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This is space time series 26 episode 100 and 25 for broadcast
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on the 18th of October 2023. Coming up on SpaceTime carbon
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and water discovered in the samples from the asteroid Banu
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astronomers witness worlds colliding and Spain reaches for
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the stars with its first successful domestic rocket
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launch all that and more. Coming up on space time.
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Welcome to space time with Stuart Gary.
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An initial examination of the regular samples returned to
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Earth from the asteroid Banu by the Osiris Rex mission are
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showing evidence of high carbon content and water. The Osiris
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Rex sample return capsule landed right on target in the Utah
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military test range near Salt Lake City following a seven year
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6.21 billion kilometer return voyage from the half kilometer
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wide near Earth asteroid Banu.
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Preliminary examinations of the 4.5 billion year old CTAP
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asteroid show evidence of high carbon content and water which
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together could indicate the building blocks of life on Earth
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may be found in the rock.
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Although more work is needed to fully understand the nature of
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the carbon compounds found. The initial discovery all bodes well
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for the analysis of future asteroid samples. The secrets
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held within the rocks and dust from this asteroid will be
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studied for decades to come.
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Offering insights into how our solar system was formed, how the
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precursor materials of life may have been seeded on Earth. And
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what precautions need to be taken to avoid potential
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asteroid collisions with our home planet in the future, the
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mission collected over 60 g of regolith from the ancient
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asteroid's rocky boulder strewn surface curation.
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Experts at NASA's Johnson Space Center working in new clean
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rooms built especially for the mission have spent 10 days so
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far carefully disassembling the sample return hardware to obtain
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a glimpse of the bulk samples within. And when the science
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canister lid was first opened, scientists discovered bonus
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asteroid material covering the outside of the collector head
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canister lid and the base.
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In fact, there was so much extra material. It slowed down the
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careful process of collecting and containing the primary
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sample material, collecting images from a scanning electron
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microscope, infrared measurements, X ray diffraction
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and chemical element analysis.
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X ray computer tomography was also used to produce a 3d
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computer model of one of the particles highlighting its
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diverse interior. This early glimpse provided the evidence of
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abundant carbon and water in the sample. Cyrus Rex, principal
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investigator Dante Loretta from the University Of Arizona.
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Tucson says that as they peered deep into the ancient secrets
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preserved in the dust and rock of asteroid Banu, they're
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unlocking a time capsule that offers profound insights into
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the very origins of the solar system. The bounty of carbon
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rich material and the abundant presence of water bearing clay
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minerals are just the tip of the cosmic iceberg.
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These discoveries are propelling scientists on the journey, not
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just to understand the celestial neighborhood but also the
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potential for life's beginnings. For the next two years. The
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missions science team will continue characterizing the
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samples and conduct the analysis needed to meet the missions
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science goals.
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NASA will preserve at least 70 per cent of the samples at
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Johnson for future research by scientists worldwide including
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future generations of scientists. As part of the
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Osiris Rex Science program, a cohort of more than 200
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scientists from around the world including Australia will be
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given samples to explore the Regulus properties.
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NASA Administrator Bill Nelson says the Osiris Rex samples
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represent the biggest carbon rich asteroid samples ever
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delivered to Earth and will help scientists investigate the
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origins of life on our planet for generations to come.
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So the first analysis shows samples that contain abundant
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water in the form of hydrated clay minerals and they contain
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carbon as both minerals and organic molecules and at nearly
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5% carbon by weight, carbon being the central element of
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life. A far exceeding our goal of 60 g. This is the biggest
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carbon rich asteroid sample ever returned to Earth.
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The carbon and water molecules are exactly the kinds of
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material that we wanted to find they are crucial elements in the
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formation of our own planet. And they're going to help us
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determine the origin of elements that could have led to life. And
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I mentioned that one of our missions, it's actually in
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statute is to look for life.
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That's why we're digging on Mars. That's why we go out into
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the far regions of the very beginning returning capturing
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light from the formation of the first Galaxies with James Webb.
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Now we're looking at this and what you're seeing today. There
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's so much more to learn and there's so much more now that we
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have this sample to analyze and why are we doing this?
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Because at NASA, we are trying to find out who we are, what we
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are, where we came from, what is our place in this vastness
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called the universe? And this mission will help our scientists
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investigate planet formation for generations to come.
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And it's going to deepen our understanding of our solar
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system and it's going to improve our understanding of asteroids
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that could threaten us here on Earth, helping us protect our
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planet. And oh, by the way, do you remember D A RT we
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intercepted it at 7 million miles away and it was bullseye
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and we moved the trajectory of that asteroid.
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So this sample return is proof again, that NASA does big
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things, things that inspire us and unite us. NASA brings us
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together in unity. And things that show that nothing is beyond
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our reach when we work together. So now I want to take you to the
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Curation lab here at JSC where a team of scientists are hard at
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work since the sample arrived just two weeks ago.
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Thank you, Administrator Nelson. Now I know you're all ready to
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learn more about the sample and I am here with someone who can
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make that all happen. I am joined today by NASA's Ooir
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Curation Lead Dr Nicole running and we are standing just outside
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of the pristine curation clean room before we get started. Can
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you tell us a little bit more about where we're standing right
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now? Yeah.
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Thank you Courtney. So we're in front of the newest curation lab
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in historic building 31 which is home to the largest collection
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of astro materials in the world.
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Now, the world just got its first look at this gorgeous
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sample. Can you tell us about how the curation process has
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been going so far?
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Yeah, it's been incredible so far on Sunday, September 24th,
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the sample return capsule landed safely in Utah and then it was
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brought to a temporary clean room that we had set up there to
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have certain parts removed. Specifically the heat shield
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back show which are two large parts and that exposed the
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sample canister inside which a nitrogen flow was attached to to
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protect the sample.
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And then with that nitrogen flow attached the next day Monday,
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September 25th. It was flown from Utah to Ellington Air Force
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a base and brought here to building 31 where we are now and
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it was safely brought into one of our large glove boxes behind
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us. On that first day. The next day, our team was able to remove
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the canister lid and that gave us our first glimpse of the
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tags.
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Also a surprise in that there is sample outside of the tags and
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had within that sample canister.
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That was kind of an extra bonus sample for us.
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So you mentioned that bonus sample, what have the initial
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findings been for the curation team?
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Yeah, it's a combination of fine dust as well as some what we
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call intermediate size particles, particles that are
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roughly the size of the short width of a grain of rice, which
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we carefully collected and also have already allocated some to
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the science, the sample analysis team.
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And of course, this is not just a NASA mission. There have been
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several partners along the way. Can you tell us a little bit
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more about how many scientists are working on this?
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Yes, we have two incredible international partners, Jackson
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and CS A and also the sample analysis team includes over 230
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scientists from around the world who will really intensely work
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on studying some of the sample for the next two years will also
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have three samples go to museums in the next couple of months.
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So folks at home, they have opportunity to go and see the
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sample themselves at the Smithsonian in Washington DC,
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the University Of Arizona Museum in Tucson or at Space Center
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Houston right here in Texas. So exciting.
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So what does it mean for your team to have seen this clean
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room built from the ground up and now to see the sample in it?
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I'm sure it has to be so exciting. Oh, it's incredible.
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So this clean room was constructed very specifically
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for the IR sample. Since the scientific goals of this mission
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are really tied to the building blocks, life and organics.
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Organic contamination was a really detailed concern to us
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throughout the entire design and construction process and
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outfitting. So all everything you see in this lab was
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carefully reviewed to make sure it wouldn't contaminate the
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sample so we can get the most scientific benefit out of this
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return.
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So can you tell us a little bit about how long it will take to
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fully reveal the sample and where the sample will live?
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Yes. So the samples permanent home is this lab behind us. But
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what actually happen next is we'll continue taking the tags
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on the part. So right now, we have this incredible view of the
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sample into the tags and we're looking into the part that
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touched the asteroid venue.
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We're actually going to take those parts off to get a little
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further so that we can then distribute that sample into bulk
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sample handling trays which are triangular and look sort of like
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deep dish pizzas.
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And for scientists interested, how will they eventually be able
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to request a sample?
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So in about six months, we will release a catalog which will
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give scientists from all around even beyond the sample analysis
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team enough information to start to think about what science
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questions they want to ask and they can propose studies and
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specific quantities of sample they would like to use.
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And then those requests will be reviewed by a peer review
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allocation board and then those who are granted, their requests
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will get samples in the next nine months or so.
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This is space time still to come. Astronomers witness what
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happens when worlds collide and Spain reaches for the stars with
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its first domestically built rocket. All that and more still
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to come on space time.
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Astronomers have captured the first ever afterglow of a
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massive planetary collision between two worlds. The
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observations reported in the journal nature show two ice
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giant exoplanets colliding with each other around a sun like
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star in the process, creating a blaze of light and plumes of
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dust.
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The findings showed the bright heat afterglow and resulting
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dust cloud which moved in front of the parent star dimming its
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light over time. Astronomers were alerted to the event by a
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citizen scientist who noticed a strange stellar light curve and
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realized that something unusual was unfolding.
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The observations showed that the system doubled in brightness at
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infrared wavelengths some three Earth years before the star
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started to fade in visible light.
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One of the study's authors, Matthew Kenworthy from Leiden
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University says the observations were a complete surprise. The
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star has been named Assassin 21 Q I.
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After the network of telescopes that first detected the fading
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of the star at visible wavelengths, astronomers think
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the most likely explanation for what they're seeing is that two
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ice giant exoplanets planets simmer in size to Neptune and
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Uranus have collided, producing an infrared glow which has been
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detected by NASA's Neo mission which uses a space telescope to
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hunt for asteroids and comets.
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The calculations, computer models indicate the temperature
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and size of the glowing material as well as the amount of time
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the glow has lasted is all consistent with the collision of
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two ice giant exoplanets.
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The resulting expanding billowing debris cloud from the
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impact then traveled in front of the star some three Earth years
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later, causing the star's light to dim in brightness as visible
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from Earth over the next few years. This cloud of dust is
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expected to start smearing out along the orbit of the collision
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remnant.
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And a telltale scattering of light from this cloud could be
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detected both with ground based telescopes and the web space
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telescope. It's even possible chunks of debris will accrete to
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begin forming a new planet while other material may condense to
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form a retinue of moons that will orbit around the newly
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formed planet.
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And in fact, we know this has happened before, after all, that
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's what happened 4.5 billion years ago in our solar system,
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when a Mars sized planet called thea collided with the early
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proto Earth forming a magma ocean which eventually it
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created together to form the Earth with debris ejector flung
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up into orbit by the force of the impact gradually coalescing
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to form the moon.
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Astronomers plan on watching closely to see what happens
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next. Whatever it is, it'll be fascinating to observe future
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developments this space time still to come.
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Spain reaches for the stars with its first successful
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domestically launched rocket. And later in the science report,
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the oldest known human footprints ever found in the
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Americas. All that and more still to come on space time.
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Spain has launched its first locally built rocket, an
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important step in establishing its own orbital launch system. A
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12 beer tour mua one was launched from a military base in
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the southern region of Andalusia by a private company PLD Space.
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The sub orbital ballistic test flight trajectory reached an
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altitude of 46 kilometers above the Gulf Of Cadiz.
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Mission managers say the flight was successful, achieving all
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its technical objectives. After its five minute flight, the
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launch vehicle eventually splashed down in the North
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Atlantic Ocean where PLD Space planned to send a recovery team
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to retrieve it. Mural one is the first rocket built with 100 per
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cent Spanish technology and it's considered a successful
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milestone for Spanish research development and innovation.
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The successful launch followed an early emissions scrub back in
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May due to high winds. And another in June when the
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umbilical cables providing fuel and power supply to the rocket
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failed to release and retract on time. Mira One is seen as the
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first step in the development of the mirror five.
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It'll be a 35 m tall two stage launch vehicle designed to place
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satellites weighing less than 500 kg into low Earth orbit
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within two years. Pd space say 70 per cent of the components
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developed for the Miura. One will be used for the mirror five
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launch vehicle. Once in commercial operation mirror five
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will launch from the European Space Agency's Kura Spaceport in
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French Guiana.
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It'll be competing directly with new Zealand's electron rocket in
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the fast growing small satellite launch market. This is space
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time and time now to take another brief look at some of
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the other stories making news in science this week with the
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science report, a new study claims that drinking dark tea
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every day may help to mitigate type two diabetes risk and
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progression in adults through better blood sugar control.
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The findings presented at the annual meeting of the European
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Association For The Study of diabetes suggest that compared
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with people who don't drink tea daily, consumers of dark tea at
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a 53 per cent lower risk of pre diabetes and a 47 per cent
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reduced risk of type two diabetes even after taking into
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account established risk factors known to drive the risk of
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diabetes.
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The authors caution that this was an observational study. The
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findings cannot prove that drinking black tea every day
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improves blood sugar control, but they do suggest that it is
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likely to contribute.
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A new study has shown that renting has a stronger link to
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faster biological aging than unemployment or being a former
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smoker. The findings were reported in the journal
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epidemiology and community health used blood samples to
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measure people's biological age that is the cumulative damage to
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the body's tissues and cells.
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The results were then compared with subjects housing situation.
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The researchers say that living in a privately rented home is
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associated with faster biological aging compared to
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home ownership and the association was almost double
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that of unemployment compared to employment, repeatedly falling
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behind on rent and exposure to pollution were also associated
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with faster aging.
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Anthropologists have used new dating techniques to confirm the
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age of ancient human footprints found in New Mexico. Finding
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that they may be the oldest in the Americas.
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The tracks discovered in the White Sands National Park
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sparked controversy two years ago when scientists suggested
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the prints date back to around 22 years. Now, a report in
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the journal science has found two other ways of dead in the
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fossilized tracks are converging on similar ages.
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As the first estimate, the findings add to mounting
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evidence that humans arrived in North America, thousands of
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years earlier than previously thought back in 2021 scientists
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described more than 60 footprints embedded in what was
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once mud alongside an ancient lake in what's now New Mexico
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radiocarbon dating of an aquatic plant seeds in and around the
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footprints suggests that people were roaming along there for
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some two millennia between 44 years ago.
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The results add to other evidence which is pushing back
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on the long held theory that the first humans in North America
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came from Siberia by way of a land bridge around 16 to
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14 years ago. However, other scientists have pointed out that
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the aquatic plants used for this latest study could have absorbed
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ancient carbon in groundwater resulting in exaggerated age
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perspectives.
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So to add to their past work, the authors also radio carbon
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dated pollen stuck to the same layers as some of the
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footprints. The researchers also collected quartz grades above
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the lowered footprints and used a dating method that estimates
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how long that quart has been buried. The pollen yielded an
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age of roughly 23 to 22 years and the quartz gave an age
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minimum of around 21 years.
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So both results are echoing the previous age estimate, the
00:20:47
dangers of lithium ion batteries are becoming more apparent. With
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electric cars, e bikes, community batteries and even
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common household consumer electronics powered by them all
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becoming potential fire hazards. The AC CC has now issued a
00:21:02
warning following a major recall with the details. We're joined
00:21:06
by technology editor Alex Sarov Roy from tech advice, start
00:21:10
live.
00:21:10
The ACC. The Australian competition and consumer
00:21:13
commission has put out a warning for LG battery owners who have
00:21:18
the solar powered battery systems in their homes to
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immediately switch off these potentially dangerous LG solar
00:21:25
batteries and contact LG for either a refund or a software
00:21:28
update.
00:21:29
And in fact LG will even reimburse you for the energy
00:21:32
that you weren't able to generate and store your battery.
00:21:34
The ACC is warning that just because your battery system
00:21:37
doesn't say the word LG on, it doesn't mean that it doesn't
00:21:40
have LG batteries inside there. The brands are LG itself, solar
00:21:44
X Opal red Earth Iguana Vata and these recalls have stretched
00:21:48
back to the year 2000.
00:21:50
The recalls are happening in the US as well. In fact, there's
00:21:52
even one energy company in the US that is reusing recalled car
00:21:57
batteries in its energy battery system, which to me is
00:22:00
absolutely crazy. And in fact, the ac also put out another
00:22:04
warning just to people who are using lithium ion batteries in
00:22:07
general in their smart phones and tablets and electric tools,
00:22:10
e scooters, e bikes, etc.
00:22:11
And they're saying that these batteries can overheat and
00:22:14
explode if they're used, charged or disposed of incorrectly or if
00:22:17
they're damaged. And you can imagine with things like e
00:22:20
scooters that they can be quite roughly handled and thrown
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around and saw a fire.
00:22:23
In an E scooter just the other day in Kings Cross, which was a
00:22:27
backpacker hostel. And we saw a similar incident in a community
00:22:30
battery in Rockhampton in Queensland where the same thing
00:22:34
happened.
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And they were actually told to let the fire burn out. It didn't
00:22:37
matter how much. That's right. Well, there's so much energy in
00:22:40
the you can't. Yeah, and there's so much energy in these
00:22:42
batteries. It, it really does have to burn itself out. In
00:22:45
fact, if the fire is, you know, if energy isn't all used, the
00:22:48
fire can reignite.
00:22:49
This happened in New York in the E scooter shop. They were
00:22:51
talking to somebody who said, look, it might restart in a
00:22:53
couple of days and it did exactly that. And so part of the
00:22:56
reason is because people are using third party chargers,
00:22:59
they're buying cheaper party batteries.
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And I mean, there have been 23 recalls affecting an estimated
00:23:04
89 products in the market. So the lithium ion batteries can
00:23:07
be quite dangerous and someone actually died, the toxic fumes
00:23:10
that were spewing out like a jet of the burning battery. So it's
00:23:13
really quite dangerous. Now, on my site, Tech advice dot life, I
00:23:16
have a video interview with a gentleman called Charlie Welch
00:23:20
from a company called Zap Bat Z A PB att dot com.
00:23:24
And he's developed lithium titanate batteries. These have
00:23:28
been in use by the military NASA for decades. Unfortunately,
00:23:31
they've been much more expensive and they didn't have the correct
00:23:34
battery operating system or the voltages. But this has all been
00:23:37
solved.
00:23:37
The voltages can mimic lithium ion batteries. The price is
00:23:40
coming down to be very similar to lithium ion. The batteries
00:23:43
will recharge to full in less than 15 minutes. They have
00:23:47
15 charge cycles which equates to about 25 years of
00:23:51
use. And then it only goes down to 90 per cent of the charge
00:23:54
capacity that can be.
00:23:55
Used for solar panels on your roof.
00:23:57
Well, it can be used for decades longer than traditional
00:23:59
batteries. And if they get damaged, there's no thermal
00:24:02
runaway reaction that causes this sort of fire. So in the
00:24:05
future, these will be the standard batteries and and this
00:24:08
problem will cease to be.
00:24:10
But over the next two or three years, this problem is going to
00:24:12
increase more of these batteries are going to go bad and there'll
00:24:14
be more fires. And in fact, people are are are suggesting
00:24:17
don't charge your esco in the house, don't charge your golf,
00:24:20
don't charge your electric car in your garage. Make sure it's
00:24:22
all done outside as William Gibson in the famous author of
00:24:27
Neuromancer said the future has already been invented.
00:24:29
It just hasn't been widely distributed yet. Well, the
00:24:32
future batteries that are going to charge in minutes to full and
00:24:35
last decades are here and they're just being
00:24:37
commercialized now and within a decade, lithium ion will just be
00:24:41
a thing as a part.
00:24:41
That's Alex Sahara Reut from tech advice, Start Life.
00:25:01
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