Raging Winds on Mars: Unveiling Martian Weather Patterns
A groundbreaking study published in the journal Science Advances reveals that wind speeds on Mars can reach up to 160 km/h, significantly higher than earlier estimates. Lead author Valentin U.H. Meckel from the University of Bern discusses how these powerful winds, along with dust devils, play a crucial role in shaping Mars' climate and dust distribution. This episode explores how the observations from the European Space Agency’s Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter have provided unprecedented insights into Martian atmospheric dynamics, which are essential for planning future manned missions to the Red Planet.
Unlocking Earth's Deep Past: New Insights into Subduction
In a surprising twist to our understanding of early Earth, a new study published in Nature Communications suggests that subduction and continental crust formation occurred much earlier than previously believed. Researchers utilized advanced geochemical analysis of ancient olivine crystals to challenge the notion of a stagnant lid tectonic regime during the Hadean eon. This episode discusses the implications of these findings on our understanding of Earth's geological history and the processes that shaped our planet's surface.
NASA's Artemis II: Preparing for Lunar Exploration
NASA is set to send astronauts back to the Moon with the Artemis II mission, slated for launch in early 2026. This episode provides an overview of the mission's objectives, including a ten-day crewed flyby of the Moon, which will test the Orion spacecraft and gather crucial scientific data. As the crew prepares to explore the lunar far side, we discuss the significance of this mission for future lunar habitation and potential manned missions to Mars.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Science Advances
https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
Raging Winds on Mars: Unveiling Martian Weather Patterns
Unlocking Earth's Deep Past: New Insights into Subduction
NASA's Artemis II: Preparing for Lunar Exploration
(00:00) Wind speeds on Mars and their implications
(12:45) New findings on early Earth's tectonic activity
(21:15) NASA's Artemis II mission overview
(30:00) Science report: Octopus handedness and air pollution effects on sleep apnea
00:00:00
This is Space Time, Series 28, Episode 125, for broadcast on
00:00:04
the 17th of October 2025. Coming up on Space Time, raging winds
00:00:10
on the Red Planet Mars, unlocking the secrets of Earth's
00:00:14
deepest past, and NASA on track to send its astronauts to the
00:00:18
Moon next year. All that and more coming up on Space Time.
00:00:24
Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary.
00:00:43
A new study has shown that wind speeds on Mars can reach as much
00:00:47
as 160 kilometres per hour, far higher than previously thought,
00:00:51
despite the Red Planet's very thin atmosphere. The findings,
00:00:55
reported in the journal Science Advances, demonstrates how these
00:00:58
winds affect the Martian climate and the distribution of dust.
00:01:03
The wind movements and the whirling up of dust also create
00:01:06
dust devils, rotating columns of dust and air that move across
00:01:10
the Red Planet's surface. In images of Mars, wind itself is
00:01:15
invisible, but the dust devils are clearly seen. And due to
00:01:19
their movement, they are valuable indicators for
00:01:21
researchers to determine the otherwise invisible winds.
00:01:25
The new study shows that the dust devils and the winds around
00:01:28
each of them reach significantly higher speeds than previously
00:01:31
assumed. In fact, the stronger winds could be responsible for a
00:01:35
larger part of the dust uplift on Mars than what was previously
00:01:38
thought, and that in turn has a major influence on the planet's
00:01:42
weather and climate.
00:01:43
The new observations are based on data from the European Space
00:01:47
Agency's Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
00:01:50
spacecraft. The study's lead author, Valentin Bekel, from the
00:01:54
University Of Bern, says his team were able to identify dust
00:01:58
devils in more than 50 satellite images.
00:02:01
They then examined stereo images of around 300 dust devils in
00:02:05
order to measure their directions of movement and
00:02:07
velocities. Beckel says the stereo images can be used to
00:02:11
measure the movement of the dust devils and if you put the stereo
00:02:14
images together in a sequence, you can observe how dynamically
00:02:17
the dust devils move across the surface.
00:02:20
The results show that the dust devils and the wind surrounding
00:02:23
them on Mars can reach speeds of up to 44 metres per second. That
00:02:27
's around 160 kilometres an hour across the entire planet, which
00:02:30
is much faster than previously assumed.
00:02:33
Earlier measurements on the surface of Mars had shown that
00:02:36
winds mostly remain below 50 kilometres per hour, and in rare
00:02:39
cases can occasionally reach up to 100 kilometres an hour.
00:02:43
Mikkel says observations of the new much higher wind speeds in
00:02:47
turn influences the dust cycle on the Red Planet. Pumping a
00:02:50
considerable amount of dust into the Martian atmosphere, much
00:02:53
more than previously thought.
00:02:55
The data shows where and when winds on Mars seem to be strong
00:02:59
enough to lift dust from the surface. In fact, this is the
00:03:02
first time that such findings have been available about the
00:03:05
Red Planet on a global scale. And the results will be
00:03:08
especially crucial for planning future manned missions to Mars.
00:03:12
Better understanding of wind conditions and dynamics will
00:03:15
allow mission managers to model the Martian atmosphere and
00:03:18
associated surface processes far more precisely. This is Space
00:03:23
Time. Still to come, unlocking the secrets of Earth's deep
00:03:27
past, and NASA on track to send astronauts back to the Moon next
00:03:31
year. All that and more still to come on Space Time.
00:03:50
A new study has revealed some surprising clues about the
00:03:53
beginning of subduction on planet Earth. The Hadean Aeon,
00:03:57
spanning from 4.6 to 4 billion years ago, remains the most
00:04:01
enigmatic chapter in Earth's history.
00:04:04
It all began with the planet's formation, followed by a massive
00:04:07
collision with a Mars-Sized object called Theia, which led
00:04:10
to the creation of the Moon and the complete melting of Earth's
00:04:13
interior, turning the proto-Earth into a molten magma
00:04:16
ocean. Solidification of the Earth's crust began around 4.5
00:04:21
billion years ago.
00:04:23
But what happened next has long been debated. The prevailing
00:04:27
theory suggests that, until at least the end of the Hadean,
00:04:30
Earth was locked in what's called a stagnant lid tectonic
00:04:33
regime.
00:04:35
In this model, the planet was covered by a rigid, mobile outer
00:04:39
shell, with convection processes occurring deep in the mantle,
00:04:42
but lacking any subduction, that is, the downward sinking of
00:04:45
crusts into the Earth's interior, and continental crust
00:04:48
formation seen in modern plate tectonics.
00:04:52
But now scientists are challenging that view. A new
00:04:55
study, reported in the journal Nature Communications, suggests
00:04:59
that subduction and continental crust formation were already
00:05:02
active and more vigorous in the Hadean than previously thought.
00:05:06
Using an innovative analytical technique, the study's authors
00:05:09
measured strontium isotopes and traced elements in melt
00:05:12
inclusions which were preserved in 3.3 billion-year-old olivine
00:05:16
crystals. The authors then used cutting-edge geodynamic
00:05:19
simulations in order to interpret these geochemical
00:05:22
signals in terms of early Earth processes.
00:05:26
Their new findings are providing evidence of a far more active
00:05:29
early Earth, indicating that extensive subduction and
00:05:32
continental formation may have started hundreds of millions of
00:05:35
years earlier than previously thought.
00:05:38
This is Space Time. Still to come, NASA are on track to send
00:05:43
astronauts to the Moon next year, and later in the science
00:05:46
report, a new study has found that octopuses, or is it octopi?
00:05:50
Have a handedness. All that and more still to come on Space
00:05:54
Time.
00:06:09
NASA says it's on track to send humans back to the Moon early
00:06:13
next year. Mission managers say the Artemis II mission is
00:06:17
expected to launch in April. But it could fly as early as
00:06:20
February depending on preparations. Now, Artemis 2
00:06:24
won't land on the Moon.
00:06:25
That'll need to wait until the Artemis 3 mission in 2027. But
00:06:29
it will re-establish a human presence around the Moon,
00:06:32
sending a four-man crew on a 10-day shakedown flight, the
00:06:35
first to orbit the Moon in more than half a century. It'll
00:06:39
provide an opportunity to test the new Orion capsule with a
00:06:42
crew on board.
00:06:44
The Artemis 1 mission, which circled the Moon back in
00:06:46
November 2022, was unmanned. The multinational crew aboard
00:06:51
Artemis II will include three Americans and a Canadian, and
00:06:54
will pave the way for both the long-term habitation of the Moon
00:06:57
and eventually manned journeys to Mars and beyond.
00:07:02
And needless to say, China will be watching closely as Beijing
00:07:05
forges ahead with its own rival manned Moon program, targeting a
00:07:09
touchdown on the lunar surface in 2030 and the establishment of
00:07:12
a joint Sino-Russian base at the lunar south pole soon after.
00:07:17
As well as testing the new Orion spacecraft, the Artemis II crew
00:07:20
will also undertake numerous scientific investigations as
00:07:23
they swoop down to around 6 kilometres above the lunar
00:07:27
surface. From this altitude, they'll have a unique
00:07:31
opportunity to study the lunar far side, analysing and imaging
00:07:35
geological features on the surface, including impact
00:07:37
craters and ancient lava flows.
00:07:40
They'll be able to describe nuances in shapes, textures and
00:07:43
colours of surface features which will help reveal the
00:07:46
geological history of the area and will be crucial for the
00:07:49
upcoming Artemis III mission to the lunar south pole landing
00:07:52
site.
00:07:53
It's also an opportunity for scientists and engineers back at
00:07:56
Mission Control to collaborate during real-time operations,
00:07:59
building on years of testing and simulations. The Artemis II crew
00:08:04
will be the first humans to see some parts of the lunar far side
00:08:07
with the unaided eye.
00:08:09
During the nine Apollo missions that left Earth's orbit,
00:08:12
astronauts saw parts of the lunar far side but not all of
00:08:15
it, as they were limited by which sections were lit during
00:08:18
their orbits.
00:08:19
One of the previously unlit regions was the Oriental Basin,
00:08:23
a 1 km wide crater that serves as a transition point
00:08:26
between the near and far side and is sometimes partly visible
00:08:29
along the Moon's western edge. The astronauts may also get to
00:08:33
observe flashes of light from space rocks striking the lunar
00:08:36
surface.
00:08:38
In addition to lunar science observations, the crew will also
00:08:40
gather data on the effects of the space environment on their
00:08:44
health and performance. Data which will help inform
00:08:46
longer-term lunar exploration efforts as well as future manned
00:08:50
missions to Mars. This report from NASA TV.
00:08:54
NASA's Artemis II is the first crewed lunar mission in over 50
00:08:58
years. Four astronauts will venture around the Moon,
00:09:02
preparing humanity for a long-term lunar presence for
00:09:05
scientific discovery and exploration.
00:09:10
The 10-day test flight will demonstrate a range of deep
00:09:13
space exploration capabilities with crew. The mission will
00:09:17
prove the Orion spacecraft is ready to keep astronauts alive
00:09:21
in deep space and allow the crew and ground teams to practice
00:09:25
operations essential to the success of future missions.
00:09:32
On launch day, the Artemis II crew suits up, undergoes final
00:09:36
checks, and rides in the crew transportation vehicles to
00:09:38
Launch Pad 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
00:09:44
Stacked on the mobile launcher, NASA's 322-foot-tall SLS, or
00:09:48
Space Launch System, rocket with the Orion spacecraft awaits the
00:09:51
crew, having made its four-mile journey from the Vehicle
00:09:54
Assembly Building on the crawler-transporter to the pad.
00:09:59
The launch team fills the SLS propellant tanks with over
00:10:01
700 gallons of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, and
00:10:05
verifies guidance, communications, and avionics. At
00:10:09
12 seconds before liftoff, the hydrogen burn-off igniters fire.
00:10:13
About six seconds later, the rocket's four RS-25 engines
00:10:16
ignite. When the countdown reaches zero, the umbilicals
00:10:20
retract, giving SLS and the crew in Orion the clearance to begin
00:10:23
the journey.
00:10:29
The 6 million pound Moon rocket produces 8.8 million pounds of
00:10:33
thrust to accelerate towards space. 75% of this power comes
00:10:38
from the two 17-story solid rocket boosters. Each producing
00:10:42
3.6 million pounds of thrust.
00:10:50
About two minutes in, the boosters are released, their
00:10:52
solid propellant consumed. The core stage and its RS-25 engines
00:10:57
continue to propel Orion and the crew to space.
00:11:04
After three minutes, the protective fairings surrounding
00:11:06
Orion's service module are ejected, exposing its solar
00:11:09
arrays. Six seconds later, the launch abort system is ejected
00:11:13
from Orion. The crew has safely reached Earth orbit, though they
00:11:17
could still abort using service module engines.
00:11:22
About eight minutes after launch, the SLS core stage
00:11:24
engines shut down and the interim cryogenic propulsion
00:11:27
stage, or ICPS, and Orion separate from the core stage.
00:11:31
Orion and the ICPS are now flying free.
00:11:43
Orion's four solar arrays deploy, powering the spacecraft
00:11:47
and charging its batteries for when it moves out of direct
00:11:49
sunlight during the journey to the Moon and back.
00:11:55
After a 90-minute orbit, the engine of the rocket's upper
00:11:58
stage, or ICPS, ignites to raise Orion to a high Earth orbit. The
00:12:04
Artemis II crew and Mission Control in Houston then begin a
00:12:07
nearly 24-hour systems check while the astronauts are still
00:12:11
relatively close to Earth. Familiarizing themselves with
00:12:14
their new home for the next several days.
00:12:30
Once in high Earth orbit, Orion separates from the upper stage.
00:12:34
The expended ICPS and Orion stage adapter serve as a target
00:12:38
for a manual handling test called the Proximity Operations
00:12:42
Demonstration, preparing future crews for rendezvous, docking,
00:12:46
and undocking with other spacecraft.
00:12:49
During the demonstration, Artemis II astronauts used
00:12:52
cameras and line of sight through Orion's windows to pilot
00:12:55
the spacecraft as they approach and back away, assessing Orion's
00:12:59
handling qualities, hardware, and software.
00:13:07
Following the demonstration, spacecraft data is collected to
00:13:10
verify system performance, such as life support, communications,
00:13:14
and navigation, ensuring Orion and the crew are ready for the
00:13:17
voyage ahead.
00:13:25
About 23 hours later, Orion's service module performs the
00:13:28
Translunar Injection Burn, or TLI, pushing Orion out of Earth
00:13:32
orbit and on an approximately four-day trip to the Moon.
00:13:36
Ultimately, the crew's figure-eight flight path extends
00:13:39
more than 230 miles from Earth.
00:13:43
During the trip, the astronauts continue to evaluate the
00:13:46
spacecraft systems and practice emergency procedures like
00:13:48
testing the radiation shelter.
00:13:55
The Artemis II crew travels about 4 miles beyond the
00:13:58
Moon, becoming the first humans to lay eyes on the lunar far
00:14:02
side in over 50 years. Their observations will help us
00:14:05
prepare for future missions at the Moon.
00:14:08
During this period, there will be an anticipated communication
00:14:11
blackout between Mission Control and the spacecraft. As the crew
00:14:16
returns from the far side of the Moon, Orion is drawn home by
00:14:19
Earth's gravity in a free return trajectory, ensuring a
00:14:22
fuel-efficient four-day trip.
00:14:31
Before entering the atmosphere, Orion's crew module separates
00:14:34
from the service module.
00:14:37
Twelve thrusters ensure Orion is properly oriented at an altitude
00:14:41
of about 75 miles from Earth's surface.
00:14:50
Orion and the crew enter Earth's atmosphere at a speed of nearly
00:14:53
25 miles per hour, decelerating at a rate up to
00:14:57
four times the force of gravity the crew will feel four times
00:15:00
heavier than they do on Earth. Orion's heat shield protects the
00:15:04
spacecraft from temperatures of about 5 degrees Fahrenheit,
00:15:07
about half as hot as the surface of the sun.
00:15:12
To slow its descent, Orion begins a precise deployment
00:15:16
sequence of 11 parachutes. Three forward bay cover parachutes
00:15:20
first separate the protective thermal cover that sits over the
00:15:22
chutes.
00:15:25
Two drogues slow and stabilize the crew module, then cut free.
00:15:29
Three pilot chutes lift the three main parachutes deployed
00:15:32
at an altitude of 9 feet and traveling 130 miles per hour.
00:15:37
These chutes slow the crew module to a speed of less than
00:15:39
20 miles per hour.
00:15:43
After traveling more than 595 nautical miles, Orion
00:15:48
splashes down in the Pacific Ocean, about 50 nautical miles
00:15:51
from the California coast, just 16 minutes after entering Earth
00:15:54
's atmosphere. After splashdown, a recovery team that includes
00:15:58
the U.S.
00:15:59
Navy, Air Force, and NASA approaches Orion. The team
00:16:02
ensures it's safe for the crew to exit before divers help the
00:16:05
astronauts onto an inflatable front porch, hoist them into
00:16:08
helicopters, and fly to the recovery ship.
00:16:12
Orion is towed into the ship for its return to Kennedy Space
00:16:15
Center. Their mission complete, the crew is flown back to land
00:16:18
and step on solid ground for the first time in 10 days.
00:16:22
This is Space Time.
00:16:39
And time now to take another brief look at some of the other
00:16:42
stories making use in science this week with a science report.
00:16:46
A new study has found that people with obstructive sleep
00:16:49
apnea might suffer worse symptoms if they live in areas
00:16:52
with high levels of air pollution.
00:16:54
The findings presented to the European Respiratory Society
00:16:57
Congress looked at data for more than 19 sleep apnea patients
00:17:01
from 14 countries across Europe, including information on their
00:17:05
age, sex, body mass index and smoking status. Along with sleep
00:17:09
study information.
00:17:11
The authors combined the study data with information about air
00:17:14
pollution and found that for every increase in air pollution
00:17:17
as measured in parts per million, there was a modest but
00:17:20
measurable increase in instances of a patient stopping or slowing
00:17:23
breathing during the night.
00:17:26
A new study has found that octopuses, that's the correct
00:17:30
terminology, do have a hand in this. The findings published in
00:17:34
the journal Science Reports shows that while they may have
00:17:36
eight options instead of the two that people have, it seems they
00:17:40
choose different arms depending on the task. The authors looked
00:17:43
at videos of wild octopuses in the Caribbean and Spain.
00:17:47
They found that octopuses tend to use their front forearms to
00:17:50
explore their surroundings, while their rear arms are more
00:17:53
likely to be used for moving around. The findings are some of
00:17:56
the first to show octopuses engaging in a behavior that's
00:18:00
currently only well known in primates, rodents and fish.
00:18:05
A new study has detected disease-causing microbes in raw
00:18:08
commercial cat foods, including some that are resistant to
00:18:11
antibiotics, creating risks for both pets and their human
00:18:15
companions. The findings, reported in the journal
00:18:18
Communications Biology, found salmonella, cratobacter and E.
00:18:22
Coli in raw or partially cooked meat, salt-frozen, refrigerated
00:18:26
and freeze-dried in stores and online. Scientists at Cornell
00:18:30
University say these pathogens can transfer from pets to humans
00:18:34
and are of special concern for young children and people who
00:18:37
are old, pregnant and immunocompromised.
00:18:40
The authors warn that most of these products have no warning
00:18:43
labels on them, showing that the meat ingredients are not fully
00:18:46
cooked, indicating that they could harbour live bacteria and
00:18:49
potentially viruses and parasites that would make a
00:18:52
family very sick.
00:18:54
To reach their conclusions, the authors purchased a mix of raw
00:18:57
and conventionally cooked cat foods. They then compared the
00:19:00
communities of microorganisms in each sample, applying the same
00:19:04
methods practiced by the US Food And Drug Administration when
00:19:07
they cultured the bacterial samples.
00:19:11
A group of tourists in Cornwall claim they've discovered the
00:19:14
skull of a unicorn not far from the ruins of Tintagel Castle,
00:19:18
which is said to be the birthplace of the legendary King
00:19:21
Arthur. But Tim Mindum from Australian Skeptics says
00:19:24
paleontologists suspect that the skull is actually that of a
00:19:27
deceased pony, with a cow horn glued on top.
00:19:30
There are legends of King Arthur. It might have been based
00:19:33
on a real person. There was actually a film that came out
00:19:36
for a TV series that came out a long time ago called Arthur the
00:19:38
Warrior King, which actually set Arthur in a more Dark Ages
00:19:42
environment, huts made out of stone and twigs and that sort of
00:19:45
stuff.
00:19:46
Could be just post-Roman of the UK. Then it became elaborated on
00:19:50
with round tables and knights. And shining armour and
00:19:53
gallantry.
00:19:54
All that was added later.
00:19:55
All that stuff totally added later, you know, after the
00:19:58
French sort of...
00:19:58
Wasn't he called the Bear or the Red or something like that?
00:20:00
Arcturus.
00:20:01
Yeah.
00:20:02
Arcturus is the Latin term for the Bear, and that's where they
00:20:05
say Arthur came from.
00:20:05
Yeah, yeah, yeah.
00:20:06
The word Arthur. But there's no indication that Arthur was
00:20:10
certainly not a roundtable king. He might have been just a local
00:20:12
tribal leader, but, you know, mysteries are elaborated on and
00:20:15
the stories, the legends are continued on and built on. This
00:20:18
is a case of some family... Heading towards Tintagel, which
00:20:22
is the castle on a rocky outcrop at Cornwall, basically near the
00:20:26
very bottom of the UK, bottom left of the UK.
00:20:29
And they walked along the area, they bumped over something they
00:20:32
thought looked like a rock or something, and they dug it up,
00:20:34
and it supposedly turned out to be a unicorn skull. Now, okay,
00:20:37
for a start, Tintagel is a legendary place where Arthur was
00:20:40
supposed to have been born. That 's not necessarily true either,
00:20:42
but it's a nice place. It's a spooky-looking place. I've been
00:20:45
there, had a look at it. It's fun to go there.
00:20:47
I think the real Arthur... Arthur. Person who Arthur's
00:20:49
based on was actually Welsh.
00:20:51
Highly likely, or possible. Again, if he was Arturus, he
00:20:54
would have had a Roman name, but probably not Welsh, therefore.
00:20:58
But I mean, the whole thing is just shrouded in mystery and
00:21:00
legend and all sorts of elaborations thereupon. So you
00:21:04
have to want to see him. Did he actually exist in the first
00:21:06
place? And that's not necessarily proven.
00:21:07
He probably didn't have any association with Tim Tadgall,
00:21:10
but never mind. Sounds good. Also probably didn't have any
00:21:12
association with Glastonbury, but that's claimed as well. And
00:21:15
of course, Camelot and all that sort of things. This family dug
00:21:17
up this stone. They said, oh, it 's a unicorn skull because it's
00:21:20
got a horsey head looking thing with a big bone coming out of
00:21:23
the front.
00:21:23
So they took it back around. They thought it was very
00:21:25
interesting. They took it to a local pub, naturally. That's
00:21:27
what you do. And the guy said, oh, can I have that? The
00:21:29
publican said, can I keep it? I'll give you all the beer you
00:21:31
want. Kept it. And now it's sort of a piece on show. So it's on
00:21:34
display in the pub.
00:21:35
So what is it? Is it a malformed goat head or something?
00:21:38
People suggest it's two bones, right? It's a pony's head with a
00:21:41
thing stuck on the front of it. Ah, right. Something as simple
00:21:44
as that. You don't need to be too malformed. And of course,
00:21:47
you know, the people have found it and said, oh no, we didn't
00:21:48
fake it.
00:21:49
Like the Fiji mermaid.
00:21:50
Like the Fiji mermaid. People have found it and said, oh no,
00:21:52
no, we didn't fake it. Heaven forbid that we should do that.
00:21:55
Yeah, it's probably a fake, I dare say, because there's never
00:21:58
been any evidence that unicorns ever existed, even though a lot
00:22:00
of countries have them on their coat of arms. A depiction of a
00:22:03
rhino, who knows?
00:22:04
Certainly there is an occasional goat and things that has a
00:22:06
malformed goat head with a single horn at the front or two
00:22:09
horns sort of twine around each other. That could be the source
00:22:12
of it, but this looks a pretty classic unicorn, although the
00:22:14
bone out of the front is not as long as some depictions of
00:22:18
unicorns have it, as in Harry Potter.
00:22:20
Wingardium Leviosa.
00:22:22
But, no, I think we'll say this is a fun one. It's a skakon. If
00:22:25
someone's made it and someone's found it, or the people who
00:22:28
found it made it, who knows? There's no evidence to say it's
00:22:30
a unicorn. But it's fun.
00:22:32
That's Tim Mindum from Australian Skeptics.
00:22:50
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