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Cosmic Questions: The Emptiness of Space and Tidally Locked Planets
In this enlightening Q&A episode of Space Nuts, hosts Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson tackle an array of intriguing listener questions. From the vast emptiness of space to the peculiarities of tidally locked planets, this episode promises to expand your cosmic curiosity.
Episode Highlights:
- How Empty is Space? Kevin's question leads to a discussion on the remarkable emptiness of space and the risks faced by spacecraft like New Horizons. Fred Watson explains the varying densities of space, from the dusty inner solar system to the clearer outer regions, and how spacecraft navigate these vast distances without colliding with debris.
- Tidally Locked Planets: Casey asks about the implications of tidally locked planets on the formation of compounds and molecules. The hosts explore the temperature extremes on such planets and the potential for a habitable zone at the terminator, where the hot and cold sides meet.
- Sonification of Orbits: Hazel from Scotland inquires about the musical adaptations of orbits and whether galaxies experience similar resonances. Fred Watson elaborates on the fascinating concept of orbital resonances and how they can be translated into sound, while also addressing the complexities of galactic motion.
- Peculiar Motions in the Universe: Rusty poses a thought-provoking question about the peculiar motion of the Local Group towards the Virgo Cluster and the Great Attractor. Fred Watson discusses the early universe's structure and how dark matter filaments contribute to the motion of galaxies.
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Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:01 Andrew Dunkley: Hello again. Thanks for joining us on Space
00:00:01 --> 00:00:04 Nuts. My name is Andrew Dunkley, your host,
00:00:04 --> 00:00:07 and this is a Q and A edition. And questions
00:00:07 --> 00:00:10 today coming from Kevin about, uh,
00:00:10 --> 00:00:13 the emptiness of space. Uh, Casey
00:00:13 --> 00:00:15 wants to talk about tidally locked planets.
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 Hazel is asking about sonification.
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 We've talked about that in the past. And
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 Rusty. Uh, Rusty. Gee,
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 it's good to be back. Uh, I really missed
00:00:26 --> 00:00:28 you, Rusty. And your questions about bulk
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 motions in the Universe can't wait.
00:00:31 --> 00:00:33 Voice Over Guy: 15 seconds. Guidance is internal.
00:00:33 --> 00:00:36 10, 9. Ignition
00:00:36 --> 00:00:39 sequence start. Space nuts. 5, 4, 3,
00:00:39 --> 00:00:42 2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4,
00:00:42 --> 00:00:45 3, 2, 1. Space nuts. Astronauts
00:00:45 --> 00:00:46 report it feels good.
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 Andrew Dunkley: Joining us once again is his good self,
00:00:49 --> 00:00:50 Professor Fred Watson. What's that?
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 Astronomer at large. Hello, Fred Watson.
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 Professor Fred Watson: Hello, Andrew. Good to be back. And good to
00:00:55 --> 00:00:56 see your smiling face again.
00:00:57 --> 00:00:59 Andrew Dunkley: Yes, I've got a smiling face. I'm nearly over
00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 the jet lag. You don't smile much when you
00:01:01 --> 00:01:04 got jet lag. That stuff's horrible.
00:01:04 --> 00:01:05 Professor Fred Watson: Yeah.
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 Andrew Dunkley: Um, there should be a pill for that. There
00:01:07 --> 00:01:10 really should. Don't know why someone hasn't
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 invented one yet. Maybe I should. I'd make
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 billions, I would.
00:01:14 --> 00:01:15 Professor Fred Watson: Here, take this.
00:01:15 --> 00:01:18 Andrew Dunkley: No jet lag. Done and dusted. How you been,
00:01:18 --> 00:01:19 Fred Watson?
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, very well, thanks. I don't have jet lag.
00:01:21 --> 00:01:24 Um, and that's good. Um, I guess the
00:01:24 --> 00:01:27 nearest to a jet lag pill is melatonin. Um,
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 some of my colleagues who travel a lot used
00:01:29 --> 00:01:32 to insist on melatonin tablets.
00:01:32 --> 00:01:35 I've never used them because I always managed
00:01:35 --> 00:01:36 to sleep. All right. But you're right, jet
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 lag can be a bit fearsome.
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 Andrew Dunkley: Yeah. And you don't want to get the melatonin
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 tablets mixed up with the melanoma tablets,
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 because that can be lethal.
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 Professor Fred Watson: That's right. That could be, uh.
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 Andrew Dunkley: That's a terrible joke. See, I'm back. I'm
00:01:49 --> 00:01:52 back. Dreadful jokes.
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 Um, we might as well get straight into it and
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 see if we can solve some of these riddles
00:01:57 --> 00:02:00 that people have sent to us. Our first
00:02:00 --> 00:02:03 question comes from Kevin. Uh, Kevin is a
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 patron and gives, uh, me an opportunity to
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 thank all our patrons for pitching, uh, into
00:02:07 --> 00:02:10 the show. We really do appreciate that, and
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 we think you are terrific. And if
00:02:13 --> 00:02:16 anyone wants to, uh, look into that, they can
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 do that via our website, um, Patreon,
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 uh,.comspacenuts, I think, is also where you
00:02:20 --> 00:02:21 can go.
00:02:21 --> 00:02:24 So Kevin's question. How
00:02:24 --> 00:02:27 empty is space? Or to ask
00:02:27 --> 00:02:29 another way, how is a
00:02:29 --> 00:02:31 spacecraft like New Horizons?
00:02:32 --> 00:02:32 Professor Fred Watson: Ah.
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 Andrew Dunkley: How is it that it can travel millions of
00:02:34 --> 00:02:37 miles through space and risk, um,
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 hitting a Grain of matter that I assume would
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 destroy it. Um, and that's
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 a really good question because I've often
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 wondered the same thing. How do we go through
00:02:47 --> 00:02:50 space, uh, and not get
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 hammered by something and. Yeah,
00:02:52 --> 00:02:53 oblivion.
00:02:54 --> 00:02:57 Professor Fred Watson: Um, yeah, it is a great question. Uh, it's
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 got um, a uh, very
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 characteristic two word, uh answer, Andrew,
00:03:02 --> 00:03:05 which is. That's a wonder. No,
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 no, b. Of course, yeah, you're right.
00:03:10 --> 00:03:13 Uh, how empty is space? It
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 depends. Uh, and it depends, it
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 depends which bit of space you're in. Um, and
00:03:19 --> 00:03:22 so, uh, yeah, I think Kevin's right.
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 Um, thinking about the James Webb Space
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 Telescope which indeed did travel,
00:03:28 --> 00:03:31 uh, well, it's 1.5 million kilometres.
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 So it's about a million miles. That was the
00:03:33 --> 00:03:36 distance that it travelled from Earth uh, to
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 its uh, location,
00:03:39 --> 00:03:42 uh, because it settled in a uh, region
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 called the Lagrange second Lagrange point
00:03:44 --> 00:03:47 L2 where the stable gravitational
00:03:47 --> 00:03:50 pull. But uh, one of the
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 other things about the Lagrange points is
00:03:52 --> 00:03:55 because they're stable they attract dust.
00:03:55 --> 00:03:58 Um, and so they're relatively dusty regions
00:03:58 --> 00:04:01 of space. Um, and actually within just
00:04:01 --> 00:04:04 a few months of um, uh,
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 of the deployment of the jwst,
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 there was a micrometeorite, um,
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 impact. This would be something the size of
00:04:13 --> 00:04:16 grain of dust, maybe even smaller, hitting at
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 maybe 30 kilometres per second. That left a
00:04:18 --> 00:04:21 permanent dent in one of the mirror segments
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 today. Yes, um, they've been
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 quite lucky actually because I thought, you
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 know, that was within a couple of months of
00:04:28 --> 00:04:31 deployment. I was thinking my God, if that's
00:04:31 --> 00:04:32 the case, we're going to have no mirror at
00:04:32 --> 00:04:35 all within a year. But in fact I think
00:04:35 --> 00:04:38 it's been relatively unscathed uh,
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 uh, for the rest of its career. It's doing a
00:04:40 --> 00:04:43 fabulous job. We often talk about oh isn't
00:04:43 --> 00:04:46 JWST observations uh, here
00:04:46 --> 00:04:49 on spacenuts. So um,
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 basically what I'm saying is that the Earth's
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 environment in particular is quite dusty and
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 that's because it's near the inner part of
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 the solar system. There's a lot of comets
00:04:57 --> 00:05:00 come from the outer edges of the solar system
00:05:00 --> 00:05:03 which shed dust as they get near the sun. The
00:05:03 --> 00:05:06 dust is released from its IC matrix and
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 uh, and so comet trails are dusty, uh,
00:05:08 --> 00:05:11 and that uh, adds to the uh,
00:05:11 --> 00:05:14 general dust that is the remnant of the
00:05:14 --> 00:05:17 origins of the solar system. The plane of the
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 Earth's orbit is quite dusty. And so yes,
00:05:19 --> 00:05:22 something like the web is going to be always
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 at risk uh, from uh,
00:05:25 --> 00:05:27 being hit by rain of material. But if you go
00:05:27 --> 00:05:30 out um, into the outer part
00:05:30 --> 00:05:33 of the solar system, uh, beyond the orbit of
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 Neptune. You get a much clearer view because
00:05:35 --> 00:05:38 there's virtually no dust out there. Uh, and
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 that's one reason why the New Horizons
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 spacecraft measured, uh, the
00:05:43 --> 00:05:46 sky background there as being fainter
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 than we have in the inner solar system,
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 because there's no dust reflecting
00:05:50 --> 00:05:53 sunlight. Um, and that's an interesting
00:05:53 --> 00:05:54 experiment. It actually caused a bit of a
00:05:54 --> 00:05:57 revision of the number of galaxies that we
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 think the universe has. Um, I'm not
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 going to go in that direction now because
00:06:01 --> 00:06:03 it's another can of worms. But, uh, what
00:06:03 --> 00:06:06 that's saying is that, uh, in terms of dust,
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 uh, once you get beyond the inner solar
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 system, then it's fairly dust free.
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 Of course, there's other stuff, uh, floating
00:06:13 --> 00:06:16 around in space. Lots of subatomic
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 particles. There's the wind of subatomic
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 particles that come from the sun. They can
00:06:20 --> 00:06:23 have an effect, not putting a dent in your
00:06:23 --> 00:06:24 mirror, but certainly can damage, uh,
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 electronics and things of that sort at the
00:06:27 --> 00:06:30 atomic level. Uh, and once again,
00:06:30 --> 00:06:33 that's, um, more true nearer to the sun than
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 further out. So when you get to interstellar
00:06:35 --> 00:06:38 space, uh, the average density is pretty low,
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 Although interstellar space is populated by
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 giant clouds of gas and dust. Uh, and so if
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 you get in one of those, suddenly you've got,
00:06:45 --> 00:06:48 um, material around you again. It's still
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 very, very rarefied. It's still better than
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 the highest vacuum we can create artificially
00:06:52 --> 00:06:55 on Earth. But, um, it's not empty
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 completely. Uh, one of the things, though,
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 that illuminates to me just how empty space
00:07:00 --> 00:07:03 is, is the fact that we can look
00:07:03 --> 00:07:06 through space, uh, to a time,
00:07:06 --> 00:07:09 uh, 13.8 billion years ago,
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 uh, when the universe was still glowing
00:07:12 --> 00:07:13 brightly. We can still see the flash of the
00:07:13 --> 00:07:16 Big Bang. And that's because the photons that
00:07:16 --> 00:07:19 were emitted 13.8 billion years
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 ago are still going strong. Uh, we see
00:07:21 --> 00:07:24 them now as microwaves, uh, because the
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 universe, the expansion of the universe, has
00:07:26 --> 00:07:29 stretched them their waveleng. Uh, but that
00:07:29 --> 00:07:30 tells you how empty space is. The fact that
00:07:30 --> 00:07:33 we can see distant galaxies out to almost the
00:07:33 --> 00:07:36 origin of galaxies, and then beyond that,
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 we can see the cosmic microwave background
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 radiation. Uh, you'd think there will be
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 something in the universe that will make it a
00:07:43 --> 00:07:45 bit more opaque than it is, but it is
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 incredibly transparent, which tells you that
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 it's pretty damned empty.
00:07:49 --> 00:07:52 Andrew Dunkley: You were also like, I haven't. It's been
00:07:52 --> 00:07:53 three months and I haven't been able to
00:07:53 --> 00:07:56 insult Huw once. So, um, you know, what you
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 just said also applies to Huw Um,
00:07:59 --> 00:08:01 you know, empty, big void, nothing.
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 Professor Fred Watson: Don't know why you're. No reaction.
00:08:06 --> 00:08:07 Andrew Dunkley: No reaction from you.
00:08:09 --> 00:08:12 So diplomatic. Sorry, Huw, couldn't
00:08:12 --> 00:08:15 help it. Golden opportunity. But
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 yeah, in answer to Kevin's question, though,
00:08:17 --> 00:08:19 it's pretty sparse. Like, you know, you'd
00:08:19 --> 00:08:22 have to be very unlucky to take your 30
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 gazillion dollar Ferrari
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 spaceship out there and suddenly realise
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 that it's been destroyed by a spec dust.
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 You have to be, you know,
00:08:34 --> 00:08:37 really unlucky. Well, hang on, maybe
00:08:37 --> 00:08:38 a Tesla Roadster.
00:08:38 --> 00:08:39 Professor Fred Watson: Yeah.
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 Andrew Dunkley: Or something like that. You never know.
00:08:42 --> 00:08:42 Professor Fred Watson: That's right.
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 Andrew Dunkley: Um, thank you Kevin, and thank you for your
00:08:44 --> 00:08:47 ongoing support as a patron of space
00:08:47 --> 00:08:50 nuts. We appreciate it. Our, uh, next
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 question, Fred Watson, comes from
00:08:52 --> 00:08:55 Casey, who sent us an audio
00:08:55 --> 00:08:56 question.
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 Professor Fred Watson: Hi guys, this is Casey from Colorado again.
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 And today I have a question about tidally
00:09:01 --> 00:09:04 locked planets. I know that a tidally locked
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 planet is a planet that always has the same
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 side facing its star and that this happens
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 because the orbital and rotational
00:09:11 --> 00:09:14 periods are the same. What I'm wondering
00:09:14 --> 00:09:16 about is how this might affect the formation
00:09:16 --> 00:09:19 of compounds and molecules. I hope you're
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 both well and thank you for taking the time
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 to answer so many of my questions.
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 Andrew Dunkley: Thank you, Casey. It's lovely to hear from
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 the ladies. I know there was a big push on to
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 get more, uh, female listeners. Listeners to,
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 um, send in questions. Uh, and that seems
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 to have been very successful. So well done,
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 Heidi. Uh, yeah. So what
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 is the answer to Casey's query?
00:09:39 --> 00:09:42 Professor Fred Watson: Um, I think it's a great question actually.
00:09:42 --> 00:09:45 These, yeah, the, um, you know, if you've got
00:09:45 --> 00:09:48 a planet always has one side facing
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 its parent star, that side is going to be
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 pretty hot. But the other side is facing
00:09:54 --> 00:09:57 the depths of space. It's facing the cold of
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 space and it could be pretty cold. You know,
00:09:59 --> 00:10:02 you could be way below zero, perhaps
00:10:02 --> 00:10:05 200 degrees below zero on one side and
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 perhaps 100 or 200 degrees above zero on the
00:10:07 --> 00:10:10 other. Um, so, um,
00:10:10 --> 00:10:13 molecules, for molecules and compounds to
00:10:13 --> 00:10:16 form, uh, they're like sort of
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 moderate temperatures. Temperatures measured
00:10:19 --> 00:10:21 in tens, hundreds, maybe thousands of
00:10:21 --> 00:10:24 degrees. Knots tens of thousands of degrees.
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 So, um, you might find that compounds are not
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 going to form, uh, on the
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 sun facing, on the star facing side of the
00:10:32 --> 00:10:35 planet because it's too hot. Compounds,
00:10:35 --> 00:10:38 uh, just get shredded apart
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 into their component atoms by the energy of
00:10:40 --> 00:10:43 the heat. On the other side, it's too cold.
00:10:43 --> 00:10:46 Uh, so your, your molecules never
00:10:46 --> 00:10:47 kind of get together. There's not enough
00:10:47 --> 00:10:50 motion of the gases in an
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 atmosphere for the molecules to come together
00:10:52 --> 00:10:55 and react but, but, uh, in between the
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 two is this region that we always call the
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 terminator. That's the region between the
00:10:59 --> 00:11:02 light side of a planet or the boundary
00:11:02 --> 00:11:03 between the light side of a planet and its
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 dark side. And it could well be because the
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 planet's not rotating. You might find that
00:11:08 --> 00:11:11 there the temperatures, ah, are sort of, you
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 know, temperate, uh, all the time, um,
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 promoting the formation of molecules and
00:11:16 --> 00:11:19 compounds. So for a tidally locked
00:11:19 --> 00:11:22 planet, it is possible that you could have
00:11:22 --> 00:11:24 this zone around the terminator which is
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 quite rich in chemical reactions, action. So,
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 um, yeah, Casey, I think you're onto
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 something there. Maybe there will be this
00:11:30 --> 00:11:33 zone that might be habitable even in what
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 looks like an otherwise uninhabitable world,
00:11:35 --> 00:11:36 because one side's too hot and the other
00:11:36 --> 00:11:39 side's too cold. Ah, you might find there's a
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 zone that's not so. Yeah, good question.
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 Andrew Dunkley: Excellent question. Thank you, Casey. And
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 keep them coming. And, um, yeah, good to hear
00:11:46 --> 00:11:48 from you. And, uh, you know, when it comes
00:11:48 --> 00:11:51 to, um, dealing with, uh,
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 extreme cold, uh, I'm sure you handle it well
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 in Colorado. I don't know how you do it.
00:11:57 --> 00:12:00 Okay, okay. Um. Like, we were in Iceland
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 in summer, and I think the maximum
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 temperature was 6 degrees. Uh, and I
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 thought, if that's summer, I would hate to be
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 here in winter. That was, uh, quite strange.
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 But then. Not sure if I told you,
00:12:12 --> 00:12:13 Fred Watson, but we. When we were at North
00:12:13 --> 00:12:16 Cape in Norway, the northernmost tip of
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 Europe, it was 28 degrees
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 that day. And I looked up the weather
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 records for North Cape, and the highest
00:12:23 --> 00:12:26 they'd ever recorded there was 28.4 war. So
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 we'd nearly hit it the day we were there.
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 And the locals were freaking out, like they
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 thought it was horrible. It's walking around,
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 making. It was so hot. But, um, we just
00:12:38 --> 00:12:39 went, oh, isn't this lovely?
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 Professor Fred Watson: So when we were there in, um. When we were
00:12:43 --> 00:12:44 there in January, uh,
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 there was snow everywhere, but it was still
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 unseasonably warm. Uh, it was
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 some. It was probably more like 6 degrees,
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 the 6 that you had in Iceland. Um, we
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 tend to go to all these countries in the
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 depths of winter so that we get the most
00:12:59 --> 00:13:01 darkness and we see the aurora. So you'll
00:13:01 --> 00:13:03 definitely have to come with us sometime,
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 Andrew, uh, because we always see it.
00:13:06 --> 00:13:08 Uh, and, um, um. Uh, that's why
00:13:08 --> 00:13:11 we're at North Cape. You know, when there was
00:13:11 --> 00:13:13 a matter of perhaps two or three hours of
00:13:13 --> 00:13:15 daylight. It was great, though, up there. And
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 you would have stood by that huge
00:13:17 --> 00:13:20 analemosphere. That's right. At the tip of
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 the North, North Cape. Um, we saw that
00:13:22 --> 00:13:25 in twilight. Uh, but yes, it was
00:13:25 --> 00:13:27 still unseasonably warm. It was snow. There
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 was snow everywhere. Uh, but it was um,
00:13:29 --> 00:13:30 certainly above zero.
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 Andrew Dunkley: Yeah, it's an incredible place. It's
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 certainly um, you know one of those like we,
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 we went around the southern tip of Africa
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 which is right, um, the Cape of Good Hope
00:13:39 --> 00:13:42 right down south. And then you know,
00:13:42 --> 00:13:44 a month later we're standing on the northern
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 tip of Europe. Yeah, caught it. Quite an
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 incredible trip. Thanks Casey. Great to hear
00:13:48 --> 00:13:50 from you. This is Space Nuts with Andrew
00:13:50 --> 00:13:52 Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson Watson.
00:13:55 --> 00:13:58 Three, two, one.
00:13:58 --> 00:14:01 Space Nuts. And you're listening to a Q and
00:14:01 --> 00:14:04 A edition. And our next question comes from
00:14:04 --> 00:14:05 Hazel.
00:14:05 --> 00:14:08 Uh, and Hazel uh, says hi. I think we've all
00:14:08 --> 00:14:11 heard the musical adaption of orbits in the
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 solar system sonification and how it
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 highlights the beautiful resonance. And she
00:14:15 --> 00:14:18 says I love this. Uh, my question is to
00:14:18 --> 00:14:21 do with uh, most orbiting things.
00:14:21 --> 00:14:24 Uh, do most orbiting things experience
00:14:24 --> 00:14:27 this? Would galaxies orbiting their
00:14:27 --> 00:14:30 centre of mass also experience this? I feel
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 Kepler in his genius got the um,
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 uh, got to the bottom of this. But I find it
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 fascinating. Love the show. Much love to you
00:14:37 --> 00:14:40 all. Hazel from Scotland. Scotland.
00:14:40 --> 00:14:42 What a lovely place that is. Rained all the
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 time. Uh, but anyway, um,
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 while we were there anyway I uh, remember
00:14:48 --> 00:14:51 us um, actually playing some of that
00:14:51 --> 00:14:53 sonification production where they took a
00:14:53 --> 00:14:56 photo, uh, wide angle photo
00:14:57 --> 00:15:00 or, or image of a portion of the universe
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 and they applied sounds to this,
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 the different objects and created this
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 beautiful music. So would that apply
00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 elsewhere, uh, in other parts of the
00:15:11 --> 00:15:11 universe?
00:15:12 --> 00:15:15 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, so yes. So the tonifications that Hazel's
00:15:15 --> 00:15:16 talking about are a little bit different from
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 that. And um, you know, I.
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 Andrew Dunkley: Is this something I missed while I was away?
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 Professor Fred Watson: Um, no you didn't. Oh,
00:15:23 --> 00:15:25 okay. Um, um, um.
00:15:26 --> 00:15:29 When, when I read Hazel's question I went to
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 that. Exactly the picture that you're talking
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 about. There's one that I particularly like.
00:15:33 --> 00:15:34 It's the galactic centre and all the
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 stardust. Yeah, that's LinkedIn the less
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 beautiful. And uh, it's still, it's pretty
00:15:38 --> 00:15:40 easy to find. It's on NASA's website. But
00:15:40 --> 00:15:43 what Hazel's talking about is
00:15:43 --> 00:15:46 the resonances between
00:15:46 --> 00:15:49 the planets. Uh, for example in
00:15:49 --> 00:15:52 a solar system. So that you've got a
00:15:52 --> 00:15:55 situation where one planet goes around once.
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 Uh, uh, the one next to it
00:15:58 --> 00:16:01 on the inside goes around twice in the same
00:16:01 --> 00:16:03 time. The one on the outside of it goes
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 around a half in the same time. So there's
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 this uh. What we call orbital resonances.
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 And you can sonify. Yeah, you can
00:16:11 --> 00:16:14 sonificate that. Uh, and in a sense it's
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 what um, Kepler was doing when he wrote
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 Harmonium Mundi, the Harmony of the Spheres
00:16:19 --> 00:16:22 or the harmony of the Worlds. Uh, he was
00:16:22 --> 00:16:24 looking at all these different
00:16:24 --> 00:16:27 resonances. Um, and the most obvious in our
00:16:27 --> 00:16:30 solar system is with some of
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 the moons of Jupiter. Ganymede, Europa and IO
00:16:33 --> 00:16:36 are in a 4, 2 and 1 resonance with EO.
00:16:36 --> 00:16:39 Ganymede, um, 4 to 1, Europa, 2 to 1,
00:16:39 --> 00:16:42 EO, 1 to 1. So um, that's
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 basically uh, the sort of thing that
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 ah, Kepler was looking at because he said,
00:16:47 --> 00:16:50 well this is very similar to the. You know,
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 the intervals on a musical scale where you've
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 got fourths and fifths and these make chords
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 that are pleasant to our ears. And so his
00:16:56 --> 00:16:59 harmony of the worlds was based on all that.
00:16:59 --> 00:17:02 But now we've got so many more examples
00:17:02 --> 00:17:05 with these extra, um, extrasolar
00:17:05 --> 00:17:08 planets. Uh, and there are some of them that
00:17:08 --> 00:17:11 have got really quite spectacular resonances.
00:17:11 --> 00:17:14 And I might refer, Hazel, to a very
00:17:14 --> 00:17:17 nice article that uh, appeared on the
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 Conversation a year last February. It's
00:17:19 --> 00:17:20 written by a good friend of mine, Chris
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 Impey. He and I were research students
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 together actually in Edinburgh at the um,
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 University of Edinburgh. Chris, uh, has been
00:17:27 --> 00:17:30 the. Chris has
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 been. Ah, I'm glad you went there. It's good
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 that you especially had haggis. I think that
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 was very good for you. Uh, Lewis
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 as basically most of his career as I've
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 worked in Australia, he's worked in the
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 United States principally at the University
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 of Arizona where he's a distinguished
00:17:45 --> 00:17:48 professor of astronomy. Um, but he's written
00:17:48 --> 00:17:51 a lovely article on exactly this. Uh,
00:17:51 --> 00:17:53 it is called orbital resonance. The striking
00:17:53 --> 00:17:56 gravitational dance done by planets with
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 aligning orbits. And it's worth looking at
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 because Hazel, because it's got um, a
00:18:01 --> 00:18:04 list of uh, several of
00:18:04 --> 00:18:07 the major resonances around uh,
00:18:07 --> 00:18:10 uh, planets going around other stars like
00:18:10 --> 00:18:13 Gliese 876 which has got some 4 to
00:18:13 --> 00:18:16 2 to 1 orbital ratios. Kepler
00:18:16 --> 00:18:19 2:3, 3:4 planets with ratios of 8 to 6
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 to 4 to 3. Uh, and there's a number
00:18:21 --> 00:18:24 of them. Uh, Trappist 1 is the record holder.
00:18:24 --> 00:18:27 It's got seven Earth like planets, um, with
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 orbit ratios you don't need to know. It's uh.
00:18:29 --> 00:18:32 Well, it's 24 to 15 to 9 to 6 to 4 to 3 to
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 2. So those are all what we call
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 resonances. And you can turn them uh, into
00:18:37 --> 00:18:40 music. Uh, and uh, you can have orbital
00:18:40 --> 00:18:43 Sonification. And so Chris's article has got
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 some nice links to the sonification of these
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 orbits. There's a very nice one that, uh,
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 eso, the European Southern Observatory, has
00:18:50 --> 00:18:53 done on one of the systems that, um,
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 they've found. I think it's, um. Can't
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 remember which system it is. I think it's
00:18:57 --> 00:19:00 tri178. Uh, you'll find a
00:19:00 --> 00:19:03 lovely audio of that. Um. Uh. If
00:19:03 --> 00:19:04 we'd been better organised, Andrew, we might
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 have dug one of these out and, uh, played it
00:19:06 --> 00:19:09 for the show. Uh, but anyway, that's the
00:19:09 --> 00:19:10 place to look. It's a great article. It
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 explains it very clearly.
00:19:12 --> 00:19:15 Your question about, um. Uh. Uh,
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 resonances in galactic orbits is very
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 much less easy to answer.
00:19:20 --> 00:19:23 Uh, we suspect not because,
00:19:23 --> 00:19:26 um, the number of stars in orbit around the
00:19:26 --> 00:19:29 galactic centre, 3 or 400 billion, means
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 it's more like a cloud of particles, um, that
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 behave in a different way from what
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 individual objects do. It's more like a cloud
00:19:35 --> 00:19:37 of stuff going around the centre of the
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 galaxy rather than specific planets with
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 their own centre of mass and their own
00:19:41 --> 00:19:44 resonances. So I don't think there are,
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 uh, resonances to be found in galactic
00:19:46 --> 00:19:49 orbits. I'm happy to be proved wrong, though.
00:19:50 --> 00:19:51 Yeah.
00:19:51 --> 00:19:52 Andrew Dunkley: Never say never for any.
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 Professor Fred Watson: I think it's never say never. That's right,
00:19:54 --> 00:19:54 yeah.
00:19:55 --> 00:19:58 Andrew Dunkley: Yeah. Wonderful. Uh, Hazel, thank
00:19:58 --> 00:19:59 you. And, um.
00:19:59 --> 00:20:00 Professor Fred Watson: Um.
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 Andrew Dunkley: I. I must say I loved Scotland while I was
00:20:02 --> 00:20:05 there. It was a brief visit but, um, I'm glad
00:20:05 --> 00:20:08 I got to see it and. And travel, uh, from
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 Glasgow across to Edinburgh and back.
00:20:11 --> 00:20:14 Um. Yeah, lovely part of the world. Even that
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 was cold and wet and. Yeah, well, it wasn't
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 windy. That's the only. Wasn't too windy, but
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 the rest of it was. It was supposed to be
00:20:21 --> 00:20:24 summer, Fred Watson. I don't. You know, I
00:20:24 --> 00:20:25 don't know how people live in the northern.
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 Now most of the world population lives in the
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 northern hemisphere and from my experience,
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 the weather's so much worse up there.
00:20:33 --> 00:20:35 Professor Fred Watson: If you, um. Yes, that's right. If you, um,
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 drove on the M9, as you probably did, if you
00:20:37 --> 00:20:40 went by car from, uh, Glasgow to Edinburgh,
00:20:40 --> 00:20:43 you would have passed the Kelpies. Uh. Would
00:20:43 --> 00:20:44 you have passed the Kelpies? Yes, you would.
00:20:44 --> 00:20:45 I think they're on that road.
00:20:47 --> 00:20:50 Two huge statues of Celtic water horses.
00:20:50 --> 00:20:51 You might have seen them.
00:20:51 --> 00:20:54 Andrew Dunkley: Yeah. There's also sculptures along there,
00:20:54 --> 00:20:57 like a whole bunch of different things.
00:20:57 --> 00:20:57 Professor Fred Watson: Yes.
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 Andrew Dunkley: Yeah, we did spot a few along the way.
00:20:59 --> 00:21:00 Professor Fred Watson: Yes.
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 Andrew Dunkley: It's quite weird ones. They got a great
00:21:02 --> 00:21:05 sculpture in Glasgow of, um. 2 is it.
00:21:05 --> 00:21:06 Professor Fred Watson: Ship builders. I think they were ship
00:21:06 --> 00:21:07 builders.
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 Andrew Dunkley: Um, humongous things with giant
00:21:10 --> 00:21:13 sledgehammers. Yeah, it was. That's. That was
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 a beautiful statue as well. M. Uh, thanks,
00:21:15 --> 00:21:17 Hazel. Great to hear from you.
00:21:20 --> 00:21:22 Three, two, one.
00:21:22 --> 00:21:24 Space nuts.
00:21:24 --> 00:21:27 Our final question. Oh, good grief. Here we
00:21:27 --> 00:21:28 go. Comes from
00:21:29 --> 00:21:30 Rusty.
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 Rusty: Hey, Fred Watson. And Andrew. And maybe
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 Heidi. It's Rusty and Donnybrook.
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 I'll try and keep it simple as I always do.
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 The peculiar motion of the Local Group
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 towards the Virgo Cluster and onwards to the
00:21:42 --> 00:21:45 Great Attractor. Uh, in the Hydro Centaurus
00:21:45 --> 00:21:48 supercluster. Turns out to be the same as
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 the overall supercluster itself. When
00:21:50 --> 00:21:53 observed in a co moving reference frame
00:21:53 --> 00:21:56 where the observer is at rest relative
00:21:56 --> 00:21:57 to the cmb.
00:21:59 --> 00:22:02 Now the, uh, Lambda CDM M
00:22:03 --> 00:22:05 is invoked to explain this enormous peculiar
00:22:05 --> 00:22:08 flow. Space
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 was already effectively infinite when matter
00:22:10 --> 00:22:13 first appeared. 380 years after the Big
00:22:13 --> 00:22:16 Bang. If we look at explosions in the
00:22:16 --> 00:22:19 vacuum of space, for example a Crab Nebula,
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 we find filaments and voids.
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 But in the everywhere all at once explosive
00:22:24 --> 00:22:27 birth of matter. In the highly energetic
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 universe, resulting flows could have
00:22:29 --> 00:22:32 happened in any direction. Could
00:22:32 --> 00:22:35 this be what we are seeing? See, that's
00:22:35 --> 00:22:38 a simple question. Thanks, people.
00:22:38 --> 00:22:39 Cheers.
00:22:40 --> 00:22:42 Andrew Dunkley: Yeah, okay. Right.
00:22:42 --> 00:22:45 I see. Uh, thank you, Rusty. Uh,
00:22:46 --> 00:22:49 so good to hear from you. Um, my
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 brain hurts, Fred Watson. I'm very confused.
00:22:52 --> 00:22:54 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, um, I was going to let you answer this
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 one, Andrew. I thought you can talk to us.
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 Andrew Dunkley: I've got an answer for him because.
00:23:00 --> 00:23:02 Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, um, there's a few.
00:23:03 --> 00:23:05 There's a lot in there that I'm not gonna
00:23:05 --> 00:23:08 unpick. Thank you, Rusty. Um, matter
00:23:08 --> 00:23:09 actually appeared in the first three minutes,
00:23:09 --> 00:23:12 not the first 380, 000 years. Uh,
00:23:13 --> 00:23:16 when, um, uh, the radiation got cool
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 enough for atoms to form. Uh,
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 yeah, so, so it didn't take very long. Um,
00:23:22 --> 00:23:25 and you're absolutely right to,
00:23:25 --> 00:23:28 uh, quote the filaments because that's what
00:23:28 --> 00:23:31 happened. Uh, we think that.
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 And notwithstanding the peculiar motion of
00:23:34 --> 00:23:37 galaxies, um, which is basically just
00:23:37 --> 00:23:40 the, the gravitational pull of
00:23:40 --> 00:23:43 these filaments of, of dark matter
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 probably that's uh, moving them around
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 relative to the expansion of the universe.
00:23:47 --> 00:23:50 Relative to what we call the Hubble flow, um,
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 those filaments seem to have been created
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 very early, uh, in the expansion of the
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 universe. Maybe during the period of
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 inflation, which is the first gazillionth of
00:23:58 --> 00:24:01 a second. Forget three minutes. It's 10 to
00:24:01 --> 00:24:04 the minus 33, I think is the number. Um, so,
00:24:04 --> 00:24:07 um, I think the way to look at it,
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 I remember, um, uh, My
00:24:10 --> 00:24:13 young, uh, nephew some time ago, uh, playing
00:24:13 --> 00:24:16 with some stuff that was. It's kind
00:24:16 --> 00:24:17 of like play doh.
00:24:17 --> 00:24:17 Andrew Dunkley: I think.
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, and he sort of squashed this stuff,
00:24:20 --> 00:24:23 a lump of this stuff down, uh, between the
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 table in his hand. And then lifted it his
00:24:25 --> 00:24:28 hand up. And what you got was spontaneously
00:24:28 --> 00:24:31 forming filaments linking one blob to the
00:24:31 --> 00:24:34 other. And uh, it's just. That's
00:24:34 --> 00:24:37 seems to be uh, a facet of something
00:24:37 --> 00:24:40 that's expanding. You, uh, will get
00:24:41 --> 00:24:43 it probably depends on viscosity. And
00:24:43 --> 00:24:46 well, space time doesn't have any viscosity.
00:24:46 --> 00:24:49 We discussed that in the last Q A session
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 of uh, of uh, space Notes. But
00:24:51 --> 00:24:54 it's still light. It did form filaments and
00:24:54 --> 00:24:56 we, we can see them today. We see the
00:24:56 --> 00:24:58 structure of galaxies on the. On a much wider
00:24:58 --> 00:25:00 scale than we're talking about the Virgo
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 Cluster, which is really nearby. Um, you
00:25:03 --> 00:25:06 see these, this filamentary, this kind of
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 foam like structure of the universe. Which
00:25:08 --> 00:25:11 seems to just have been an artefact of the
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 expansion, uh, caused because of
00:25:13 --> 00:25:16 slight differences in temperature in the Big
00:25:16 --> 00:25:19 Bang plasma. Um, and so the
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 dark matter seems to form these filaments.
00:25:22 --> 00:25:24 The clouds of hydrogen collapsed onto them.
00:25:24 --> 00:25:26 That's where they form the galaxies. And
00:25:26 --> 00:25:28 that's why we're still seeing these galaxies
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 strung out all over the place. Um,
00:25:31 --> 00:25:33 so it's not, you know, you don't need. Ah.
00:25:34 --> 00:25:36 You drew the um, example of the Crab Nebula.
00:25:36 --> 00:25:37 You're quite right. There's filaments
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 everywhere with that. And they all seem to
00:25:39 --> 00:25:41 radiate out from the centre, the source of
00:25:41 --> 00:25:43 the explosion. But if you've just got an
00:25:43 --> 00:25:45 expansion, um, you don't need
00:25:46 --> 00:25:48 a particular direction for these
00:25:48 --> 00:25:50 filaments to form in. They'll just give you
00:25:50 --> 00:25:53 this sort of foam of material, um, which is
00:25:53 --> 00:25:55 what spacetime is like. And so,
00:25:55 --> 00:25:58 um, Uh, I don't know that that
00:25:58 --> 00:26:00 necessarily answers Rusty's question, but I
00:26:00 --> 00:26:02 hope it gives him some food for thought.
00:26:03 --> 00:26:03 Andrew Dunkley: Yes.
00:26:03 --> 00:26:04 Professor Fred Watson: Or it'll.
00:26:04 --> 00:26:05 Andrew Dunkley: Yeah, it'll just make him ask another
00:26:05 --> 00:26:06 question.
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 That's. That's the problem, isn't it?
00:26:09 --> 00:26:12 Professor Fred Watson: No, it's great. It's great that we get these.
00:26:12 --> 00:26:14 Oh, just kidding. Yeah. Yeah.
00:26:15 --> 00:26:16 Andrew Dunkley: Rusty actually sent me some great photos
00:26:16 --> 00:26:19 while I was away of uh, I think a couple of
00:26:19 --> 00:26:22 planets that. That uh, he observed. Oh.
00:26:22 --> 00:26:25 Great night out of Wa.
00:26:25 --> 00:26:27 So, uh. Yeah, it was good. So thanks for
00:26:27 --> 00:26:30 that, Rusty. Um, um, but always great
00:26:30 --> 00:26:31 to hear from you. Your questions are always
00:26:32 --> 00:26:34 so far out of left field. I don't. Yeah,
00:26:37 --> 00:26:40 that's too much. For my brain. Uh, but
00:26:40 --> 00:26:42 thanks Rusty. Good, uh, to hear from you as
00:26:42 --> 00:26:44 always. And please keep the questions coming
00:26:44 --> 00:26:47 in, female and male listeners alike. Uh,
00:26:47 --> 00:26:50 we, we love to hear from, from everybody.
00:26:51 --> 00:26:54 Uh, so just go uh, to our website and um, and
00:26:54 --> 00:26:56 send them in to us. Space, uh,
00:26:56 --> 00:26:59 nuts podcast.com or Space Nuts
00:26:59 --> 00:27:01 IO is where you can send text and audio
00:27:01 --> 00:27:03 questions. And while you're online, jump,
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 jump around our website and have a look. I
00:27:05 --> 00:27:07 don't think anyone's been into the shop for
00:27:07 --> 00:27:10 months. So, um, Huw's just sitting
00:27:10 --> 00:27:12 in there surfing the Internet and trying to
00:27:12 --> 00:27:14 um, figure out the problems of the world.
00:27:14 --> 00:27:15 Professor Fred Watson: So.
00:27:15 --> 00:27:17 Andrew Dunkley: Well, you know, um, go and sell something
00:27:17 --> 00:27:19 here, for crying out loud. Uh, but yes, uh,
00:27:19 --> 00:27:22 that's on our website. Uh, and we're on
00:27:22 --> 00:27:24 Facebook and Instagram as well. If you're
00:27:24 --> 00:27:26 into social media, you can follow us there.
00:27:26 --> 00:27:28 You don't. Yeah, no obligation. You don't
00:27:28 --> 00:27:29 have to do anything. You don't have to talk
00:27:29 --> 00:27:32 to anybody. Just look at the picture. Uh,
00:27:32 --> 00:27:34 that's how I studied at school. Look at the
00:27:34 --> 00:27:36 pictures. Yes, that's, that's enough.
00:27:37 --> 00:27:39 Uh, but, uh, yes, um,
00:27:39 --> 00:27:42 spacenutspodcast.com spacenats IO
00:27:42 --> 00:27:44 or facebook.com space nuts or the Space
00:27:44 --> 00:27:47 Nuts podcast group is another,
00:27:47 --> 00:27:50 um, group that's very much worth
00:27:50 --> 00:27:52 following because that's where most of our
00:27:52 --> 00:27:54 listeners talk to each other. If you want to
00:27:54 --> 00:27:56 join in. Um, that's enough jibber jabber from
00:27:56 --> 00:27:57 me. Thank you Fred Watson.
00:27:57 --> 00:28:00 Professor Fred Watson: As always, great stuff, Andrew. I look
00:28:00 --> 00:28:02 forward to doing it all again next week.
00:28:03 --> 00:28:05 Andrew Dunkley: Indeed. Uh, Professor Fred Watson Watson,
00:28:05 --> 00:28:07 astronomer at large, and thanks to Huw in the
00:28:07 --> 00:28:10 studio, uh, who couldn't be with us today
00:28:10 --> 00:28:13 because, um, well, he's a bulk motion in the
00:28:13 --> 00:28:15 universe and they're pretty slow.
00:28:16 --> 00:28:17 And from me, Andrew Dunkley. Thanks for your
00:28:17 --> 00:28:19 company. Catch you on the next episode of
00:28:19 --> 00:28:20 Space Nuts. Bye bye.
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00:28:30 --> 00:28:32 radio or your favourite podcast player. You
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00:28:36 --> 00:28:38 this has been another quality podcast
00:28:38 --> 00:28:40 production from bitesz.com