Dark Energy: A Changing Force?
Astronomers have compiled the largest supernova dataset to date, revealing tantalizing hints that dark energy may not be a constant force in the universe. This research, led by the International Supernova Cosmology Project, analyzes over 2,000 Type 1A supernovae to explore the evolving nature of dark energy, which currently comprises nearly 70% of the universe's mass-energy content. The findings suggest that if dark energy is weakening, it could significantly impact the universe's expansion and ultimate fate, challenging existing models and sparking excitement in the astrophysics community.
New Insights into Lunar Magma
A recent study analyzing samples from China's Chang' e 5 mission indicates that molten magma may have persisted on the Moon's surface much longer than previously believed. Researchers, led by Stephen Alado, utilized radioactive dating to reveal that volcanic activity on the lunar far side could have continued for billions of years, contradicting earlier theories about the Moon's cooling process. This new understanding of lunar geology offers valuable insights into the Moon's evolution and the processes that shape celestial bodies.
Europe's Space Weather Early Warning System
The European Space Agency is set to launch Vigil, a pioneering space weather probe, in 2031. Positioned at the Lagrangian L5 point, Vigil will provide unprecedented monitoring of solar activity, allowing for early warnings of solar storms that could disrupt communication systems and power grids on Earth. This mission aims to enhance our ability to predict and mitigate the impacts of space weather on modern infrastructure, marking a significant advancement in global space safety efforts.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
ESA Vigil Mission
https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Space_Weather/Vigil
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00:00
This is Space Time, Series 28, Episode 91, for broadcast on the
00:00:04
30th of July, 2025. Coming up on Space Time, clear evidence that
00:00:09
dark energy might be changing. A new study shows that molten
00:00:14
magma probably persisted on the surface of the Moon for much
00:00:17
longer than expected.
00:00:19
And Europe developing a new space weather early warning
00:00:22
system.
00:00:23
All that and more coming up on Space Time.
00:00:27
Welcome to Space Time. With Stuart Gary.
00:00:46
The largest supernova dataset ever compiled has provided
00:00:50
astronomers with some tantalizing hints that a
00:00:53
mysterious force known as dark energy may be changing over
00:00:57
time.
00:00:58
Scientists know very little about dark energy, hence the
00:01:01
term dark. It appears to be a sort of vacuum energy, acting
00:01:05
opposite to gravity, and it's causing the universe's rate of
00:01:09
expansion out from the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago to
00:01:12
accelerate. And that acceleration's important because
00:01:16
it will determine the ultimate fate of the cosmos and
00:01:18
everything in it.
00:01:20
In order to study and map dark energy, astronomers mapped the
00:01:24
light coming from thermonuclear or Type Ia Supernovae. These
00:01:28
involve the dramatic destruction of a white dwarf star, that's
00:01:31
the stellar corpus of a once Sun-like star, at the end of its
00:01:34
life.
00:01:36
Usually, these stellar cores would simply just gradually fade
00:01:39
away over trillions of years. However, if the white dwarf's in
00:01:43
a binary system with a nearby companion star, its gravity can
00:01:46
drag material off that binary partner.
00:01:49
And if it drags enough material off its companion, it reaches a
00:01:52
sort of tipping point known as the Chandrasekhar limit. Roughly
00:01:56
1.44 times the mass of our Sun, and it's a point which will
00:01:59
cause the white dwarf to undergo a thermonuclear or Type Ia
00:02:03
supernova explosion.
00:02:05
These explosions completely destroy the star, and because
00:02:09
they always occur when the star reaches the same mass and has
00:02:12
the same degree of luminosity, astronomers can use the inverse
00:02:15
square law, turn them into cosmic distance markers,
00:02:18
allowing them to determine how far away the explosion was.
00:02:22
It's just like looking at a row of streetlights down a road.
00:02:25
Knowing that because they're all the same intrinsic brightness,
00:02:28
the fainter they appear, the further away they must be.
00:02:32
By measuring the distance to these Supernovae, astronomers
00:02:35
were able to measure how fast the universe was expanding.
00:02:38
And they discovered that instead of slowing down or staying
00:02:42
constant, the universe was expanding at an ever-increasing
00:02:45
rate.
00:02:46
Since the late 1990s, dozens of experiments using different
00:02:50
telescopes and techniques have captured and published more than
00:02:53
2... Type Ia supernova events.
00:02:56
But without correcting for differences between different
00:02:59
telescopes and techniques, using Supernovae from separate
00:03:02
experiments is often a bit like comparing apples to oranges.
00:03:06
In order to unite Supernovae and provide a more precise
00:03:09
measurement of dark energy's role in our universe,
00:03:12
astronomers have now compiled the largest standardized data
00:03:15
set of Type Ia Supernovae ever made. The compilation is called
00:03:19
the Union 3. And it was put together by the International
00:03:22
Supernova Cosmology Project, which is led by the Department
00:03:26
Of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
00:03:28
The analysis of this new supernova dataset is hinting
00:03:32
that dark energy may be evolving over time. In other words,
00:03:36
unlike gravity, it's not a constant. The findings reported
00:03:40
in the Astrophysical Journal aren't yet strong enough to
00:03:42
conclusively state that dark energy has started weakening,
00:03:46
but they are pointing in the same direction as a separate
00:03:49
analysis by the dark energy spectroscopic instrument.
00:03:53
These two complementary approaches, seeing similar
00:03:55
results using different techniques, do have astronomers
00:03:58
intrigued. Moreover, a partially independent result from another
00:04:01
supernova analysis, which includes Supernovae from the
00:04:04
Department Of Energy-led Dark Energy Survey, also appears to
00:04:07
be supporting the same conclusion.
00:04:10
One of the Union 3 studies authors, Saul Perlmutter, who
00:04:13
shared the 2011 Nobel Prize for Physics for Discovering Dark
00:04:16
Energy, says he doesn't think anyone's getting overexcited
00:04:19
just yet.
00:04:21
But he says that's only because scientists are suppressing any
00:04:23
premature elation since they know that that could go away
00:04:27
once they get better data.
00:04:29
On the other hand, scientists are taking notice because these
00:04:32
two separate techniques are showing similar moderate
00:04:35
disagreement with what's known as the Lambda Cold Dark Matter
00:04:38
model.
00:04:39
Now, according to the Lambda Cold Dark Matter model, dark
00:04:41
energy is assumed to have the same strength over time, and it
00:04:45
counteracts the gravitational contraction due to cold dark
00:04:48
matter. But it seems other models which allow dark energy
00:04:51
to change over time might end up being a better fit for what
00:04:54
researchers are now seeing in the data.
00:04:57
Needless to say, if that is the case, it will wind up having
00:04:59
huge implications for the fate of the universe. Dark energy
00:05:03
makes up almost 70% of the universe's total mass energy
00:05:07
budget, and it's worth striving the universe's accelerated
00:05:10
expansion.
00:05:11
So, if dark energy is getting weaker, that would mean we would
00:05:14
expect to see the expansion of the universe slow over time.
00:05:18
So, what are the options?
00:05:20
Well, if dark energy remains as strong as it currently is, or
00:05:23
gets stronger, the universe will continue to expand forever into
00:05:26
a dark future known as the Big Freeze, where all the other
00:05:29
stars and galaxies are simply too far away beyond the cosmic
00:05:32
horizon to be seen even with the most powerful telescopes.
00:05:36
On the other hand, if dark energy eventually weakens and
00:05:39
comes into balance with gravity, the universe will eventually end
00:05:42
up in a sort of steady state, looking pretty much like it does
00:05:45
now.
00:05:46
But there's another possibility.
00:05:48
If dark energy continues to weaken, and gravity eventually
00:05:52
takes over to become the strongest force, that would
00:05:54
cause the universe to begin to contract, eventually ending in a
00:05:57
big crunch, which could lead to another big bang. Then another
00:06:01
big crunch and so on.
00:06:02
It all depends on this balance between dark energy and matter.
00:06:07
And it's one of those ultimate questions of science which make
00:06:10
astronomy such fun.
00:06:12
Astronomers want to find out which one of these hypotheses
00:06:15
are likely to win, and they want to understand this underlying
00:06:18
piece of the universe.
00:06:20
Union 3 standardizes some 2087 supernova events taken from 24
00:06:26
datasets, and they can be used to look back roughly seven
00:06:29
billion years through cosmic history.
00:06:31
It builds on the earlier Union 2 experiment released in 2010 that
00:06:36
contained 557 Supernovae.
00:06:39
In order to combine Supernovae from different data sets,
00:06:42
astronomers decided to analyze the light curve. That's the way
00:06:45
the supernova's brightness characteristically peaks and
00:06:48
dims over its life.
00:06:50
And that lets scientists discover a supernova's intrinsic
00:06:52
brightness and adjust the event so that they're all on the same
00:06:56
scale. A bit like calibrating candles from different
00:06:58
manufacturers.
00:07:00
Scientists then reanalyze their supernova data using a
00:07:03
sophisticated statistical method known as a Bayesian hierarchical
00:07:07
model.
00:07:08
This can better account for uncertainties, incorporating
00:07:10
partial information and the probability of errors.
00:07:13
It makes it possible to include factors researchers might not
00:07:16
know exactly, but with constraints on exactly how well
00:07:19
they do know them. For example, the new approach can take into
00:07:22
account that the filters in a telescope might drift over time.
00:07:25
Changing the amount of light that gets through from a
00:07:27
supernova.
00:07:29
This kind of flexibility improves the accuracy of the
00:07:31
analysis, and it was difficult to include in previous
00:07:34
techniques.
00:07:35
The improved analytical approach will now be used to incorporate
00:07:38
additional supernova data.
00:07:40
Over the next year or so, astronomers plan to add three
00:07:43
more datasets, one with low redshift that is nearby
00:07:47
Supernovae, and two with high redshift Supernovae looking
00:07:50
further back in space-time.
00:07:52
The new analysis framework will also help to incorporate the the
00:07:55
tens to hundreds of thousands of additional Supernovae expected
00:07:58
from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, which recently
00:08:01
released its first images, and also from NASA's upcoming Nancy
00:08:04
Grace Roman Space Telescope.
00:08:07
The other current leading technique to investigate how
00:08:10
dark energy varies over space-time is by measuring how
00:08:13
galaxies cluster, a characteristic feature known as
00:08:16
baryon acoustic oscillation.
00:08:18
Baryon acoustic oscillations are sort of like pressure waves
00:08:21
through the fabric of space-time.
00:08:23
Stars and galaxies tend to cluster around these pressure
00:08:26
waves.
00:08:27
Perlmutter says baryon acoustic oscillations can look further
00:08:30
back in time to when dark energy played less of a role in the
00:08:34
universe, while Supernovae are especially precise in the more
00:08:37
recent universe. He thinks the two techniques are now getting
00:08:40
good enough so that astronomers can start making some real
00:08:42
conclusions about dark energy models.
00:08:46
This is Space Time.
00:08:48
Still to come. A new study shows that molten magma persists on
00:08:52
the Lunar Surface much longer than expected, and Europe
00:08:55
developing a new space weather early warning system. All that
00:08:59
and more still to come on Space Time.
00:09:17
New studies suggest that molten magma may have persisted on the
00:09:20
Lunar Surface far longer than previously thought.
00:09:23
Researchers analysing Moon rocks from China's Chang'E-5 sample
00:09:27
return mission say the new findings are rewriting science's
00:09:30
understanding of how the Moon cooled. A report in the journal
00:09:34
Science Advances claims these samples of basalt and igneous
00:09:37
rock formed from rapidly cooling lava represents the first
00:09:40
material collected from the lunar far side as by far the
00:09:44
youngest obtained on any lunar mission.
00:09:46
The study's lead author, Stephen Alato from the University Of
00:09:49
Florida, says that makes these rocks an invaluable resource for
00:09:52
studying the Moon's geological history.
00:09:55
It seems that lava on the lunar far side probably cooled far
00:09:59
later than previously thought. That contradicts previous
00:10:02
theories on how and when the Moon's layers formed.
00:10:05
Alito and colleagues used radioactive dating to put
00:10:08
together a simple model showing that an enrichment in
00:10:11
radioactive elements would have kept the Moon's upper mantle
00:10:14
hundreds of degrees hotter than it would have been otherwise,
00:10:16
even 2 billion years ago.
00:10:18
In order to get an estimate of when these samples cooled into
00:10:21
basalt, the authors tested their chemical composition.
00:10:24
Similar tests on previous lunar mantle samples found traces of
00:10:28
elements like like potassium, thorium, uranium and phosphorus,
00:10:31
all of which produce heat in high concentrations.
00:10:34
Scientists believe that, in large amounts, these elements
00:10:37
generate enough heat to keep magma molten near the Earth's
00:10:39
surface, slowing the cooling process over time. The findings
00:10:43
therefore contradict the previous theory that the Moon's
00:10:46
surface temperatures were simply too cold to support molten magma
00:10:50
by that time, and it therefore challenges existing hypotheses
00:10:53
about exactly how the Moon would have cooled.
00:10:56
Now, prior to this study, The generally accepted idea was that
00:10:59
the Moon cooled from the top down. It was presumed that magma
00:11:03
closer to the Lunar Surface cooled first, as the surface of
00:11:06
the Moon gradually lost heat into space.
00:11:09
And that as you descended closer to the lunar mantle, you'd find
00:11:12
basalt rocks that cooled more recently than basalt at the
00:11:15
crust. And that theory was backed by seismometers that were
00:11:18
placed on the Moon during the very first Apollo Moon landing
00:11:21
mission. But the new findings suggest there must have been
00:11:24
pockets of surface-level magma late in the lunar cooling
00:11:27
process.
00:11:28
Alados says that lunar magnetism, which is a record of
00:11:31
volcanic activity on the Moon, provides a direct window in the
00:11:34
composition of the lunar mantle, which is where lavas, or magmas,
00:11:37
ultimately come from.
00:11:39
He says scientists don't have any direct samples of the Moon's
00:11:42
mantle, like they do for Earth, so their window in the
00:11:45
composition of the lunar mantle comes indirectly from its lavas.
00:11:49
Establishing a detailed timeline of the Moon's evolution
00:11:52
represents a critical step towards understanding how other
00:11:55
celestial bodies form and grow.
00:11:57
Processes like cooling and geological layer formation are
00:12:01
key steps in the life cycles of other moons and small planets.
00:12:05
And as Earth's closest neighbour in the solar system, the Moon
00:12:08
offers the best chance we have of learning more about these
00:12:12
processes.
00:12:13
This is Space Time.
00:12:15
Still to come, Europe developing a new space weather early
00:12:18
warning system. And later in the science report. Researchers
00:12:22
develop a new type of electronic wristband device which uses fine
00:12:26
hand movements in order to control a computer. No more
00:12:29
keyboards or mice.
00:12:31
All that and more still to come on Space Time.
00:12:50
The European Space Agency is developing a new early warning
00:12:52
space weather probe designed to monitor the Sun from a unique
00:12:56
position.
00:12:57
Called Vigil and slated for launch in 2031, the spacecraft
00:13:01
will be the world's first space weather mission designed to
00:13:03
permanently base itself in the Lagrangian L5 position between
00:13:07
the Earth and Sun.
00:13:08
Lagrangian positions are gravity wells where the pull of two
00:13:12
celestial bodies, in this case the Earth and the Sun, tend to
00:13:15
balance each other out. It allows a spacecraft to hold its
00:13:18
position in one of these locations without expending a
00:13:21
great degree of fuel in order to maintain point.
00:13:24
There are five Lagrangian positions.
00:13:27
L1 is between the Earth and the Sun. It's where spacecraft like
00:13:31
SOHO are based.
00:13:32
L2 is on the opposite side of the Earth to the Sun, the Earth
00:13:35
's night side, and that's where spacecraft like the James Webb
00:13:38
Space Telescope are located. The L3 position is on the opposite
00:13:43
side of the Sun to the Earth.
00:13:45
L4 is 60 degrees ahead of the Earth and in the same orbit as
00:13:48
the Earth as it goes around the Sun. You find a lot of Trojan
00:13:51
asteroids at this position. And L5 is 60 degrees behind the
00:13:55
Earth, also in the same orbit as the Earth as it travels around
00:13:58
the Sun. And that's where Vigil will be located.
00:14:02
From this unique vantage point, the probe will allow scientists
00:14:05
to see solar activity days before it reaches Earth,
00:14:08
drastically improving our forecasting abilities. From
00:14:12
there...
00:14:12
The individual will literally be able to see around the corner of
00:14:14
the Sun, observing activity on the solar surface days before it
00:14:18
rotates into view from the Earth. And it can also watch the
00:14:21
Earth-Sun line side-on, giving an earlier and clearer picture
00:14:25
of solar flares and coronal mass ejections as they head towards
00:14:28
the Earth.
00:14:29
Radiation, plasma and particles flowing towards the Earth by the
00:14:32
Sun, collectively known as geomagnetic storms, can pose
00:14:35
serious threats to the critical infrastructure modern society
00:14:38
relies on.
00:14:40
This includes damaging or even destroying spacecraft,
00:14:42
disrupting communications and navigation systems, overloading
00:14:46
terrestrial power grids causing blackouts, and increasing
00:14:49
radiation exposure for people in space and even those in
00:14:53
high-altitude aircraft. In fact, a report by Loads Of London
00:14:56
estimates that a severe space weather event caused by solar
00:15:00
activity could cost the global economy $2.4 trillion over five
00:15:04
years.
00:15:06
And ESA's response to this growing threat is Vigil.
00:15:09
Cornerstone mission of the agency's space safety program.
00:15:13
This report from ESA TV.
00:15:15
Solar storms can damage satellites, knock out power
00:15:18
grids, and disrupt communications, GPS, and
00:15:22
aviation.
00:15:23
So, how do we protect Europe and the world from the Sun's fury?
00:15:29
Meet... Vigil, the European Space Agency's space weather
00:15:33
reporter, stationed deep in space to deliver early warnings
00:15:37
of solar activity.
00:15:40
When the Sun launches bursts of radiation, plasma and energetic
00:15:43
particles toward Earth, the effects can be severe, even
00:15:48
disrupting everyday life. We need timely space weather
00:15:51
forecasts to protect people and safeguard vital systems.
00:15:56
ESA's Space Safety Programme is sending Vigil to watch the Sun
00:16:01
and Earth from the side, giving it a unique view of solar
00:16:05
eruptions heading our way. From this special vantage point, it
00:16:10
will report 24-7, streaming data back across millions of
00:16:14
kilometres.
00:16:16
This data, combined with information from satellites
00:16:19
closer to Earth, will give us time to react.
00:16:23
It will power forecasts and real-time alerts. Helping space
00:16:27
weather forecasters, infrastructure operators and
00:16:30
decision makers to respond quickly.
00:16:34
As Europe's and the world's first deep space space weather
00:16:38
mission, Vigil will be our frontline correspondent on solar
00:16:42
activity, strengthening Europe's independent ability to prepare
00:16:46
for and respond to space weather.
00:16:50
This is Space Time.
00:17:07
And time now to take another brief look at some of the other
00:17:10
stories making news in science this week with a science report.
00:17:13
A new study has shown that the brain's ageing has sped up
00:17:17
during the COVID-19 pandemic, even for people who didn't have
00:17:20
the virus.
00:17:21
The findings, reported in the journal Nature Communications,
00:17:24
used brain scans from nearly a thousand people participating in
00:17:27
a long-term UK health study to estimate the difference between
00:17:30
a participant's real age and the age their brain appeared in a
00:17:34
scan.
00:17:35
Over half of the participants had two brain scans taken at
00:17:38
least two years apart before the pandemic, while the rest had one
00:17:42
brain scan before and one after the pandemic began. The authors
00:17:46
found the brains of the pandemic group aged about five and a half
00:17:49
months faster than the control group over a period of about
00:17:52
three years, with men, people under financial stress, and
00:17:55
those with poor health likely to age faster.
00:17:58
The World Health Organization says more than 7 million people
00:18:02
have now been killed by the COVID-19 Coronavirus since it
00:18:05
was first detected among workers at China's Wuhan Institute Of
00:18:09
Virology in September 2019.
00:18:12
However, the Lancet Medical Journal estimates the true death
00:18:15
toll is likely to be above 18 million, with some 775 million
00:18:19
confirmed cases globally.
00:18:23
Paleontologists have identified fossils of a 247 million year
00:18:27
old tree dwelling reptile which had a crest which was not quite
00:18:30
feathers and not quite skin.
00:18:33
A report in the journal Nature claims the reptile, which was
00:18:35
not a dinosaur, appears to have developed an alternative to
00:18:39
feathers long before dinosaurs did.
00:18:42
The reptile, known as Mirasura grovagilli, had a 15 centimetre
00:18:45
crest on its back, a bird-like head, and it lived during the
00:18:49
Middle Triassic period. The crest consists of individual
00:18:52
densely overlapping appendages.
00:18:55
Each possesses a feather-like contour with a narrow central
00:18:58
ridge. While real feathers consist of many delicate
00:19:01
branched structures called barbs, there's no evidence of
00:19:04
any such branching in the appendages of this reptile.
00:19:07
Consequently, the authors believe that the structures on
00:19:10
this animal's crest must have evolved largely independently to
00:19:14
those of birds.
00:19:17
Engineers have developed a new electronic wristband device
00:19:20
which can detect your fine hand movements and use them to
00:19:23
control a computer.
00:19:24
A report in the journal Nature describes the technology as a
00:19:28
potential alternative to using a mouse and keyboard.
00:19:31
The device could ultimately replace the invasive
00:19:33
technologies currently used to assist people with mobility
00:19:36
problems. It was developed by learning the wrist muscle
00:19:39
movements of thousands of people, which allowed it to
00:19:41
interpret actions such as handwriting to be more
00:19:44
accurately understood by a computer.
00:19:47
Apple's new IOS 26 operating system is now in public beta
00:19:51
form for those who want to try it out. With the details, we're
00:19:54
joined by technology editor Alex Haravroyd from TechAdvice.life.
00:19:58
So the developer beta was actually about a month ago at
00:20:01
the Worldwide Developer Conference, and everyone's been
00:20:03
waiting for the public beta to come out, which was to be in
00:20:06
late July. Well, that day has come, and I have now updated
00:20:10
three iPhones, two iPads, and my Apple Watch, and a Mac with IOS
00:20:16
26, iPadOS 26, et cetera, the 26 designated versions, which
00:20:20
stands for the year 2026.
00:20:21
And that liquid glass effect. Is quite striking. I mean, this is
00:20:25
the most visible change in the iOS and the Mac operating
00:20:28
systems since it all changed back in iOS 7 when it went from
00:20:33
this pure morphic design where you saw little pictures of
00:20:35
various things to a much more sort of flat design, which
00:20:38
annoyed people at the time because the text was so thin,
00:20:41
the designs look completely different to what they had
00:20:43
before.
00:20:44
And there has, of course, been concern that if you've got a
00:20:46
transparent interface, then how are people with potentially
00:20:49
vision issues going to be able to read? Text on the page. Now,
00:20:53
there's only elements of the operating system when you pull
00:20:56
down the notifications bar, for example, or you're looking at
00:20:58
certain things where there are transparent elements.
00:21:01
But of course, anybody with accessibility issues can turn
00:21:04
the transparency off. And the actual way that certain apps are
00:21:08
used has changed. So it's much more intuitive now to slide
00:21:11
between different types of photographs or videos you want
00:21:13
to take in the camera app, for example. If you look at the
00:21:16
settings page, all the different settings there have all been
00:21:19
spaced out that little bit.
00:21:20
Further, which has caused, of course, some people to complain,
00:21:23
oh, you're not using the space as efficiently as you were
00:21:25
before. But look, I'm personally loving the new operating system.
00:21:30
It seems to be extremely stable. I've been running the developer
00:21:32
beta since version one on a secondary iPhone. But today I
00:21:36
just installed the latest version and I've been greatly
00:21:39
enjoying it.
00:21:40
It seems very stable to me. I certainly would not recommend
00:21:43
the average user put it on their primary phone. Not that I've had
00:21:46
any problems, but it's just one of those things where if you
00:21:48
have a spare iPhone. And you want to play on that by all
00:21:51
means. If you like stability and you don't want any surprises on
00:21:55
your primary device, then you're better to wait until September.
00:21:58
And then, of course, there are some people that wait until the
00:22:00
.01 or the .1 version comes out because they know all the bugs
00:22:04
have been erased. Now, the big change for iPads is retargetable
00:22:08
windows, a pointer that's no longer a dot but an actual
00:22:11
arrow, the ability to put windows anywhere on the page you
00:22:13
want. It's sort of a big upgrade even for older iPads that
00:22:17
couldn't use the...
00:22:19
Stage manager feature from a couple of years ago that gave
00:22:21
you resizable windows this makes your ipad even an older one that
00:22:24
can if it still can run ipad os 26 feel much more like a
00:22:29
computer as opposed to a content consumption device but this is
00:22:32
the system that everyone will be using if they have a compatible
00:22:34
phone from September so big changes in operating systems
00:22:38
from Apple and the start of a new era and so far it's great
00:22:43
that's alex sahar of reut from TechAdvice.life.
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