- Astronomers have discovered an Earth-size exoplanet that may be carpeted with volcanoes.
- New computer simulations have shown how massive streams of primordial gas in the very early universe could have created supermassive black holes without needing to first form stars.
- The European Space Agency has successfully freed a crucial radar antenna that was jammed in a semi-stowed position on its Juice spacecraft.
- The Science Report:
- A study confirms that using cannabis during pregnancy can impact the growth of the baby.
- Scientists have released the first draft of a reference 'pangenome'
-Two-thirds of native elephant habitat has been lost in Asia since the 1700s.
- Sceptics guide to psychedelic drug therapy.
Listen to SpaceTime on your favorite podcast app with our universal listen link: https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com/listen and access show links via https://linktr.ee/biteszHQ Additionally, listeners can support the podcast and gain access to bonus content by becoming a SpaceTime crew member through www.bitesz.supercast.com or through premium versions on Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Details on our website at https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com
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00:00:00
Stuart Gary: This is Space Time series 26 episode 63 for
00:00:03
broadcast on the 26th of May 2023. Coming up on Space Time
00:00:09
discovery of potentially volcano covered Earth sized world
00:00:13
computer simulations show us where the first quasars may have
00:00:17
come from. And that stuck antenna aboard the Jupiter bound
00:00:21
Juice spacecraft has finally been freed. All that are more
00:00:25
coming up on Space Time.
00:00:29
Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Garry, astronomers have
00:00:50
discovered an Earth sized exoplanet that is a war beyond
00:00:53
our solar system that may be carpeted with volcanoes. A
00:00:57
report in the journal nature claims the planet and its LP 791
00:01:02
minus 18 D could undergo eruptions as often as Jupiter's
00:01:05
volcanic moon IO the most volcanically active body in the
00:01:09
solar system.
00:01:10
Lp 791 minus 18 D orbits. A small red dwarf star about 90
00:01:16
light years away in the southern constellation crater.
00:01:19
Astronomers found and studied the planet using data from
00:01:23
Nasa's test transiting exoplanets survey satellite and
00:01:26
the Spitzer Space Telescope as well as a suite of ground based
00:01:30
observatories. Lp 7 91 minus 18 D is slightly larger than the
00:01:35
Earth and it's entirely locked, which means the same side of
00:01:39
this planet always faces a star.
00:01:42
In the same way, the moon's entirely locked to the Earth
00:01:45
with the same side of the moon, the near side always facing us.
00:01:49
Now, for this planet, however, that means the day side would
00:01:52
most likely be too hot for liquid water to exist on its
00:01:55
surface.
00:01:57
But the amount of volcanic activity all over the planet
00:01:59
could sustain a significant atmosphere and that would allow
00:02:03
water to condense. On the night side, astronomers already knew
00:02:07
about two other worlds in this system. Lp 7 91 minus 18 B and
00:02:12
LP 7 91 minus 18 C. The inner B planet is about 20% larger than
00:02:18
the Earth.
00:02:19
While the outer sea planet is about 2.5 times the Earth's size
00:02:23
and more than seven times its mass during each orbit, planets
00:02:27
D and C pass very close to each other and each close pass by the
00:02:31
more massive planet C produces a gravitational tug on planet D
00:02:36
making its orbit somewhat elliptical.
00:02:38
Now, on this elliptical path, planet D gets slightly deformed
00:02:42
every time it orbits around the star. These deformations create
00:02:47
enough heat through internal friction to substantially heat
00:02:50
the planet's interior producing volcanic activity on its
00:02:54
surface.
00:02:55
Jupiter and some of its other moons affect the Jovian Moon IO
00:02:58
in a similar way. And what makes all this even more interesting
00:03:03
is that planet D sits on the inner edge of the star's
00:03:06
habitability zone.
00:03:08
That's the area around the star where liquid water essential for
00:03:11
life as we know it could exist and pool on the planet's surface
00:03:16
planet C has already been approved for observing time on
00:03:19
the James Webb space Telescope. And astronomers think planet D
00:03:23
is also an exceptional candidate for atmospheric studies by the
00:03:26
James Webb mission.
00:03:28
One of the study's authors, Jessie Christensen from Nasa's
00:03:31
Exoplanet Science Institute at the California Institute Of
00:03:34
Technology in Pasadena says one of the big questions in
00:03:37
astrobiology, the field that broadly studies the origins of
00:03:41
life on Earth and beyond is if tectonic or volcanic activity is
00:03:46
necessary for life.
00:03:47
After all, we have birth here on Earth and we have life. But it's
00:03:51
also the only example we have in addition to potentially
00:03:55
providing an atmosphere, these processes could churn up
00:03:58
material that would otherwise sink down and get trapped in the
00:04:00
crust, including those which we think are important for life
00:04:05
like carbon.
00:04:06
It's also worth noting that Spitzer's observations of the
00:04:09
system were among the very last the space Telescope collected
00:04:13
before it was formally decommissioned in January 2020.
00:04:17
A fitting end for an historic mission. This is Space Time
00:04:22
still to come. New computer simulations show us where the
00:04:26
first quasars may have come from and that stuck antenna on the
00:04:29
Juice spacecraft has finally been freed all that and more
00:04:33
still to come on Space Time.
00:04:52
Amazing new computer simulations have shown astronomers how
00:04:56
massive streams of primordial gas in the very early universe
00:04:59
could have created super massive black holes without the need to
00:05:04
first form stars. The findings reported in the journal nature
00:05:08
could explain how so many quasars may have formed in the
00:05:12
very early universe.
00:05:14
Quasars are powerful jets of energy and matter generated by a
00:05:18
material being ripped apart as it falls into supermassive black
00:05:22
holes. They're among the most distant objects ever seen
00:05:26
shining in the dark, often more than 13 billion light years
00:05:30
away.
00:05:31
And that places them quite literally close to the dawn of
00:05:34
time itself. Physics tells us that the black holes which
00:05:38
generate these ancient powerful quasars had to have been
00:05:41
enormous and observations have confirmed the existence of
00:05:45
supermassive black holes with more than a billion times the
00:05:48
mass of our sun existing just 700 million years after the Big
00:05:52
Bang.
00:05:53
And that raises an important question, how could something so
00:05:57
big have formed so early in the universe? And that's where these
00:06:01
new computer simulations come in.
00:06:04
Astronomers using computer modeling are starting to get a
00:06:07
glimpse of what the formation of these dark behemoths may have
00:06:10
looked like. One hypothesis involves lots and lots of giant
00:06:14
stars, hundreds or more times the mass of our sun now being so
00:06:19
massive, these stars burn through their nuclear fuel
00:06:22
supplies really quickly.
00:06:23
They live fast and they die young, collapsing at the end of
00:06:27
their lives to form lots of stellar mass black holes which
00:06:31
could then merge together forming ever larger black holes,
00:06:34
eventually getting big enough to form the super massive black
00:06:37
holes we see today, but there's just not enough time to do that.
00:06:42
Another idea involves giant stellar clusters of stars, this
00:06:47
contain hundreds or even thousands of stars all in tight
00:06:50
closely packed balls. And these two would eventually collapse at
00:06:54
the end of their lives to form hundreds of thousands of stellar
00:06:57
mass black holes which then merged into a single black hole.
00:07:01
The problem is even if you ended up with a black hole 100
00:07:04
times the mass of the sun that still doesn't equate to the
00:07:08
billion solar mass black holes being observed in the early
00:07:11
universe. There's still just not enough time to do it.
00:07:16
However, what about eliminating the star altogether and instead
00:07:20
have the dense and pristine molecular gas clouds from which
00:07:24
the stars are made collapse directly to form a supermassive
00:07:27
black hole. Now, this isn't possible today because of the
00:07:31
expansion of the universe over the past 13.8 billion years, but
00:07:36
go back more than 13 billion years and the cosmos was
00:07:39
physically smaller, more compact and so it could have been
00:07:43
possible.
00:07:44
However, the calculations for such massive implosions are
00:07:47
incredibly delicate after all, what's to prevent pieces of gas
00:07:51
cloud from cooling, collapsing under their own weight and
00:07:54
forming stars just as star forming clouds in the modern
00:07:57
universe.
00:07:58
Do some astronomers suggest that ultraviolet emissions from
00:08:01
nearby newborn stars may have heated these massive gas clouds
00:08:05
just enough to keep things moving too fast for molecular
00:08:09
hydrogen to form. And it's the molecular hydrogen which
00:08:13
collapses down to form stars.
00:08:15
However, other astronomers have argued that such specific
00:08:18
requirements would make the process too rare to explain the
00:08:22
number of supermassive black holes that they've already found
00:08:25
in the early universe. The new computer simulations which are
00:08:29
rebuilding the conditions of the infant universe when it was just
00:08:32
100 million years old followed the growth of a small throbbing
00:08:36
sea of matter fed by torrents of inflow and gas.
00:08:40
The simulation showed that the streams were not only dense but
00:08:44
also very fast flowing, rushing in at speeds of 50 kilometers
00:08:48
per second, that's over 100 and 60 kilometers an hour or to
00:08:53
put that another way, they were carrying up to 10 sons worth of
00:08:56
material each year.
00:08:58
The computer simulation showed that the sea at the center of
00:09:01
these streams of material grew very quickly and within the sea,
00:09:06
eventually a clump would take shape and another, but the
00:09:10
turbulence of the in Russian gas keeps these massive clumps from
00:09:13
collapsing straight away to stars. Instead, the clumps
00:09:16
simply continue to get bigger. By the end of the simulation,
00:09:20
these clumps contain tens of thousands of suns worth of mass.
00:09:25
Now, eventually these clumps would compress into what the
00:09:28
researchers called super massive stars. But following their
00:09:32
evolution requires a different kind of computer simulation one
00:09:35
that takes stellar physics into account. Now, these stellar
00:09:39
monstrosities don't last long in these simulations, usually just
00:09:43
two million years or so before they also collapse into black
00:09:47
holes.
00:09:47
But monster ones between 70 solar masses respectively.
00:09:53
Jonathan Nalley, the editor of Australian Sky and Telescope
00:09:56
Magazine said such massive seeds could easily collect more gas
00:10:00
and grow to become the dark monster black holes generating
00:10:03
the quasars seen by astronomers today.
00:10:07
Guest Speaker: Well, quasars, it's a funny word Q U A S A R
00:10:11
and it stands for quasi stellar object because when they were
00:10:15
first spotted by big professional telescopes, they
00:10:18
just looked a bit like stars. But it was soon realized when we
00:10:21
worked out when astronomers worked out what their red shifts
00:10:24
are that they couldn't possibly be stars because they're so far
00:10:27
away.
00:10:27
And so far back in time that at those distances, individual
00:10:31
stars would be simply invisible. But these things to be that
00:10:35
bright that far away and that far back in time must must have
00:10:39
been very, very, very bright. What what on Earth?
00:10:44
But what in space could possibly produce that amount of energy in
00:10:49
a what seemed to be a fairly condensed area like a small area
00:10:53
or a small volume back then in the distant reaches of time, you
00:10:57
know, back towards the Big Bang. So they call them quasars and
00:11:02
they were obviously around in the early universe couldn't be
00:11:06
stars far too big and bright for that.
00:11:08
So the consensus form was that the only thing known that could
00:11:11
produce this kind of energy was the black holes. Now, black
00:11:15
holes themselves don't give off that kind of energy, but any gas
00:11:19
and stuff that is swirling around near them as it speeds
00:11:22
up, it will give off a lot of light. And that's what we would
00:11:25
be seeing in the form of these quasars.
00:11:27
But to get that sort of amount of energy, these black holes
00:11:30
would have to be super duper big, not the sort of small black
00:11:33
holes you get when an individual car goes bang at the end of its
00:11:36
life and its core compresses down into a tiny thing, these
00:11:40
would have to be black holes that weigh thousands at least
00:11:43
thousands of times the mass of our sun.
00:11:46
So there are big huge black holes. So scientists have now
00:11:49
done some computer simulations looking at what would have
00:11:52
happened to the gass clouds that they think populated the early
00:11:57
universe. And their calculations have shown that clumps would
00:12:01
form within these clouds.
00:12:02
But instead of these clumps going on to form individual
00:12:05
stars, the clumps sort of joined together and they just kept
00:12:08
growing and growing, getting bigger and bigger like topsy.
00:12:10
And when they became big enough, some of these clumps joined up
00:12:13
and then their combined mass made them gravitationally
00:12:16
collapse into very big black holes. This is what was
00:12:18
happening in this computer simulation.
00:12:21
So there all of a sudden you've got big black holes, very big
00:12:24
black holes and there would still be remnant gas going
00:12:27
around, but that gas would be sort of sucked into towards the
00:12:30
black holes start swirling around and the faster the gas
00:12:33
goes, the more light it gives off.
00:12:35
And bingo, you've got a quasar and lots of quasars, their
00:12:39
calculations show that you would get lots of quasars. And this is
00:12:42
really early on in the age of the universe, not long after the
00:12:48
Big Bang in sort of space terms. So this could explain why you
00:12:52
would have quasars which are thought to be powered by big
00:12:55
black holes fairly early on.
00:12:57
It would be these big gas clouds forming individual clumps and
00:13:01
the clumps just joining together and eventually collapsing from
00:13:05
their own gravity and becoming big black holes. So interesting
00:13:08
stuff, you know, with the James Webb space Telescope up there.
00:13:11
Now, with his view optimized for infrared, which is going to be
00:13:15
brilliant for looking back through the age of the universe
00:13:19
back towards the Big Bang, we should start to get some really
00:13:22
good imagery and data of what was going on there better than
00:13:27
we've had so far. So we may be able to confirm or refute this
00:13:32
hypothesis from this computer simulation.
00:13:34
So again, we're living in a really exciting time we've got
00:13:37
the technology out there and hats off to the people who make
00:13:41
these telescopes and design the things and run the mission
00:13:44
because it's just going to answer these questions. So, if
00:13:47
these scientists have done computer simulations,
00:13:50
calculations might happen, the Telescope out there, James Webb
00:13:54
is going to show us what did happen for the last 50 years.
00:13:57
Stuart Gary: One of the big debates in astronomy has been,
00:13:59
which came first, the supermassive black hole at the
00:14:02
center of a galaxy or the galaxy. It sounds like this
00:14:05
computer simulation has reached a conclusion. Yeah. Yeah.
00:14:08
Guest Speaker: Well, if it's correct and if it can be
00:14:11
verified, then yeah, maybe the black holes were the sort of the
00:14:14
seeds or the nucleus then gathered in material around and
00:14:18
which then formed this swirling galaxy in these beautiful
00:14:21
Galaxies that we see.
00:14:22
As I say, the James River Space Telescope is going to be able to
00:14:25
show us these things at least in some detail. So we'll be able to
00:14:29
verify this particular verify or this particular idea or any of
00:14:33
the other ideas that have been proposed over the years. So it's
00:14:36
an exciting time.
00:14:37
Stuart Gary: We just had the announcement of the discovery of
00:14:39
last Z 12, which is possibly the earliest fully formed galaxy
00:14:44
ever seen just 300 million years after the Big Bang, which means
00:14:48
the stars would have started forming just 100 million years
00:14:50
after the Big Bang, which means the cosmic dark ages were really
00:14:54
short, they only lasted 100 million years before the epoch
00:14:58
of realization.
00:14:59
Guest Speaker: So evidence is sort of accumulating, you might
00:15:02
say that things got going really quickly in the early part of the
00:15:05
universe. And this is the great thing about science is that, you
00:15:08
know, we had for all these years, we've had a certain
00:15:10
amount of data, we've had certain observations and we
00:15:13
couldn't get anything better. So people have had to form
00:15:15
hypotheses based on that.
00:15:18
But you know, we get more data and we've got more observations,
00:15:22
bigger and better telescopes that show us more clearly what
00:15:25
exactly was happening. And that way you can sort of drop off the
00:15:28
hypotheses that don't match it and the hypotheses that do
00:15:32
match, well, one of them may end up being right. It's sort of the
00:15:36
process of scientific discovery.
00:15:38
Stuart Gary: That's Jonathan Nalley, the editor of Australian
00:15:40
Sky Telescope Magazine and this is Space Time. Still to come.
00:15:46
The European Space Agency successfully freeze a crucial
00:15:49
antenna that was jammed in a semi stowed position aboard its
00:15:53
Juice spacecraft. And later in the science report, a new study
00:15:58
confirms that using cannabis during pregnancy can impact the
00:16:02
growth of the baby all that and more still to come on Space
00:16:06
Time.
00:16:23
The European Space Agency has successfully freed a crucial
00:16:26
radar antenna that was jammed in a semi stowed position on its
00:16:30
Juice spacecraft mission managers in dams Germany freed
00:16:35
the 16 m long antenna. Following a month long effort, Esa's
00:16:39
Jupiter icy moons explorer or Juice mission was launched
00:16:43
aboard an Ariane five rocket from the KS spaceport in French
00:16:46
Guiana back in April.
00:16:48
It's on a decade long voyage to study the Galilean Ice Moons of
00:16:52
Jupiter arriving there in 2031. The crucial radar antenna is the
00:16:58
heart of its science program. It'll peer deep beneath the icy
00:17:02
crusts of Europa, Ganymede and Calisto, all of which are
00:17:06
suspected of harboring deep subsurface liquid water oceans.
00:17:10
Europa alone is suspected to contain more water than all the
00:17:14
Earth's oceans combined. However soon after launch, a tiny
00:17:18
protruding pin refused to move, preventing the antenna from
00:17:22
fully deploying. Mission managers tried shaking and
00:17:26
warming the $1.8 billion spacecraft in order to get the
00:17:29
pin to budge and a bit of back and forth jolting finally did
00:17:33
the job.
00:17:34
Isa says all other systems aboard the spacecraft are
00:17:37
operating normally with the radar dish solar panels and 10.6
00:17:41
m magnetic fill probe all deploying successfully. The 6070
00:17:46
kg bus sized spacecraft will undertake a series of gravity
00:17:50
assist flybys of the Earth moon as well as Venus.
00:17:53
In order to reach the Jovian system, eventually, Juice will
00:17:58
go into orbit around Ganymede becoming the first spacecraft to
00:18:01
orbit a moon other than the Earth. This is Space Time and
00:18:22
time had to take another brief look at some of the other
00:18:25
stories making news in science this week.
00:18:27
With the science report, new researchers confirm that using
00:18:31
cannabis during pregnancy can impact the growth of the baby.
00:18:36
The findings reported in the journal frontiers of pediatrics
00:18:39
show that even when marijuana is used only during the first
00:18:42
trimester of pregnancy, birth weight was reduced by around 150
00:18:46
g.
00:18:47
The studies also show that babies exposed during the entire
00:18:51
pregnancy were nearly 200 g lighter and their head
00:18:54
circumference was nearly a centimeter less than babies who
00:18:57
had not been exposed. The authors say these findings are
00:19:01
important because newborn size is one of the strongest
00:19:04
predictors of later child health and development.
00:19:09
Scientists have released the first draft of a reference pan
00:19:12
genome, a collection of DNA sequences from 47 people which
00:19:17
better reflects the diversity of the human population. The
00:19:21
findings reported in the journal nature can be used as a
00:19:24
comparison tool to study genetic disorders and other human DNA
00:19:28
sequences to understand the differences that make humans
00:19:32
unique.
00:19:33
Scientists create a reference genome sequence which other DNA
00:19:36
sequences can then be compared to. But until now, the standard
00:19:40
reference genome was always limited in its ability to
00:19:44
reflect human diversity. That's because it was based on the DNA
00:19:47
of just 20 people and most of it came from just a single person.
00:19:51
The new pan genome reference includes genetic sequences from
00:19:55
47 people from the first ancestors. And the researchers
00:19:59
are hoping to increase that number to around 350 by the
00:20:02
middle of next year as the human population continues to grow
00:20:08
beyond eight billion at an alarming rate. A new study shows
00:20:12
that nearly two thirds of native elephant habitat has been lost
00:20:15
in Asia since the 17 hundreds.
00:20:19
The findings published in the journal scientific reports shows
00:20:22
that across Asia, about 64 per cent of the land suitable as a
00:20:26
habitat for elephants in the year 1700 is now gone. The
00:20:30
authors base their findings on land use change.
00:20:33
Data spread across 13 countries in order to identify land that
00:20:37
300 years ago would have been suitable for elephants to live
00:20:41
on. Scientists found mainland China, India, Bangladesh,
00:20:45
Thailand, Vietnam and Sumatra have all lost more than half
00:20:50
their suitable elephant habitat. The researchers say this drastic
00:20:54
reduction in places elephants can live, could be driving
00:20:57
conflict between them and humans.
00:21:01
A new study reported in the journal psychopharmacology has
00:21:04
found that people with a history of using psychedelic drugs can
00:21:08
have long lasting beliefs in the supernatural, non physical
00:21:12
worlds. The findings revealed significant increases in beliefs
00:21:17
related to mind, body, dualism, paranormal activities and
00:21:21
spiritual phenomena.
00:21:23
Tim Mendham: However, Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics
00:21:25
says instead of acting as a warning, the authors suggest the
00:21:28
findings show the potential use of psychedelics as a therapeutic
00:21:32
intervention, they found that if you had taken drugs in the past
00:21:35
and if you sort of take it again, like a psychedelic drug
00:21:37
in the past and you could take a little dose.
00:21:39
Even now, years later, you'll find that there's lasting belief
00:21:42
about the supernatural or the non physical world. And it has
00:21:45
various sort of manifestations from talking to the trees. Mind
00:21:49
and body are separable. This is like out of body experience.
00:21:52
The paranormal is true, various things like that, that sort of
00:21:55
people who have been at one stage taking drugs and can come
00:21:59
back to it and these attitudes will revive very quickly. So
00:22:02
they're talking about a component of psycho drugs, which
00:22:06
is Sloan, which can cause immediate mystical experiences
00:22:09
and long lasting improvements in an individual's spirituality.
00:22:13
Now, I don't know what an improvement is.
00:22:14
Spirituality is. Maybe they increase in spirituality, maybe
00:22:18
they have greater feelings of sort of one with the world, et
00:22:20
cetera. I don't know. But they're saying that even so it
00:22:23
hasn't been that studied that much is something that people
00:22:25
can look at. But to suggest that people who have gone through
00:22:28
psychedelic drug use and that can include LSD or natural
00:22:32
psychedelics.
00:22:33
Like I think peyote that sort of stuff, magic mushrooms, that
00:22:38
sort of stuff. There's a whole range of them creators and lab
00:22:40
or grown in a glasshouse that they create a psychedelic effect
00:22:45
that certainly affects your perception, your understanding
00:22:48
of things.
00:22:48
And in some cases, it can have a very long lasting even permanent
00:22:51
impact on the way you see things for what you do see and whether
00:22:54
that's an improvement in, they like to call it expanding your
00:22:57
mind. Yes. Yes. Tune in. Turn on, drop out. But it's almost
00:23:02
like a bit of a no brainer. That's the reason you take
00:23:05
psychedelic, that's the reason you take psychedelic drugs is to
00:23:09
actually expand your mind.
00:23:10
You actually to see different things to see the world in a
00:23:12
different way. You know, whether that's a better way or not,
00:23:14
depends on whether you have a good trip or a bad trip. And
00:23:17
anyone who's dealt with people who have been in those sort of
00:23:20
circles know that that can be either way and you can't predict
00:23:22
it and sometimes there's no trip at all.
00:23:24
So therefore, to suggest that these have long lasting effects
00:23:26
is not particularly new. But what they are saying is that
00:23:29
this is an area for further study, which is basically what
00:23:31
every research project says at the end, you know, what we need
00:23:34
is more study giving me a grant.
00:23:35
Stuart Gary: That's Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics.
00:23:54
And that's the show for now. SpaceTime is available every
00:23:58
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