Ancient Interstellar Comet 3I/Atlas
Astronomers have unveiled that the newly discovered interstellar object, 3I/Atlas, could be the oldest comet ever observed, potentially predating our solar system by over 3 billion years. This water-rich visitor, detected by NASA's ATLAS survey, is only the third known object from beyond our solar system to reach us. A study by Matthew Hopkins from Oxford University suggests that 3I/Atlas may be more than 7 billion years old, offering a glimpse into a part of the Milky Way previously unseen. As it approaches the sun, its activity is expected to increase, revealing more about its composition and the role ancient comets play in star and planetary formation.
Unraveling the Mysteries of a Rare Pulsar
In another exciting development, astronomers have made significant strides in understanding a unique pulsar system, PSRJ 1023 0038. This transitional millisecond pulsar, which interacts with a lower mass stellar companion, has been studied using data from NASA's Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). The findings suggest that the X-ray emissions originate from the pulsar wind rather than the accretion disk, challenging existing models and providing new insights into neutron star behavior and particle acceleration.
Axiom Space AX4 Crew Returns
The Axiom Space AX4 crew has successfully splashed down in the North Pacific Ocean after nearly three weeks aboard the International Space Station. This mission, part of NASA's efforts to promote commercial activities in space, included a diverse crew and numerous scientific experiments. With the return of the AX4 crew, preparations are underway for NASA's upcoming Crew 11 mission, further expanding humanity's presence in low Earth orbit.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357
Journal of the American Medical Association
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00 New interstellar object 3I/Atlas may be older than our solar system
06:44 Foreign astronomers have discovered new evidence Explaining how pulsing remnants interact in space
14:09 Private company Axiom Space's AX4 crew return safely to Earth
16:06 Having a higher body mass index from early childhood and adolescence is linked to aging
17:32 New study looked at which over the counter medicines are good at treating depression
18:43 Brazilian psychic issues chilling warning about dangers posed by artificial intelligence
00:00:00
This is Space Time, Series 28, Episode 89, for broadcast on the
00:00:04
25th of July, 2025. Coming up on Space Time, the new interstellar
00:00:09
object 3I ATLAS may be older than our solar system,
00:00:13
unraveling the mysteries of a rare Pulsar, and the Axiom 4
00:00:18
crew safely return to Earth. All that and more coming up on Space
00:00:23
Time.
00:00:24
Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary.
00:00:44
Astronomers say the mystery interstellar object discovered
00:00:46
earlier this month is likely to be the oldest Comet ever seen,
00:00:50
possibly even predating the solar system by more than 3
00:00:53
billion years. The water ice-rich visitor named 3I ATLAS
00:00:58
is only the third known object from beyond our solar system
00:01:00
ever spotted in our cosmic neighborhood, and it's the first
00:01:03
to reach us from a completely different region of our Milky
00:01:06
Way galaxy.
00:01:08
A new study by Matthew Hopkins from Oxford University
00:01:11
speculates that 3I ATLAS could be more than 7 billion years
00:01:14
old, and may be the most remarkable interstellar visitor
00:01:17
yet. Unlike the two previous objects to enter our solar
00:01:20
system from elsewhere in the cosmos.
00:01:22
3I ATLAS appears to be travelling on a very steep path
00:01:25
through the galaxy, with a trajectory that suggests that it
00:01:29
probably originated from the Milky Way's thick disk. Now that
00:01:32
's a population of ancient stars orbiting above and below the
00:01:35
thin plane where our Sun and most other stars in the galaxy
00:01:38
reside.
00:01:39
Hopkins says all non-interstellar comets, such as
00:01:41
Halley's Comet, formed with our solar system, and so are at most
00:01:45
4.5 billion years old. But interstellar visitors have the
00:01:49
potential to be much older than that. According to Hopkins, his
00:01:52
statistical calculations suggest that 3R ATLAS is very likely to
00:01:56
be the oldest Comet we've ever seen.
00:01:58
The object was first detected back on July 1, using NASA's
00:02:02
Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last Alert System or ATLAS Survey
00:02:05
Telescope in Chile. At the time, it was some 670 million
00:02:10
kilometers from the Sun. Hopkins' research predicts that
00:02:13
because 3R ATLAS formed around an old thick disk star, it's
00:02:17
likely to be rich in water ices.
00:02:19
If so... It's from a part of the galaxy astronomers have never
00:02:22
seen up close before. Now, as it approaches the Sun, sunlight
00:02:27
will heat through our ATLAS' surface, triggering cometary
00:02:29
activity, the outgassing of vapour and dust, and creating a
00:02:33
glowing coma and tail.
00:02:35
Now, early observations already suggest that the Comet's active,
00:02:38
possibly much larger than either of its two interstellar
00:02:40
predecessors, 1I Amal Amal, which was spotted back in 2017,
00:02:45
and 2I Borisov, which was seen in 2019.
00:02:48
Now, if confirmed, this could have implications for how many
00:02:51
similar objects future telescopes such as the ViriC
00:02:53
Reuben Observatory are likely to detect. It may also provide
00:02:57
clues about the role that ancient interstellar comets play
00:03:00
in seeding stars and planetary formation across the galaxy.
00:03:04
Already, some of the biggest telescopes on the planet are
00:03:07
observing this new interstellar object, and numerous
00:03:09
astronomical teams are studying this interstellar visitor and
00:03:12
writing papers based on their observations.
00:03:15
As well as the four ATLAS telescopes, two in Hawaii, one
00:03:18
in Chile and the other in South Africa, the European Southern
00:03:21
Observatory's Very Large Telescope, the VLT, the Southern
00:03:24
Astrophysical Research Telescope and the Gemini South Observatory
00:03:28
are also monitoring this object closely. Though data is pouring
00:03:32
in about the discovery, it's still a long way away from the
00:03:35
Earth. That's leaving a lot of unanswered questions.
00:03:38
So far, astronomers have determined that 3I ATLAS is
00:03:41
moving really quickly. On a hyperbolic velocity of just
00:03:44
under 60 km per second relative to the Sun. Now that compares to
00:03:49
26 km per second for a Mau Mau and 32 km per second for
00:03:53
Borisov. The diameter of 3R ATLAS is currently estimated to
00:03:57
be as much as 10 km wide, which would make it 100 times larger
00:04:01
than a Mau Mau, 10 times larger than Borisov.
00:04:04
It's on an orbital path shaped like a boomerang or hyperbola,
00:04:07
and exceptionally eccentric, where eccentricity describes how
00:04:10
much an object's orbital path is stretched out. An eccentricity
00:04:14
of 0 is a perfect circular orbit, while an eccentricity of
00:04:17
0 is a very stretched out ellipse.
00:04:21
Any object with an eccentricity above 1 is on an orbit that
00:04:24
doesn't loop back around the Sun, implying that it comes from
00:04:27
and will return to interstellar space. And 3I ATLAS has an
00:04:32
eccentricity of 6.2, which is highly hyperbolic and ensures
00:04:36
its classification as an interstellar object.
00:04:39
In comparison, Mau Mau had an eccentricity of about 1.2, while
00:04:43
Borisov was about 3.6. Right now, 3-Eye ATLAS is within
00:04:47
Jupiter's orbit around the Sun, at a distance of about 465
00:04:51
million kilometres from Earth, and still around 600 million
00:04:54
kilometres from the Sun. The closest it'll come to Earth is
00:04:57
about 270 million kilometres. That'll be on December 19th.
00:05:02
It'll reach its closest approach to the Sun, perihelion, around
00:05:05
October 30th, at a distance of 210 million kilometres. That's
00:05:09
just inside the orbit of Mars. Now, during this close approach,
00:05:12
it'll be travelling at around 25 kilometres per hour.
00:05:16
Now, the Comet is extremely bright. That'll provide clues
00:05:19
about its composition as it degasses more volatiles into
00:05:22
space as it heats up as it gets closer to the Sun. And while it
00:05:26
's on a path that will leave our solar system never to return,
00:05:29
scientists will be able to study it for several months before it
00:05:32
departs.
00:05:33
Both the Webb and Hubble Space Telescopes will be focused on
00:05:37
the Comet, revealing more information about its size,
00:05:39
composition, spin, and how it reacts to being heated by the
00:05:43
Sun over the next few months.
00:05:45
Right now, it's still just a fuzzy blob, but eventually,
00:05:48
astronomers should be able to determine the composition of the
00:05:51
gas and dust shedding off the Comet. They'll also be looking
00:05:54
for changes in its brightness, because that will tell
00:05:56
astronomers about the evolution of the coma, and they'll be
00:05:59
monitoring for sudden outburst events during which time the
00:06:01
object gets much brighter.
00:06:03
That'll provide information about its structure and
00:06:05
composition. The Skywatch is keen to get a glimpse of 3-Eye
00:06:09
ATLAS, which should be visible through a reasonably-sized
00:06:11
amateur telescope later this year and early next.
00:06:15
Needless to say, we'll keep you informed. This is Space Time.
00:06:19
Still to come, unraveling the mysteries of a rare Pulsar. And
00:06:23
the Axiom Space AX-4 crew have returned splashing down in the
00:06:27
North Pacific Ocean off the southern coast of California.
00:06:30
All that and more still to come on Space Time.
00:06:48
Astronomers have discovered new evidence explaining how pulsing
00:06:52
remnants of an exploded star are interacting with surrounding
00:06:55
matter in the deep cosmos. The new observations, reported in
00:06:59
the Astrophysical Journal Letters, are based on data from
00:07:02
NASA's Imaging X-Ray Polymetry Explorer, or XP, spacecraft.
00:07:06
Astronomers have been examining a mysterious cosmic duo known as
00:07:10
PSR J1023-0038.
00:07:14
The system is composed of a rapidly spinning Neutron Star,
00:07:17
or Pulsar, which is pulling material off a nearby lower-mass
00:07:21
stellar companion. This material has created an accretion disk
00:07:24
around the Neutron Star. Being a Pulsar, it's creating powerful
00:07:28
twin beams of light and energy from its opposing magnetic poles
00:07:32
as it rotates, spinning like a lighthouse beacon in the night.
00:07:36
This system is rare and valuable to study because the Pulsar
00:07:39
transitions clearly between its active state, in which it feeds
00:07:42
off its binary companion, and a more dormant state when it emits
00:07:45
pulsations in radio waves.
00:07:48
And that makes it what astronomers call a transitional
00:07:50
millisecond Pulsar. The study's lead author, Maria Cristina
00:07:54
Baglio from the Italian National Institute Of Astrophysics, says
00:07:57
transitional millisecond pulsars are cosmic laboratories, helping
00:08:01
astronomers understand how neutron stars evolve in binary
00:08:04
systems.
00:08:05
The big question for scientists about this Pulsar system is
00:08:08
where do the X-rays originate? And the answer will inform
00:08:11
broader theories about particle acceleration, accretion physics
00:08:15
and the environment surrounding neutron stars. Right across the
00:08:18
universe.
00:08:19
The authors found that surprisingly the X-ray source
00:08:21
was the Pulsar wind, a chaotic stream of gases, shockwaves,
00:08:25
magnetic fields and particles accelerated to near the speed of
00:08:28
light that hits the accretion disk. To determine this,
00:08:32
astronomers needed to measure the angle of polarization in
00:08:34
both X-ray and optical light.
00:08:36
Polarization is a measure of how organized light waves are. So
00:08:40
they looked at X-ray polarization using EXPE, the
00:08:43
only telescope capable of making this measurement in space. They
00:08:47
then compared that to optical polarisation measurements using
00:08:50
the European Southern Observatory's Very Large
00:08:52
Telescope in Chile.
00:08:54
EXPE was launched back in December 2021. Over the years,
00:08:58
it's made many observations of pulsars, but this is the first
00:09:01
system of this kind it's ever explored. The authors also used
00:09:05
the NISA, Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer instrument,
00:09:08
aboard the International Space Station, as well as the Swift
00:09:11
Space Telescope, to provide valuable additional observations
00:09:14
of the system in high-energy light.
00:09:17
And the Very Large Array Radio Telescope in New Mexico also
00:09:20
contributed data to the project. Now, as a result of all this
00:09:24
data, the authors found the same angle of polarization right
00:09:27
across all the different wavelengths.
00:09:29
And that finding is compelling evidence that a single coherent
00:09:33
physical mechanism underpins the light being observed. It also
00:09:37
challenges the conventional wisdom about Neutron Star
00:09:39
emissions of radiation in binary systems.
00:09:42
See, previous models had indicated that X-rays probably
00:09:45
came out of the accretion disk, But this new study shows that
00:09:48
they actually originate with the Pulsar wind. EXPE has already
00:09:52
observed many isolated pulsars, always finding that the Pulsar
00:09:55
wind powers the X-rays. So these new observations further confirm
00:09:59
that the Pulsar wind powers most of the energy erupting out of
00:10:03
these systems.
00:10:04
This report from NASA TV.
00:10:07
To answer some of the biggest questions about what's out there
00:10:10
in the universe and what it all means, we need powerful
00:10:14
telescopes. NASA unravels the mysteries of the cosmos using
00:10:19
observatories in space that study the different wavelengths
00:10:23
and properties of light.
00:10:25
The imaging x-ray. Polarimetry explorer, or IXPE, studied
00:10:30
x-rays from some of the most extreme objects in the universe,
00:10:34
like black holes, in a new way. At a special property of x-rays
00:10:39
that has gone mostly unexplored until now, it's called
00:10:43
polarization.
00:10:45
X-rays come from the hottest places in the universe. Imagine
00:10:49
powerful explosions, violent collisions, and strong magnetic
00:10:54
fields. Creating chaos in the darkness of deep space.
00:10:59
X-ray telescopes can trace clouds of gas heated to millions
00:11:03
of degrees and detect the shower of particles fueled by a feeding
00:11:09
black hole. Building on the discoveries of NASA's Chandra
00:11:13
X-Ray Observatory and other space telescopes, ICSBE measures
00:11:17
the orientation of X-rays from some of the most brilliant and
00:11:21
bizarre objects in space. Like all forms of light, X-rays
00:11:25
consist of moving electric and magnetic waves.
00:11:29
Usually, the peaks and valleys of these waves move in random
00:11:33
directions. Polarized light is more organized, with the two
00:11:37
types of waves vibrating in the same direction. You might have
00:11:41
heard of polarized sunglasses. Boaters and fishermen use these
00:11:45
lenses to reduce glare from sunlight across a body of water.
00:11:50
Water reflects light in a way that causes some of it to
00:11:54
vibrate. In a direction parallel to the water's surface.
00:11:58
Polarized lenses block light moving horizontally, but let
00:12:02
other light through.
00:12:04
Much like the way light changes when it bounces off of water, in
00:12:08
space, light becomes polarized depending on where it comes from
00:12:12
and what it passes through.
00:12:14
By measuring the amount and direction of polarization, ICSB
00:12:18
gives us clues about the shapes, structures, and inner workings
00:12:23
of all types of light. Objects that shine in bright X-rays. The
00:12:27
Ixbee Observatory has three identical telescopes with three
00:12:31
main parts, mirrors, detectors, and an extendable mast or boom
00:12:37
that separates them.
00:12:39
Each mirror assembly contains 24 nested mirrors that collect and
00:12:44
focus X-rays.
00:12:47
Located at the focal point of the mirrors, sensitive detect-
00:12:51
The detectors, made with international partners in Italy,
00:12:54
are the secret behind IXPE's unique X-ray vision. They track
00:12:59
and measure all four properties of incoming light. Its arrival
00:13:03
time, direction, energy, and most importantly, polarization.
00:13:09
Over the two years of its prime mission, IXPE will observe more
00:13:13
than 50 brilliant objects, like the leftovers of huge stars that
00:13:18
exploded into supernovae.
00:13:21
The supermassive black hole at the heart of our own Milky Way
00:13:24
galaxy, and pulsars, the dense remains of stars that once were.
00:13:31
These observations will help scientists tackle long-standing
00:13:35
puzzles, like testing competing theories about pulsars and the
00:13:39
details of how Einstein's theory of general relativity works. New
00:13:45
insights from ICSBE will help us paint a fuller picture of the
00:13:48
universe, confirming or confounding our thinking in the
00:13:53
years to come.
00:13:54
This is Space Time. Still to come, Axiom Space's AX4 crew
00:13:59
return to Earth safely, and later in the science report, a
00:14:02
new study shows that high body mass index from early childhood
00:14:06
and adolescence is linked to faster biological aging. All
00:14:10
that and more still to come on Space Time.
00:14:27
Axiom Space's AX-4 crew have returned safely to Earth,
00:14:30
splashing down in the North Pacific Ocean off the Southern
00:14:33
Californian coastline. The privately funded mission spent
00:14:36
almost three weeks in orbit, undertaking dozens of
00:14:39
experiments aboard the International Space Station. The
00:14:42
mission had launched from the Kennedy Space Center aboard a
00:14:44
Falcon 9 rocket, arriving on station a day later.
00:14:48
The flight aboard SpaceX's newest Dragon capsule named
00:14:51
GRACE included American, Indian, Polish and Hungarian crew
00:14:55
members. SpaceX now has five human-rated Dragon spacecraft,
00:14:59
Endeavour, Resilience, Endurance, Freedom And GRACE. In
00:15:03
total, they've flown some 18 missions, carrying 70 humans
00:15:06
into orbit and back.
00:15:08
This flight was Axiom's fourth mission to the orbiting outpost
00:15:11
since 2022, and it was part of NASA's ongoing efforts to open
00:15:14
up space to more commercial activities. Axiom's one of
00:15:18
several companies now developing their own private space
00:15:20
stations, which are intended to replace the current
00:15:23
International Space Station which will be deorbited by NASA
00:15:26
in 2030 after more than 30 years of operation.
00:15:30
The return of GRACE and the Axiom Space AX-4 crew have
00:15:33
provided room on the orbiting outpost for NASA's upcoming Crew
00:15:36
11 mission, which at this stage is slated for launch on July 31.
00:15:40
That'll use the Dragon spacecraft Endeavour, launching
00:15:43
off Pad 39A at the Kennedy Space Center for a record sixth time.
00:15:48
This is Space Time.
00:16:06
And time now to take another brief look at some of the other
00:16:08
stories making news in science this week with a science report.
00:16:12
A new study has found that having a higher body mass index
00:16:15
from early childhood and adolescence is linked to faster
00:16:18
biological ageing. The findings reported in the Journal Of The
00:16:22
American Medical Association are based on a Chilean study showing
00:16:25
that kids with long-term obesity displayed biological signs of
00:16:29
ageing that suggested they were between 2.23 years and 4.88
00:16:33
years older than they actually were.
00:16:35
By the time they reach the age of 30. An accompanying editorial
00:16:38
says that this new awareness of the effects of obesity in
00:16:41
accelerating the aging process represents an additional element
00:16:44
for educational campaigns that aim to address this global
00:16:47
epidemic.
00:16:50
Scientists have sequenced proteins extracted from the
00:16:53
remains of a 23 million year old extinct rhino fossil. The
00:16:57
findings reported in the journal Nature are among the most
00:16:59
ancient proteins ever sequenced and they're helping to rewrite
00:17:02
the rhinoceros family tree.
00:17:05
The sample of enamel has allowed researchers to partially
00:17:07
sequence seven proteins, and it 's allowed scientists to place
00:17:11
the species in a new branch of the rhinoceros family tree,
00:17:14
which splits off between 41 and 25 million years ago.
00:17:18
The findings suggest that proteins can survive better than
00:17:20
researchers thought, and it raises the possibility of
00:17:23
gleaning molecular insights about evolutionary
00:17:25
relationships, biological sex and diet from even older
00:17:28
animals, and maybe even dinosaurs.
00:17:32
A new study has been looking at which over-the-counter medicines
00:17:35
are good at treating the symptoms of depression. The
00:17:38
findings, reported in the journal Frontiers In
00:17:40
Pharmacology, investigated the existing evidence for depression
00:17:43
treatments which you can find at your local supermarket.
00:17:46
The authors found 64 different products tested in some 209
00:17:50
clinical trials, although the levels of evidence differed
00:17:52
widely between them. The products that had been treated
00:17:55
the most were the best known. These included Omega-3 in 39
00:17:59
trials, St. John's wort in 38 trials, prebiotics in 18,
00:18:04
saffron also in 18 trials, and vitamin D in 14 trials.
00:18:09
The evidence was strongest for St. John's wort and saffron,
00:18:11
which often showed effects similar to those of prescription
00:18:14
antidepressants. The trials also suggested that probiotics and
00:18:18
vitamin D are also more likely to reduce depressive symptoms
00:18:21
compared to placebo treatments.
00:18:23
However, the majority of trials looking at Omega-3 fatty acids
00:18:27
found it did not affect depression at all. They also
00:18:30
identified 18 products which demonstrated emerging evidence
00:18:33
for treatment of depression, the most promising of which was
00:18:36
folic acid, followed by lavender, zinc, tripodophine,
00:18:39
rhodiola and lemon balm.
00:18:43
In another clear case of stating the bleeding obvious, a
00:18:46
Brazilian psychic who likes to describe himself as the living
00:18:49
Nostradamus has issued a chilling warning about the rise
00:18:52
of machines, specifically the growing threat posed by
00:18:55
artificial intelligence. But as Tim Bendham from Australian
00:18:58
Skeptics points out, the so-called living Nostradamus
00:19:01
says humanity may be able to save itself with the help of
00:19:04
magic crystals.
00:19:05
The living Nostradamus is a psychic from Brazil named Athos
00:19:09
Salome, who is referred to as the living Nostradamus. That's a
00:19:13
shame because Nostradamus is full of rubbish. His predictions
00:19:15
are dodgy at best and reinterpreted and actually
00:19:18
fabricated at worst. Anyway, so this person has predicted a
00:19:21
chilling warning about AI. Whoopie-doo.
00:19:24
Something not that hard, saying that machines are already
00:19:27
thinking for themselves and are able to adapt and learn on their
00:19:30
own without asking permission. The computer sort of comes alive
00:19:33
and takes over control. It's a conscious entity.
00:19:36
A lot of people say that's already happened. I mean, we
00:19:38
know that AI now has the ability to talk with other AIs and
00:19:42
develop their own language. They've proven that. And we also
00:19:45
know that when you instruct an AI to kill itself, it won't kill
00:19:49
itself. It'll simply hide in another system or change its
00:19:52
name and identity, but it will stay alive.
00:19:55
Yes, so AI can be a worry, and so therefore this living
00:19:58
Nostradamus predicting that there'll be problems with AI, it
00:20:01
's not exactly unique. I'm sure there's a lot of other people
00:20:03
predicting the same thing, seriously or not, with or
00:20:06
without psychic powers. He does add that...
00:20:08
Most computer scientists predict AI will become the dominant
00:20:11
force in our planet within the next 10 years, so yeah.
00:20:16
That's a given. That's a given.
00:20:17
This particular person, the living Nostradamus, Mr. Salome,
00:20:21
adds that vibrational therapists and bioenergy experts are
00:20:25
detecting a new phenomenon, detecting the subtle feel of an
00:20:28
environment that he believes in the invisible effect, which is
00:20:31
all gobbledygook.
00:20:32
It's nonsense words thrown together, which makes it sound
00:20:34
sort of impressive. What he does suggest is when it comes to
00:20:36
energy, you should take crystals such as black permaline,
00:20:40
amethyst, and blue kyanite nearby. So to protect yourself
00:20:43
against the end of the world, you have a few crystals.
00:20:46
I think it's all a little bit like predicting an earthquake in
00:20:49
San Francisco. You know it's going to happen. It's just a
00:20:51
question of when.
00:20:53
The same sort of thing, because the threat of AI is real. It's
00:20:56
not something that sci-fi writers are making up. It's an
00:20:59
accurate prediction of what's going to happen in the future.
00:21:02
We had some recent psychic predictions that came out just
00:21:04
like a week ago or something. Someone's saying there'll be
00:21:06
trouble on the India-Pakistan border. Whoops. I think you're
00:21:10
reading the newspapers, you know, to try and get this sort
00:21:12
of stuff. Well, there might be problems between China and
00:21:14
Taiwan. Yeah? Or the Middle East.
00:21:16
Ukraine may have more problems. Well, yeah. Middle East, yes,
00:21:19
exactly.
00:21:20
I know. And that's all of those that you mentioned. I think,
00:21:23
well, this is uncanny.
00:21:24
How could you have predicted these things? They've been
00:21:26
happening for a while. So the psychic predictions of doom and
00:21:28
gloom are always with us. They're spread very quickly
00:21:31
thanks to modern media. And no one follows up apart from the
00:21:34
skeptics who...
00:21:36
Follow up all the time and they're real party people when
00:21:38
they point out it didn't happen.
00:21:39
That's Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics.
00:21:56
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