they're fully
00:20:54 --> 00:20:56 expanded they are going to slow the
00:20:56 --> 00:21:00 vehicle down all the way to about 16
00:21:00 --> 00:21:04 mph right in time for splashing down
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 into the Pacific Ocean today right now
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 Dragon has saved all propulsion systems
00:21:08 --> 00:21:12 on board copy 1 m dragon right now is
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 also terminating the Nitro suit and
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 cabin purges and is beginning to
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 increase pressure in preparation for
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 landing and additionally the mission
00:21:20 --> 00:21:21 control team here in Hawthorne is
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 reporting the precise landing
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 coordinates to the recovery team so that
00:21:25 --> 00:21:28 they know exactly where 800 where the
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 copy 800 exactly where they're expected
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 to touch down and you are hearing those
00:21:32 --> 00:21:35 call outs we are confirming the altitude
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 as the vehicle makes its way back down
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 to Earth our next major milestone is
00:21:39 --> 00:21:43 splashdown 200 copy 200 m and braced for
00:21:43 --> 00:21:46 splashdown inside of that Dragon capsule
00:21:46 --> 00:21:50 are the four from 2 crew members welcome
00:21:50 --> 00:21:54 home from 2 we have confirmation of
00:21:54 --> 00:21:56 splashdown of the Dragon spacecraft
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 dragon has returned home with the From 2
00:21:58 --> 00:22:00 crew the FRAM 2 mission is named in
00:22:00 --> 00:22:02 honor of the Norwegian polar research
00:22:02 --> 00:22:05 vessel Fram it undertook three
00:22:05 --> 00:22:06 expeditions to the Arctic Ocean ice
00:22:06 --> 00:22:10 flows between 1893 and 1896 to the
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 Arctic archipelago west of Greenland
00:22:12 --> 00:22:15 between 1898 and 1902 and to the
00:22:15 --> 00:22:18 Antarctic between 1910 and
00:22:18 --> 00:22:22 1912 this is spacetime
00:22:23 --> 00:22:36 [Music]
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 and time now to take another brief look
00:22:38 --> 00:22:39 at some of the other stories making news
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 in science this week with a science
00:22:41 --> 00:22:44 report a new study warns that
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 agriculture could push antibiotic use in
00:22:46 --> 00:22:49 livestock by a further 29% over the next
00:22:49 --> 00:22:52 15 years the findings reported in the
00:22:52 --> 00:22:54 journal Nature Communications come
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 despite widespread knowledge that the
00:22:56 --> 00:22:58 overuse of antibiotics poses a
00:22:58 --> 00:22:59 significant health danger for the spread
00:23:00 --> 00:23:02 of more resistant bacterial strains the
00:23:02 --> 00:23:05 so-called superbugs the authors say
00:23:05 --> 00:23:07 increases in demand for animal products
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 as human populations grow means global
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 livestock numbers are likely to increase
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 in the coming decades and that could
00:23:13 --> 00:23:15 lead to more antibiotics in total being
00:23:15 --> 00:23:17 used on livestock they modeled various
00:23:17 --> 00:23:19 scenarios and say that a business as
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 usual approach to antibiotic use on
00:23:21 --> 00:23:24 farms would lead to a 29% increase in
00:23:24 --> 00:23:27 antibiotic use by 2040 as livestock
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 numbers increase antibiotics are
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 commonly used in livestock not for
00:23:31 --> 00:23:34 health reasons but to increase body
00:23:34 --> 00:23:37 mass a new study warns that seabirds
00:23:37 --> 00:23:39 mistakenly eating plastic thinking it's
00:23:39 --> 00:23:42 food are suffering failing organs brain
00:23:42 --> 00:23:44 and nerve problems as well as cell
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46 damage a report in the journal Science
00:23:46 --> 00:23:48 Advances found that plastic pollution
00:23:48 --> 00:23:51 ingested by seabirds can not only cause
00:23:51 --> 00:23:53 malnutrition but also lead to cell
00:23:53 --> 00:23:54 damage organ dysfunction and
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 neurological decline the authors reached
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 their conclusions after studying young
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 sable she waters that appeared to be
00:24:00 --> 00:24:03 outwardly healthy but they found even
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 small amounts of plastic ingested by the
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 seabirds showed clear signs of cell
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 damage organ dysfunction and even signs
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 of neurodeeneration
00:24:12 --> 00:24:14 a new study warns that teen girls who
00:24:14 --> 00:24:16 spend longer on their phones are more
00:24:16 --> 00:24:19 likely to have both less sleep and lower
00:24:19 --> 00:24:21 sleep quality the findings reported in
00:24:21 --> 00:24:23 the journal plus Global Public Health
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 suggest the link increases the risk of
00:24:26 --> 00:24:28 symptoms of depression the study tracked
00:24:28 --> 00:24:30 the screen time sleep and mental health
00:24:30 --> 00:24:34 of 4 Swedish teenagers aged between
00:24:34 --> 00:24:37 12 and 16 over a 12-month period they
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 found that increased screen time led to
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 worse sleep within 3 months
00:24:41 --> 00:24:44 now for boys the authors found increased
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 screen time was directly linked to high
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 depressive symptoms over the year
00:24:48 --> 00:24:50 whereas for girls they say about half
00:24:50 --> 00:24:51 the link between screen time and
00:24:52 --> 00:24:54 depression could be explained by poorer
00:24:54 --> 00:24:57 sleep duration and poorer sleep
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 quality japanese video game giant
00:25:00 --> 00:25:02 Nintendo has released details about its
00:25:02 --> 00:25:04 new Switch 2 console announcing an
00:25:04 --> 00:25:07 update for the hugely successful 2017
00:25:07 --> 00:25:09 original that's already sold over 150
00:25:09 --> 00:25:12 million units what's new is a C button
00:25:12 --> 00:25:15 that activates game chat allowing users
00:25:15 --> 00:25:17 to speak with one another during playing
00:25:17 --> 00:25:19 its controllers which attached with
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 magnets can also be used like a desktop
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 computer mouse and its game share
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 function enables players to share games
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 with friends and temporarily play
00:25:27 --> 00:25:29 together with the details we're joined
00:25:29 --> 00:25:31 by technology editor Alexarovit from
00:25:32 --> 00:25:33 techadvice.life
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 good day Stuart yes well the new
00:25:35 --> 00:25:37 Nintendo Switch 2 has been long awaited
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 and it has come out with nicely upgraded
00:25:39 --> 00:25:41 specs the sort of specs you'd expect to
00:25:41 --> 00:25:43 see you know the second generation
00:25:43 --> 00:25:46 device so the original one was 6.2 in an
00:25:46 --> 00:25:48 LCD screen with basically 720p
00:25:48 --> 00:25:51 resolution there was a second generation
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 the Switch OLED about 4 or 5 years ago
00:25:53 --> 00:25:56 and that had a larger 7in display but
00:25:56 --> 00:25:59 the Switch 2 bumps this up to a 7.9 in
00:25:59 --> 00:26:02 display 1080p and it's using a 120 Hz
00:26:02 --> 00:26:05 refresh rate now it's LCD not OLED and
00:26:05 --> 00:26:07 that's probably to lower the costs but
00:26:07 --> 00:26:09 we have a faster ARM processor better
00:26:09 --> 00:26:11 graphics as you would imagine and this
00:26:11 --> 00:26:13 is the ultimate portable gaming device
00:26:13 --> 00:26:15 sony gave up on its PlayStation Portable
00:26:15 --> 00:26:17 and its PS VA some years back i still
00:26:17 --> 00:26:19 have a PS Vita but you know and it was a
00:26:19 --> 00:26:20 cool device still looks very cool to
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 this day but it didn't have the
00:26:22 --> 00:26:24 longevity that Nintendo has had in the
00:26:24 --> 00:26:26 handheld gaming space right back to
00:26:26 --> 00:26:28 those original Donkey Kong gaming watch
00:26:28 --> 00:26:29 devices which I still have at home and
00:26:29 --> 00:26:31 sell for crazy prices on eBay and then
00:26:32 --> 00:26:33 of course the Game Boy in black and
00:26:33 --> 00:26:34 white i remember that fondly with the
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 Tetris game was a huge hit we had all
00:26:36 --> 00:26:39 sorts of variations with color screens
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 the Nintendo 3DS and the 3D craze was
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 quite popular and Nintendo was more
00:26:43 --> 00:26:45 about depth rather than things popping
00:26:45 --> 00:26:46 out of the screen and then the Switch
00:26:46 --> 00:26:48 One and the Switch 2 which have really
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 taken the gaming world by storm and
00:26:50 --> 00:26:52 should sell in the hundreds of millions
00:26:52 --> 00:26:54 once again and what about price how do
00:26:54 --> 00:26:56 they compare in the US it's
00:26:56 --> 00:26:59 $449 for the Nintendo Switch and $500
00:26:59 --> 00:27:01 including the new Mario Kart game in
00:27:01 --> 00:27:03 Australian dollars it's about $700 for
00:27:03 --> 00:27:06 the unit itself and $780 Australian with
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08 the game so a bit more expensive but
00:27:08 --> 00:27:10 this is a premium device it'll give you
00:27:10 --> 00:27:12 much more satisfying gaming experience
00:27:12 --> 00:27:15 than using an iPad even an iPad mini or
00:27:15 --> 00:27:17 an Android tablet of a similar size
00:27:17 --> 00:27:18 because this is really designed for
00:27:18 --> 00:27:21 gaming with the JoyCons that are easy to
00:27:21 --> 00:27:23 use is you can use it in desktop mode
00:27:23 --> 00:27:25 with a dock plug it into the TV you can
00:27:25 --> 00:27:26 use it on the go you can do those things
00:27:26 --> 00:27:28 with an iPad as well but Nintendo just
00:27:28 --> 00:27:30 has especially a whole stack of really
00:27:30 --> 00:27:33 valuable IP all the Mario games Mario
00:27:33 --> 00:27:35 Kart which is the big popular driving
00:27:35 --> 00:27:37 game that everyone loves to play i think
00:27:37 --> 00:27:39 if the kids of 1985 looking you know
00:27:39 --> 00:27:41 whenever it was looking at that Game Boy
00:27:41 --> 00:27:42 Color thought what it might be in the
00:27:42 --> 00:27:44 future they probably didn't think it
00:27:44 --> 00:27:46 would be anywhere near as good as it is
00:27:46 --> 00:27:48 and uh it's going to go on sale June 5th
00:27:48 --> 00:27:49 and it'll be a global hit and there'll
00:27:49 --> 00:27:51 be a lot of pester power from kids
00:27:51 --> 00:27:52 wanting their parents to buy them one as
00:27:52 --> 00:27:54 soon as they can that's Alexar of Roit
00:27:54 --> 00:27:58 from
00:27:58 --> 00:28:07 [Music]
00:28:11 --> 00:28:14 Techadvice and that's the show for now
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