Cosmic Curiosities: A Q&A Journey Through Light, Gravity, and the Universe
In this enlightening episode of Space Nuts, hosts Heidi Campo and Professor Fred Watson dive into a series of intriguing listener questions that explore the fundamental forces of the universe. From the speed of light to the mysteries of dark energy, this episode is packed with insights that will expand your cosmic understanding.
Episode Highlights:
- The Speed of Light Explained: The episode kicks off with a profound question from Rennie Trab regarding the speed of light. Fred discusses its significance, how it shapes our understanding of the universe, and the implications of varying its speed, referencing the works of physicist George Gamow and his fictional character Mr. Tompkins.
- Gravity and Dark Energy: Next, Heidi and Fred tackle Buddy's audio question about the potential similarities between gravity, dark energy, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. Fred elaborates on the nature of these forces and explores the intriguing idea of them acting on larger scales.
- ASKAP J1832 0911 Mystery: Casey from Colorado asks about the enigmatic object ASKAP J1832 0911, which emits radio waves and X-rays in a peculiar pattern. Fred explains its origins in a supernova remnant and discusses the possibility of it being a magnetar, shedding light on this cosmic puzzle.
- Understanding the Cosmic Microwave Background: Dean from Queensland poses an insightful question about the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and its representation in two-dimensional maps. Fred clarifies how the CMB is mapped and the inherent distortions of such projections, while also discussing its significance as a remnant of the Big Bang.
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Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 Heidi Campo: Welcome back to another fun Q and A episode
00:00:03 --> 00:00:04 of space nuts.
00:00:05 --> 00:00:07 Generic: 15 seconds. Guidance is internal.
00:00:07 --> 00:00:10 10, 9. Ignition
00:00:10 --> 00:00:13 sequence time. Space nuts. 5, 4, 3,
00:00:13 --> 00:00:16 2. 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4,
00:00:16 --> 00:00:19 3, 2, 1. Space nuts. Astronauts
00:00:19 --> 00:00:20 report it feels good.
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 Heidi Campo: I'm your host for this episode, Heidi Campo,
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 filling in for Andrew Dunkley, who is on a
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 cruise around the world. And joining
00:00:29 --> 00:00:31 us as always, is our beloved professor
00:00:31 --> 00:00:34 Fred Watson, astronomer at large.
00:00:35 --> 00:00:36 How are you doing today, Fred?
00:00:36 --> 00:00:39 Professor Fred Watson: Um, well, thank you, Heidi. Um, um,
00:00:40 --> 00:00:43 we heard from, uh, Andrew a few days ago,
00:00:43 --> 00:00:46 and, uh, he was heading to far northern
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 Norway in his global cruise. He was going to
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 North Cape, uh, which is the.
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 It's not quite the northerly, most northerly
00:00:54 --> 00:00:57 point on the Eurasian continent, but
00:00:57 --> 00:00:59 it's very near it. Um, and
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 there's a globe at the.
00:01:02 --> 00:01:03 Professor Fred Watson: End of North Cape, um, which sort.
00:01:03 --> 00:01:06 Professor Fred Watson: Of simulates kind of where you are on the
00:01:06 --> 00:01:06 Earth.
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 Professor Fred Watson: It's a framework globe, but it's a.
00:01:08 --> 00:01:11 Professor Fred Watson: Very prominent spot for photography. I'm sure
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 we'll see pictures of Andrew standing in
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 front of it. I've got pictures of me standing
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 in front of it, which I was doing in January,
00:01:18 --> 00:01:18 uh, not on a world.
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 Professor Fred Watson: Cruise, but one of our Arctic tours.
00:01:20 --> 00:01:23 Professor Fred Watson: Um, I hope he's now vaguely on his way
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 back home, because I don't.
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 Professor Fred Watson: Think it's that long before he's supposed to
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 emerge once again bright and happy
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 in Australia. We'll have to look out for
00:01:32 --> 00:01:32 that.
00:01:32 --> 00:01:35 Heidi Campo: He's either going to be well
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 rested or he's going to need a vacation to
00:01:37 --> 00:01:38 recover from this.
00:01:39 --> 00:01:39 Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, he might.
00:01:39 --> 00:01:40 Professor Fred Watson: That's right.
00:01:40 --> 00:01:42 Heidi Campo: I think sometimes a trip like that, you need
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 some time to come back down from it.
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 Professor Fred Watson: You do. And, um, yeah, they've got
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 some interesting things. I won't go into
00:01:50 --> 00:01:51 them, but they've got some interesting things
00:01:51 --> 00:01:54 to look forward to when they get back. Um,
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 which I'm sure Andrew will tell us all about
00:01:56 --> 00:01:57 when it.
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 Professor Fred Watson: When it happens. Uh, that's just a teaser
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 for, um, you know, when Andrew finally
00:02:01 --> 00:02:04 returns. Who knows when it'll be, but. That's
00:02:04 --> 00:02:04 right.
00:02:05 --> 00:02:08 Heidi Campo: Well, shall we get into our questions
00:02:08 --> 00:02:09 for today?
00:02:10 --> 00:02:10 Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, sounds good.
00:02:11 --> 00:02:14 Heidi Campo: So our first question today is from
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 Rennie Trab from sunny, sunny West
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 Hills, California. And Rennie says,
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 I'm trying to understand the speed of light.
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 What powers set what. Sorry,
00:02:26 --> 00:02:29 what power set it to? What speed
00:02:29 --> 00:02:32 is. How. How different
00:02:32 --> 00:02:35 would our universe be if the speed was lower
00:02:35 --> 00:02:36 or higher?
00:02:38 --> 00:02:41 Professor Fred Watson: That's an incredibly profound question from
00:02:41 --> 00:02:44 Rennie. And Rennie often does give
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 us profound questions. Uh, what sets it
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 to the speed it is um, we don't know.
00:02:50 --> 00:02:53 Um, we do know that the
00:02:53 --> 00:02:56 speed of light, 300 kilometers
00:02:56 --> 00:02:56 per second, if.
00:02:56 --> 00:02:59 Professor Fred Watson: I remember rightly, 186 miles per second,
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 that used to be the number when.
00:03:01 --> 00:03:04 Professor Fred Watson: We did miles back in the UK. Um,
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 300 kilometers per second, a lot easier
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 to remember. That's the speed of light in a
00:03:08 --> 00:03:10 vacuum. It changes depending what it's going
00:03:10 --> 00:03:13 through. But the speed of light, the maximum
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 speed limit of the universe, 300
00:03:15 --> 00:03:16 kilometers.
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 Professor Fred Watson: Per second in a vacuum, uh, and.
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 Professor Fred Watson: It'S set by simply,
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 um, you know, it is what it is.
00:03:23 --> 00:03:26 It's set by the
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 cosmic, um, setting of
00:03:28 --> 00:03:31 fundamental quantities, because that's what
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 it is. Uh, but,
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 uh, it's got
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 extraordinary significance in our, uh,
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 present understanding of the universe. Not
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 just because it's what lets us look back in
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 time. When we look out into space, we're
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 always looking back in time because of.
00:03:49 --> 00:03:50 Professor Fred Watson: The finite speed of light.
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 Professor Fred Watson: Um, if you looked out into space
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 300km, you'd be looking back by a.
00:03:56 --> 00:03:59 Professor Fred Watson: Second because that's how long light takes to
00:03:59 --> 00:03:59 get here.
00:03:59 --> 00:04:02 Professor Fred Watson: So we know all about that. But
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 it's more fundamental than that in that it
00:04:04 --> 00:04:07 doesn't change. Um, uh, and
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 it's quite counterintuitive. If you imagine
00:04:09 --> 00:04:12 yourself in a spacecraft traveling along at
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 maybe nearly the speed of light and you shone
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 a torch out the front, you'd expect it to be
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 going at nearly twice the speed of light.
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 Professor Fred Watson: But it doesn't work like that. Light always
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 travels at 300 kilometers per second.
00:04:24 --> 00:04:27 Professor Fred Watson: And in fact that was, you know, its
00:04:27 --> 00:04:28 origins come from work on
00:04:28 --> 00:04:31 electromagnetism done by,
00:04:32 --> 00:04:35 uh, um, great scientists, uh, during
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 the 19th century. But it was Einstein who
00:04:37 --> 00:04:38 recognized its.
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 Professor Fred Watson: Fundamental significance and that's what
00:04:41 --> 00:04:42 allowed him to build up the theories of
00:04:42 --> 00:04:43 relativ.
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 Professor Fred Watson: Um, how different would our universe be if
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 the speed was lower or higher? Yes, it would
00:04:48 --> 00:04:51 be, uh, it would change the
00:04:51 --> 00:04:54 universe. Uh, now in an extreme
00:04:54 --> 00:04:55 situation, uh,
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 you might find, uh, some
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 interest in. And
00:05:03 --> 00:05:06 I wouldn't mind betting that Rennie knows
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 about this book, but I'll direct him to it
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 anyway. Um, back in the
00:05:10 --> 00:05:13 1950s, a, uh, very well
00:05:13 --> 00:05:16 known physicist called George Gamow, uh,
00:05:16 --> 00:05:19 who made some quite significant discoveries
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 in cosmology. Uh, he wrote
00:05:21 --> 00:05:24 a couple of books where he had a fictional
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 hero called Mr. Tompkins. Mr.
00:05:27 --> 00:05:28 Tompkins had a hairstyle very similar.
00:05:28 --> 00:05:31 Professor Fred Watson: To mine because, uh, Gamow illustrated the
00:05:31 --> 00:05:31 book as well.
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 Professor Fred Watson: Um, but, um, Mr. M. Tompkins had dreams
00:05:34 --> 00:05:37 and those dreams basically told you about
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 physics. The first book was about relativity.
00:05:39 --> 00:05:42 Professor Fred Watson: The second one was Mr. Tompkins explores the
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 Atom, uh, which, uh, is about atomic
00:05:45 --> 00:05:47 physics, the quantum world.
00:05:47 --> 00:05:50 Professor Fred Watson: Um, but one of the dreams that Mr. Tompkins
00:05:50 --> 00:05:53 has. Bet you never thought you'd be talking
00:05:53 --> 00:05:55 about this today on the show, Heidi. Um,
00:05:55 --> 00:05:58 he dreamt that the speed of light was, I
00:05:58 --> 00:05:58 think it was something.
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 Professor Fred Watson: Like 25 miles an hour.
00:06:00 --> 00:06:03 Professor Fred Watson: It was ridiculously slow.
00:06:03 --> 00:06:06 But what it meant was that all the effects of
00:06:06 --> 00:06:09 relativity, which we know about,
00:06:09 --> 00:06:12 uh, were demonstrated at a very slow speed.
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 Professor Fred Watson: This is special relativity, which is all
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 about things moving close to the speed of
00:06:16 --> 00:06:16 light.
00:06:16 --> 00:06:19 Professor Fred Watson: Um, so he illustrated a picture of
00:06:19 --> 00:06:22 somebody riding a bicycle at, uh, nearly.
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 Professor Fred Watson: The speed of light, 25 kilometers an hour.
00:06:24 --> 00:06:25 Sorry, 25 miles an hour.
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, and showed, uh, the foreshortening, the
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 fact that the bicycle seems to be.
00:06:30 --> 00:06:33 Professor Fred Watson: Squashed up, because that's one of the
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 phenomena associated with travel near the
00:06:35 --> 00:06:36 speed of light.
00:06:36 --> 00:06:37 Professor Fred Watson: And there are other ones as well.
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 Professor Fred Watson: Time travel, um, time dilation,
00:06:40 --> 00:06:41 your time changes.
00:06:42 --> 00:06:45 Professor Fred Watson: So it's a book. Um, I still think for all
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 its, you know, gosh, it's, uh, 70 years.
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 Professor Fred Watson: Out of date now.
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, the relativity in it is still.
00:06:51 --> 00:06:54 Professor Fred Watson: Exactly as we understand it today, and it's
00:06:54 --> 00:06:54 worth a read.
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 Professor Fred Watson: So I direct Rennie to that book.
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 Heidi Campo: That is very interesting. I'm going to be
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 wrapping my head around that one for a while.
00:07:03 --> 00:07:06 Our, uh, next question is an audio question,
00:07:06 --> 00:07:09 and this comes from Buddy in Oregon.
00:07:09 --> 00:07:11 And I'm going to give us just a second to cue
00:07:11 --> 00:07:14 that up and then all of our listeners will be
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 able to hear Buddy's question as well. We're
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 going to play that for you now.
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 Buddy: This is Buddy from Ontario, Oregon. This is
00:07:21 --> 00:07:24 a quick one and I guess I'll let Fred
00:07:24 --> 00:07:27 explain. Uh, gravity and
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 footed dark energy actually be
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 weaker and stronger nuclear forces
00:07:33 --> 00:07:36 played out at a larger scale as secondary
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 reactions. Hope that makes sense. Thanks,
00:07:38 --> 00:07:39 guys. Love the pod.
00:07:39 --> 00:07:42 Professor Fred Watson: I, I think Buddy might have had the same
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 cold or fever that you.
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 Professor Fred Watson: Had in the last episode.
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, it's not the. Not the Buddy we're used
00:07:50 --> 00:07:53 to hearing anyway. It's, um, it's an
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 interesting question. So, uh,
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 could gravity and dark energy,
00:07:59 --> 00:08:02 which are forces, uh, that
00:08:02 --> 00:08:02 we understand.
00:08:03 --> 00:08:05 Professor Fred Watson: Least in the quantum world. Gravity we're all
00:08:05 --> 00:08:06 familiar with, it's the one that pulls us
00:08:06 --> 00:08:07 down to the surface of the Earth.
00:08:07 --> 00:08:10 Professor Fred Watson: Dark energy is the property of
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 space that we think causes the universe to
00:08:12 --> 00:08:15 expand, uh, in an accelerating manner.
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 Uh, could those two forces be,
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 uh, like the strong and weak nuclear force.
00:08:22 --> 00:08:23 Professor Fred Watson: Played out on a larger scale?
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, I like his thinking. So
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 let me just, um, Quickly, talk about the
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 strong and weak nuclear force. There are
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 four, we believe there are four fundamental
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 forces of nature and they.
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 Professor Fred Watson: Are electromagnetism, which is the
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 force that is allowing us to talk now.
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 Professor Fred Watson: And lets me see you and lets chemical
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 reactions take place. Very important one. And
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 then there are these two nuclear forces, the
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 strong and weak nuclear forces,
00:08:51 --> 00:08:54 which, um, uh, determine the
00:08:54 --> 00:08:55 way atoms behave.
00:08:55 --> 00:08:56 Professor Fred Watson: Basically.
00:08:56 --> 00:08:58 Professor Fred Watson: Um, they are very well
00:08:58 --> 00:09:01 understood. They sound like uh, you know,
00:09:01 --> 00:09:04 two angles on the same thing, but they're
00:09:04 --> 00:09:04 not.
00:09:04 --> 00:09:05 Professor Fred Watson: They're quite different forces.
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 Professor Fred Watson: But as Rennie
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 has sort of. Sorry, I beg your pardon. As
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 Buddy. Buddy.
00:09:16 --> 00:09:19 Sorry, Buddy. As Buddy has indicated,
00:09:19 --> 00:09:22 um, uh, they only operate on a small
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 scale, they operate on the atomic scale.
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 Professor Fred Watson: Those forces don't extend beyond.
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 Professor Fred Watson: So to sort of, you know,
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 hypothesize that maybe,
00:09:33 --> 00:09:36 um, gravity and dark energy. Dark energy we
00:09:36 --> 00:09:37 do not consider yet.
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 Professor Fred Watson: To be a fundamental force because we really
00:09:39 --> 00:09:40 don't understand it.
00:09:40 --> 00:09:43 Professor Fred Watson: Ah, but could they be manifestations
00:09:44 --> 00:09:44 of.
00:09:44 --> 00:09:47 Professor Fred Watson: These other forces on a larger scale?
00:09:47 --> 00:09:50 Professor Fred Watson: And I do like his thinking. Um, I
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 suspect that the fundamental
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 physicists, the people who really know about
00:09:55 --> 00:09:58 this stuff, um, have ruled
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 out something like that. But I wouldn't mind
00:10:00 --> 00:10:03 betting that there is, you know,
00:10:03 --> 00:10:04 it's almost like an.
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 Professor Fred Watson: Analog one of the other that you've.
00:10:06 --> 00:10:09 Professor Fred Watson: Got these major forces that act on
00:10:09 --> 00:10:10 enormous timescales.
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 Professor Fred Watson: In fact, they're infinite. Certainly, uh,
00:10:12 --> 00:10:15 gravity is. Gravity never fades away. It gets
00:10:15 --> 00:10:18 so small as to be measurable. Measurable, but
00:10:18 --> 00:10:19 never fades away.
00:10:19 --> 00:10:21 Professor Fred Watson: Maybe there's a nice analog between the two.
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 Um, I don't know enough about nuclear, um,
00:10:25 --> 00:10:28 physics to be able to analyze it in any
00:10:28 --> 00:10:30 greater depth. But it's a question that I
00:10:30 --> 00:10:31 liked.
00:10:31 --> 00:10:32 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, and thank you very much, Bonnie.
00:10:35 --> 00:10:38 Andrew Dunkley: Three, two, one.
00:10:38 --> 00:10:39 Space nuts.
00:10:40 --> 00:10:43 Heidi Campo: Our next question is, uh, from Casey
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 from Colorado. Casey says, hey
00:10:45 --> 00:10:48 guys, just learned about ASKAP
00:10:49 --> 00:10:50 J1832
00:10:51 --> 00:10:54 0911 and that it emits
00:10:54 --> 00:10:57 radio waves and x rays for 2 minutes every
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 44 minutes. Is it true that no one
00:10:59 --> 00:11:02 knows what this is? Do you have any ideas?
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 Fred, love the show and hope you're both
00:11:04 --> 00:11:05 well. Thanks.
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, um, this is a classic
00:11:09 --> 00:11:10 gobbledygook name. ASCAP
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 J1832
00:11:13 --> 00:11:16 -09.11. ASCAP is
00:11:16 --> 00:11:18 the name of the telescope.
00:11:18 --> 00:11:20 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, that discovered this object. It's an
00:11:20 --> 00:11:21 abbreviation for the Australian Square
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 Kilometer Array Pathfinder. It's an array of
00:11:24 --> 00:11:27 I think 36 dishes in Western
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 Australia, uh, and a.
00:11:29 --> 00:11:31 Professor Fred Watson: Very radio quiet site. And the
00:11:31 --> 00:11:34 J1832 0911
00:11:34 --> 00:11:34 is just the.
00:11:34 --> 00:11:37 Professor Fred Watson: Coordinates in the sky of this object, what
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 we call the right ascension and declination.
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 So it's south of the equator. That's why it's
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 got a minus sign in front of the nine.
00:11:44 --> 00:11:47 Professor Fred Watson: Um, it's ah, a nice way of naming things
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 by giving them uh, their coordinates,
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 uh, in the sky because then you pinpoint
00:11:52 --> 00:11:53 where it is and these.
00:11:53 --> 00:11:54 Professor Fred Watson: Coordinates are just like latitude and
00:11:54 --> 00:11:56 longitude on the Earth.
00:11:56 --> 00:11:59 Professor Fred Watson: So uh, to what it is. Um, well
00:11:59 --> 00:12:02 it uh, was discovered, as I said,
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 by the Australian Square Kilometer
00:12:05 --> 00:12:06 Array pathfinder, but also
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 um, by X ray observations
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 with uh, something, um,
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 some work that was done using the Chandra.
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 Professor Fred Watson: X Ray observatory, one of NASA's great
00:12:17 --> 00:12:20 observatories in orbit. Because X rays don't
00:12:20 --> 00:12:21 penetrate the atmosphere, at least not in the
00:12:21 --> 00:12:22 energies that.
00:12:22 --> 00:12:25 Professor Fred Watson: We are looking at. Uh, and it
00:12:25 --> 00:12:28 turns out um, that this object
00:12:28 --> 00:12:31 is in a supernova remnant.
00:12:31 --> 00:12:34 So it's something that has exploded.
00:12:34 --> 00:12:37 Uh, and um, when you
00:12:37 --> 00:12:40 basically uh, look at the
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 details surrounding the object.
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 Professor Fred Watson: You can see that there's a shell.
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 Professor Fred Watson: Of gas which is probably uh, the.
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 Professor Fred Watson: Shockwave caused by the supernova.
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 Professor Fred Watson: We don't know when that exploded, but uh, it
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 was a long time ago. And
00:12:54 --> 00:12:57 so the properties um,
00:12:57 --> 00:13:00 that uh, we've already heard
00:13:00 --> 00:13:03 described, um, by Cayce,
00:13:03 --> 00:13:06 uh, this business of shining in X
00:13:06 --> 00:13:09 rays and radio waves exactly as uh.
00:13:09 --> 00:13:12 Professor Fred Watson: He says for two minutes every 44 minutes.
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 Professor Fred Watson: That is still a mystery. Um,
00:13:15 --> 00:13:18 uh, it's thought that the source is something
00:13:18 --> 00:13:21 we call a magnetar. And a magnetar is
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 a highly magnetic, uh,
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 um, highly magnetic, um, neutron
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 star, neutron stars being one
00:13:29 --> 00:13:32 of the possible remnants from a
00:13:32 --> 00:13:33 supernova explosion.
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 Professor Fred Watson: The collapse of the core of the.
00:13:35 --> 00:13:38 Professor Fred Watson: Star into something very, very dense indeed,
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 uh, weighing as much as a star.
00:13:41 --> 00:13:44 Professor Fred Watson: But with the dimensions of a city.
00:13:44 --> 00:13:47 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, that's a neutron star. Some of them are
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 very m. Highly magnetized. They're called
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 magnetars. And we think they have flares on
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 them. And some of those flares are uh, what
00:13:53 --> 00:13:56 we think give rise to the.
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 Professor Fred Watson: Fast radio bursts that are very much in the
00:13:58 --> 00:13:59 news as well.
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, but this object is not like a fast radio
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 burst because it shoots out these
00:14:05 --> 00:14:08 pulses, um, for two minutes.
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 Professor Fred Watson: Whereas fast radio bursts are less than.
00:14:10 --> 00:14:12 Professor Fred Watson: A thousandth of a second, uh, two.
00:14:12 --> 00:14:14 Professor Fred Watson: Minutes every 44 minutes.
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 Professor Fred Watson: And what that's telling you is that there's
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 probably uh, something
00:14:19 --> 00:14:21 orbiting something else. Uh, so there
00:14:21 --> 00:14:24 might very well be uh, uh,
00:14:24 --> 00:14:27 the magnetar, uh, whose
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 radiation is being shrouded by something
00:14:29 --> 00:14:32 else, uh, that uh, only allows
00:14:32 --> 00:14:35 it to see, uh, to be pointed in our
00:14:35 --> 00:14:38 direction every 44 minutes. It could also be
00:14:38 --> 00:14:39 directed radiation.
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 Professor Fred Watson: Radiation that's squirting out from the pole
00:14:41 --> 00:14:42 of a magnetar.
00:14:43 --> 00:14:44 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, which means that there's a sort.
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 Professor Fred Watson: Of lighthouse flashing effect as well. That's
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 how pulsars work. They're uh, neutron stars
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 that radiate at uh, their magnetic poles and
00:14:52 --> 00:14:52 as they.
00:14:52 --> 00:14:55 Professor Fred Watson: Rotate they sweep their radiation over the
00:14:55 --> 00:14:55 earth.
00:14:55 --> 00:14:56 Professor Fred Watson: And we see that.
00:14:56 --> 00:14:58 Professor Fred Watson: So there might be that going on plus
00:14:58 --> 00:15:01 something else that is, ah, either making
00:15:01 --> 00:15:04 the object wobble or hiding it. Um,
00:15:05 --> 00:15:07 uh, uh, there are lots of people scratching
00:15:07 --> 00:15:10 their heads about this, Cayce. Um, I
00:15:11 --> 00:15:12 hope, uh, that is,
00:15:13 --> 00:15:16 um, a reasonable, uh, explanation of
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 what's going on. Um, at uh, least I
00:15:19 --> 00:15:20 think it.
00:15:20 --> 00:15:21 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, ties in with what I've read.
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 Professor Fred Watson: So far about J
00:15:23 --> 00:15:25
00:15:25 --> 00:15:27 -09.
00:15:27 --> 00:15:28 Professor Fred Watson: 11.
00:15:29 --> 00:15:30 Heidi Campo: What a name.
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, what a name.
00:15:36 --> 00:15:39 Voice Over Guy: 0G and I feel fine Space nuts.
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 Heidi Campo: Our, uh, very last question is another audio
00:15:42 --> 00:15:45 question. And this is from Dean
00:15:45 --> 00:15:48 from Queensland. Queensland, I don't know
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 how you pronounce that. Lots of, uh,
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 discrepancies on pronunciation. Tomato,
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 tomahto. Um, and this is an audio question,
00:15:55 --> 00:15:58 so we'll let you guys listen to it and we'll
00:15:58 --> 00:15:59 cue that up and play that for you.
00:15:59 --> 00:16:02 Andrew Dunkley: Now, Fred, Heidi and Andrew, this is Dean in
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 Redcliffe in Queensland. My question is about
00:16:04 --> 00:16:07 m the image. It shows us the cosmic microwave
00:16:07 --> 00:16:10 background in space. I've assumed that this
00:16:10 --> 00:16:13 image represents the full 360 degrees of the
00:16:13 --> 00:16:16 entire sky as seen from all around the Earth.
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 But I'm wondering if this is correct. If it
00:16:18 --> 00:16:20 shows all directions, it would be like
00:16:20 --> 00:16:22 looking at the internal surface of a sphere,
00:16:22 --> 00:16:25 which could also be projected onto the outer
00:16:25 --> 00:16:28 surface of a sphere in the same way we look
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 at a globe of the Earth. There are many ways
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 to project the sphere of the Earth's, uh,
00:16:32 --> 00:16:35 surface as a 2D image, but parts of it are
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 always distorted, particularly around the
00:16:37 --> 00:16:40 edges. The 2D images of the
00:16:40 --> 00:16:42 CMB that I've seen are usually shown in an
00:16:42 --> 00:16:45 oval shape. Is the CMB image
00:16:45 --> 00:16:48 distorted around the edges? It might be, but
00:16:48 --> 00:16:51 it's hard to tell. Or is the image cropped in
00:16:51 --> 00:16:54 some way? Thanks again for the podcast.
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, that's a great question. Uh, it's one
00:16:56 --> 00:16:57 I've never had before,
00:16:59 --> 00:17:02 um, about the shape of the, our, uh,
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 depiction of the cosmic microwave background
00:17:04 --> 00:17:07 radiation. Um, so,
00:17:07 --> 00:17:10 uh, Dean is absolutely right that that is
00:17:10 --> 00:17:13 a map, effectively a representation
00:17:13 --> 00:17:16 of the celestial sphere. And the
00:17:16 --> 00:17:19 celestial sphere is. If you imagine
00:17:19 --> 00:17:22 yourself floating in space, um,
00:17:22 --> 00:17:25 the sky would be all around you and you
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 could imagine it as a sphere and that's
00:17:27 --> 00:17:30 basically how we imagine it flow from the
00:17:30 --> 00:17:31 Earth's surface.
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 Professor Fred Watson: Although you only see half the sphere because
00:17:33 --> 00:17:36 the rest is blocked out by the Earth itself.
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 Professor Fred Watson: Um, and what we call spherical astronomy
00:17:39 --> 00:17:42 is a, ah, really useful tool because it's
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 what allows you to uh, put
00:17:45 --> 00:17:48 objects in the three dimensions of space into
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 their context as seen from the Earth. Uh,
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 uh, um, and the Earth's,
00:17:53 --> 00:17:56 you know, this depiction of the
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 inside of uh, a sphere being
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 representative of the sky.
00:18:01 --> 00:18:03 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, as I said, it's called the celestial
00:18:03 --> 00:18:03 sphere.
00:18:03 --> 00:18:06 Professor Fred Watson: A very useful tool. And so that's what's
00:18:06 --> 00:18:09 happened here. We see the
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 cosmic microwave background radiation in
00:18:11 --> 00:18:12 every direction.
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, as we observe it from Earth. It covers
00:18:15 --> 00:18:18 the whole of the celestial sphere. It's
00:18:18 --> 00:18:19 faint, it's in the microwave region of the
00:18:19 --> 00:18:20 spectrum.
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 Professor Fred Watson: It's mottled, uh, because of
00:18:23 --> 00:18:25 um, uh, the slight variations in
00:18:25 --> 00:18:26 temperature.
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 Professor Fred Watson: What we're seeing is the echo of the Big Bang
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 there. The flash of the Big Bang, uh.
00:18:30 --> 00:18:33 Professor Fred Watson: Which is redshifted, uh, because of the.
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 Professor Fred Watson: Expansion of the universe since that light
00:18:35 --> 00:18:38 was emitted 13.8 billion years ago.
00:18:38 --> 00:18:41 Professor Fred Watson: Um, but that's not what Dean's question's
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 about. It's about uh, the projection.
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 And um, so it's one
00:18:46 --> 00:18:49 that's very commonly used in maps of
00:18:49 --> 00:18:52 the world. Um, it's a projection of
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 the sphere onto two dimensions. And it is
00:18:55 --> 00:18:58 called the Atoff projection. Named after
00:18:58 --> 00:19:01 19th century geographer I think, uh,
00:19:01 --> 00:19:04 called Dr. Atoff a I T O double
00:19:04 --> 00:19:07 F. Uh, it's sometimes called an
00:19:07 --> 00:19:10 equidistant azimuthal projection.
00:19:10 --> 00:19:13 Um, because the um, azimuths, that's
00:19:13 --> 00:19:13 what.
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 Professor Fred Watson: You might call the longitude lines are.
00:19:15 --> 00:19:18 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, equal in distant. And Dean is
00:19:18 --> 00:19:21 right. Uh, all map M projections trying
00:19:21 --> 00:19:23 to project a sphere onto a flat piece of
00:19:23 --> 00:19:26 paper, they all have distortions.
00:19:26 --> 00:19:29 Uh, and this one does too, but they're pretty
00:19:29 --> 00:19:29 minor.
00:19:29 --> 00:19:32 Professor Fred Watson: And that's why it's used a lot in depictions
00:19:32 --> 00:19:35 of the whole sky. Like our depiction of the
00:19:35 --> 00:19:37 cosmic microwave background radiation.
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 Professor Fred Watson: So there will be some distortion around the
00:19:39 --> 00:19:42 edge. Uh, not very high
00:19:42 --> 00:19:43 level, but you.
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 Professor Fred Watson: Know, a little bit of distortion.
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 Professor Fred Watson: Um, if you look at an Atoff projection uh,
00:19:49 --> 00:19:52 of the Earth, uh, you get an idea of
00:19:52 --> 00:19:53 the minimal amount.
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 Professor Fred Watson: Of distortion that there are. The same would
00:19:55 --> 00:19:58 apply to the celestial.
00:19:58 --> 00:20:00 Professor Fred Watson: Sphere and the cosmic microwave background
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 radiation. But the answer to the last part of
00:20:02 --> 00:20:05 Dean's question, no, it hasn't been cropped.
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 That is the full, that's the whole.
00:20:07 --> 00:20:10 Professor Fred Watson: Sky depicted as a two dimensional
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 map. So no cropping around the edge. That's
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 exactly what There is uh, it's.
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 Professor Fred Watson: Pretty easy to find, um,
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 representations of the cosmic m. Microwave
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 background radiation where it is actually
00:20:21 --> 00:20:24 shown as a globe. Uh, of course
00:20:24 --> 00:20:26 we're seeing it from the inside outwards, but
00:20:26 --> 00:20:27 you can represent.
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 Professor Fred Watson: It as a globe as well. And if you've got
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 animation, you can circulate the globe so you
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 can see what it looks like on the other side.
00:20:34 --> 00:20:35 Professor Fred Watson: It's a lot easier to look at.
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 Professor Fred Watson: It on a map like the projection that we've
00:20:37 --> 00:20:38 been talking about.
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 Heidi Campo: It's quite interesting. I actually, I pulled
00:20:40 --> 00:20:42 it up while you were talking. Cause I always
00:20:42 --> 00:20:44 like having a visual. I have the two monitors
00:20:44 --> 00:20:47 going on and um, I'm seeing there's just,
00:20:47 --> 00:20:49 there's. So there's such a rabbit hole we can
00:20:49 --> 00:20:49 go down.
00:20:49 --> 00:20:52 And one. I'm gonna, I'm gonna, I'm gonna um,
00:20:52 --> 00:20:54 do a little follow up question to Dean's
00:20:54 --> 00:20:57 question. It looks like, it looks like
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 um, there's an axis
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 on the cosmic microwave background
00:21:03 --> 00:21:05 and that it lines up with our solar
00:21:05 --> 00:21:08 system. And that's kind of a point of
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 interest and curiosity.
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 Professor Fred Watson: Um, that's been something that's been
00:21:13 --> 00:21:16 commented on. There is. I mean, let me
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 just explain what that depiction is exactly.
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 It's uh, the microwave background. So the,
00:21:22 --> 00:21:24 and it's an ellipse, the Atoff projection.
00:21:24 --> 00:21:27 The long axis of the ellipse represents the
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 equator, uh, of our galaxy.
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 Professor Fred Watson: In other words the galactic plane.
00:21:31 --> 00:21:34 Professor Fred Watson: And that means that you, in some depictions
00:21:34 --> 00:21:37 of this, the microwave radiation from the
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 galaxy itself hasn't been subtracted.
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 Uh, and so you've got this sort of very
00:21:42 --> 00:21:45 bright area around the middle. But you're
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 right, Heidi. I do remember that,
00:21:47 --> 00:21:50 um, people thought they could see an
00:21:50 --> 00:21:53 alignment with the plane of our solar system,
00:21:53 --> 00:21:53 which is.
00:21:53 --> 00:21:56 Professor Fred Watson: Quite steeply tilted to the galactic plane.
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, and that is a concern.
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 Professor Fred Watson: I'm not sure what the resolution of that
00:22:01 --> 00:22:02 issue was.
00:22:02 --> 00:22:05 Professor Fred Watson: I don't think it's been a showstopper.
00:22:05 --> 00:22:06 Professor Fred Watson: For the cosmic microwave background
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 radiation. But I'll check up on that and try
00:22:08 --> 00:22:11 and find out uh, whether there's any further
00:22:11 --> 00:22:13 news, whether it's just disappeared with
00:22:13 --> 00:22:14 further analysis.
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 Professor Fred Watson: I do remember people talking about it. There
00:22:16 --> 00:22:19 are three, um, when you look at the cosmic
00:22:19 --> 00:22:20 microwave background radiation, you'll.
00:22:20 --> 00:22:22 Professor Fred Watson: Usually come up with three different images.
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 Professor Fred Watson: Um, and they're only different because of.
00:22:24 --> 00:22:25 Professor Fred Watson: The detail that they show.
00:22:26 --> 00:22:27 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, the first one came from cobe.
00:22:28 --> 00:22:30 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, which was a spacecraft Cosmic Background
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 explorer in the 90s.
00:22:32 --> 00:22:35 Professor Fred Watson: Uh, then there was WMAP, the uh,
00:22:35 --> 00:22:38 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
00:22:38 --> 00:22:40 in the early 2000s. And then round about
00:22:40 --> 00:22:41 2010, the Planck.
00:22:41 --> 00:22:44 Professor Fred Watson: Spacecraft, a European spacecraft, which gave
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 us the map. It's usually colored greenish. I
00:22:46 --> 00:22:47 don't know whether that's the one that you
00:22:47 --> 00:22:50 were looking at. That's the Planck one, which
00:22:50 --> 00:22:52 has the finest detail on M it. Because that
00:22:52 --> 00:22:55 was all about trying to tease out the
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 detail in these models that are shown in the
00:22:57 --> 00:22:58 background radiation.
00:22:58 --> 00:23:01 Professor Fred Watson: Which tell us about the, the temperature.
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 Professor Fred Watson: In the universe when the Big Bang was still a
00:23:03 --> 00:23:04 ball of fire.
00:23:06 --> 00:23:07 Heidi Campo: So fascinating. I'm, um. Actually, uh,
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 there's an image I was looking at just now
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 that had like a cross section of each, each
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 one of those images side by side by side. Uh,
00:23:13 --> 00:23:16 but yes, so fascinating. I mean,
00:23:16 --> 00:23:19 that's probably a whole area of expertise
00:23:19 --> 00:23:22 for someone where they just specialize in the
00:23:22 --> 00:23:24 cosmic microwave background. And that's their
00:23:24 --> 00:23:24 whole thing.
00:23:24 --> 00:23:25 Professor Fred Watson: They do.
00:23:26 --> 00:23:26 Professor Fred Watson: They do, yeah.
00:23:26 --> 00:23:29 Professor Fred Watson: They do very serious mathematical analysis on
00:23:29 --> 00:23:32 those blobs, uh, which tell us
00:23:32 --> 00:23:32 about.
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 Professor Fred Watson: Conditions in the early universe. It's really
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 quite extraordinary what you can glean from
00:23:36 --> 00:23:36 it.
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 Professor Fred Watson: And the thing that always fascinates me is
00:23:38 --> 00:23:39 that when you look at that.
00:23:39 --> 00:23:41 Professor Fred Watson: Image, you're looking at the oldest thing we
00:23:41 --> 00:23:44 can ever see. The flash of the Big Bang.
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46 Heidi Campo: Oh, man, this stuff gives me chills
00:23:46 --> 00:23:47 sometimes.
00:23:49 --> 00:23:51 And that's what gets me excited about some of
00:23:51 --> 00:23:54 these, uh, like new, New age
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 telescopes like James Webb. I mean, that's
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 really. It's changing, it's changing the
00:23:58 --> 00:24:01 game. We're able to see deeper and further,
00:24:01 --> 00:24:04 and it's just amazing what we're able to
00:24:04 --> 00:24:06 discover now. We're really on the cusp of so
00:24:06 --> 00:24:08 many amazing things. And I think you
00:24:08 --> 00:24:11 mentioned, um, you know, when you
00:24:11 --> 00:24:12 were, when you were young. This was in our,
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 in our last episode that we recorded when you
00:24:15 --> 00:24:17 were young and hearing about some of these
00:24:17 --> 00:24:19 missions coming out and seeing these images
00:24:19 --> 00:24:22 for the first time and to see how far
00:24:22 --> 00:24:25 that this has all come and how much further
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 we have yet to go is just such an incredible
00:24:27 --> 00:24:28 thing to think of.
00:24:28 --> 00:24:29 Professor Fred Watson: Yep, yep.
00:24:29 --> 00:24:32 Professor Fred Watson: The sky's the limit, Heidi.
00:24:33 --> 00:24:35 Heidi Campo: And maybe not even then. Maybe. Maybe the
00:24:35 --> 00:24:36 sky, the universe and beyond.
00:24:38 --> 00:24:39 Professor Fred Watson: Yes, that's right.
00:24:39 --> 00:24:42 Heidi Campo: Well, Fred, this has been another wonderful Q
00:24:42 --> 00:24:45 and A episode. Thank you so much for spending
00:24:45 --> 00:24:48 time with us, enlightening us and just, just,
00:24:48 --> 00:24:51 uh, giving us your knowledge
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 and wisdom that you've spent a lifetime,
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 um, garnering.
00:24:55 --> 00:24:58 Professor Fred Watson: Um, yes, it's good that it's been put to some
00:24:58 --> 00:24:59 good use, actually.
00:25:00 --> 00:25:02 Yeah, I've spent my life, uh,
00:25:03 --> 00:25:04 learning.
00:25:04 --> 00:25:05 Professor Fred Watson: Facts about the universe, and it's nice to be
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 able to talk about them.
00:25:07 --> 00:25:08 Professor Fred Watson: With somebody like you.
00:25:08 --> 00:25:09 Professor Fred Watson: Thank you.
00:25:09 --> 00:25:11 Heidi Campo: Thank you so much. Well, uh, on that positive
00:25:11 --> 00:25:14 note, we will catch you all next time.
00:25:15 --> 00:25:16 Professor Fred Watson: Space Nuts.
00:25:16 --> 00:25:18 Voice Over Guy: You've been listening to the Space Nuts
00:25:18 --> 00:25:21 podcast, available at
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00:25:23 --> 00:25:26 iHeartRadio, uh, or your favorite podcast
00:25:26 --> 00:25:27 player. You can also stream on
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00:25:30 --> 00:25:32 quality podcast production from
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