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Stuart Gary: This is space time series 29 episode
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130 for broadcast on 30 October
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2026. Coming up on Space Time,
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Europe's plans for an OASIS on the Moon.
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When they do start building cities on the
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moon, should you move there, we'll take a
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look at the issues and neutrinos
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holding clues to some of the universe's
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biggest secrets. All that and more
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coming up on, um, Space Time.
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Stuart Gary: Welcome to Space Time with Stuart
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G.
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Stuart Gary: The European Space Agency is looking at
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developing its own moon base, a facility that
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would supply energy, communications, data
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handling and logistics on the lunar surface.
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The Outpost for Advanced Scientific
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Investigation Station, or oasis, could
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provide scientists with an integrated
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infrastructure designed to survive the long
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cold 15 Earth Day lunar nights.
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ESUS says the prolonged days of darkness and
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plummeting temperatures can severely damage
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electrical equipment without power or thermal
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protection to ride out the darkness. OASIS
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would replace the need for long duration
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payloads carrying their own complex systems
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for power and communications. It would
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collect solar energy during the lunar day,
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producing at least 75 watts of continuous
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power during daylight and 15 watts from banks
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of batteries during the lunar night. Along
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with communications, data hack handling and
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data storage. Detachable harness cable
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connections would feed payloads mounted on a
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lunar lander, as well as three separate
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deployable harnesses for payloads on the
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lunar surface. Scientists would simply plug
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their experiments into Oasis, rather than
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each experiment needing its own life support
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system to survive the long night. This would
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allow scientific instruments to continue
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operating for years instead of just a single
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lunar day. Oasis could also include
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parking bays. Lunar rovers could be stored
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and recharged. And ESA's
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plans for the moon don't end there. They're
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also developing their own lunar lander called
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Argonaut, which would carry 1,500 kilogrammes
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of payload to the lunar south pole using the
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Ariane 64 booster. Italy's
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Thales Alenius Space is already building the
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lunar descent element. Current
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plans call for the first mission, Argonaut 1
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to launch by the end of 2030, with follow up
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UH missions roughly every two to three years.
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ESA is also developing its own constellation
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of lunar communications and navigation
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satellites called Project Moonlight.
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Moonlight would include one for high rate
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data communications, with the other four
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being for navigation. The first would launch
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in 2028 and the four constellations should be
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up and running by 2030. This is
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space time still to come.
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When they do start building cities on the
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moon, should you move there, we'll take a
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look at the issues and neutrinos
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holding clues to the universe's biggest
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secrets. All that, and, uh, more still to
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come on spacetime.
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A new study warns that a self sustaining city
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on the moon Would likely fail after around a
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decade, with billionaires turning their focus
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to space. In recent years, two researchers
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have looked at how a proposed village or even
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a city on the moon would work, and whether
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there'd be enough natural resources there to
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sustain communities without having to bring
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water and power from earth. The authors found
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that while access to sunlight Makes
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sustainable power generation possible,
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there's only a finite amount of water
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available, which means a small city Would
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likely run out of water after about a decade
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or so, Even if they were recycling their
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water as efficiently as on the international
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space station. The research shows that
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without recycling, A city of, say, a million
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people Would exhaust the entire estimated
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lunar water supply within about two years.
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And with extreme 98% water recycling, which
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is similar to what happens on the
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international space station, the supply would
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only last roughly 100 years. And however,
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lower realistic estimates of lunar water
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Means even a small city could run out within
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a decade. The alternative would be a smaller,
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uh, moon village of about 1,000 people, which
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is comparable with research stations in
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Antarctica. The findings, reported in the
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journal frontiers in space technologies,
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Found that a smaller village or town of no
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more than a thousand people could be
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sustainable for centuries with carefree water
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use. This is space time
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still to come, neutrinos holding clues to the
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universe's biggest secrets. And later in the
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science report, A new study warns that kids
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from socioeconomically disadvantaged families
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are, uh, more likely to have autism spectrum
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disorder. All that and more still to come
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on space time,
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Foreign.
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Two new experiments Involving ghostly
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particles called neutrinos could provide
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science with new clues about the evolution of
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our universe, Especially during its early
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days. Neutrinos are, uh, weakly interacting
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elemental particles Produced in things like
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the cores of stars, in nuclear reactors, in
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supernovae, and in atomic explosions.
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They're so weakly interacting that there are
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millions of them Passing through you right
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now. They're called neutrinos because they
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have no electric charge, Only half spin,
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and almost no mass. That means they can
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travel at close to the speed of light.
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They're the most common particle with mass in
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the universe. Only the massless photon is
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more numerous. Neutrinos come in three
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basic types known as flavours. Electron,
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muon, and tau, each with its own antimatter
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counterpart. But one of the strangest
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qualities of these already strange elemental
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particles Is their ability to oscillate
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between flavours. So a neutrino which
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may have started its life in the sun's core
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as, say, a muon neutrino, could arrive at a
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detector on Earth as an electron or tau
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neutrino. And because they travel unhindered
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across the cosmos, ultra high energy
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neutrinos give astronomers an unabsorbed
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direct window into high energy cosmic events
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like supernovae and black holes.
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Quantum models suggest that heavy decoupled
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neutrinos from the early universe may help
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explain why antimatter disappeared after the
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Big Bang, leaving behind a universe made
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mostly of normal matter. One of the study's
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authors, Zoya Villari from Ohio State
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University and the NUMMI Off Axis V
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appearance or NOVA experiment says
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understanding neutrinos can answer key
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questions about the evolution of the
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universe. In an effort to better understand
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the shape shifting behaviour of neutrino
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oscillation, the NOVA experiment in the
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United States, together with the T2K
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experiment in Japan, have combined forces to
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shoot beams of neutrino particles over
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hundreds of kilometres, measuring how their
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flavours change throughout their journey.
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Despite having similar goals, the two
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experiments used very different neutrino uh
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energies and they studied the oscillations
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over different distances. NOVA sent a beam
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of muon neutrinos from the US Department of
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Energy's Fermi National Accelerator
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Laboratory Fermilab near Chicago to a
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detector in Ash River, Minnesota. And the
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T2K experiment sent their muon
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neutrinos from the east coast of Japan across
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the country to a detector in the mountains of
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western Japan. Valeri says
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while both groups goals were the same,
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differences in experiment design adds more
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information when the data is all pooled
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together. While this new study, reported
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in the journal Nature, builds on previous
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work that found tiny but still very
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consequential differences in neutrino mass
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for each type, researchers are looking for
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deeper hints that neutrinos operate outside
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the standard laws of particle physics.
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One such question is whether neutrinos and
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their antimatter counterparts behave
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differently, a phenomenon called charge
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parity violation. Neutrinos are a
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fascinating if difficult to study subject,
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and this look at the history of neutrinos
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with Dr. Don Lincoln from Fermilab.
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The transcript includes various speakers, but the main i: The subatomic world is full of all sorts of
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unfamiliar particles with names like quarks,
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which is not the sound that an Australian
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duck makes to bosons, which isn't a clown
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particle. Each have their respective
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personalities and behaviours. However, one of
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the particles is particularly curious.
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This class of particles is called the
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neutrinos. Neutrinos are the
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ghosts of the subatomic world, they interact
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less than any of the other known particles,
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Even though we are constantly bombarded by
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them. In fact, something like 650
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trillion of them Are hitting you every
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second. It took 30 years to prove that they
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exist at all. So let me tell you their story.
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To start with, we need to go back to 1930,
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when they were first proposed. It turned out
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that there was a maddening little problem
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With a kind of radioactive decay called beta
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decay. Beta decay is when an
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atomic nucleus Emits an electron, and the
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nucleus changes from one element to another.
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This is kind of like the alchemist's dream of
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changing lead into gold. Although the actual
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elements were different at the time, the
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emitted electrons Were called beta particles,
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which is where the decay got its name. The
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problem was that when the energy of the
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original nucleus Was compared To the combined
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energy of the daughter nucleus and the
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electron, the books didn't balance. After
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the decay, energy was missing.
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Since one of the most dearly held ideas of
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physics Is that energy can't be created or
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destroyed, the observation of the loss of
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energy in beta decay Sends the research world
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into a tizzy. Lots of ideas were
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considered, including the possibility that
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perhaps in the quantum world, that energy
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could disappear. In
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1930, physicist Wolfgang Pauli Came up
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with the idea that the reason that the energy
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was missing Was that because there was an
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unobserved particle emitted in beta decay.
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If that was true, the unobserved particle
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could carry away the energy, and the mystery
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was explained. These particles have come to
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be called neutrinos. There are four
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known forces. Two familiar ones Called
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gravity and electromagnetism, and two ones
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that aren't familiar, Called the strong and
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weak nuclear forces. Neutrinos
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do not interact with the strong and
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electromagnetic forces. We know that because
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if they did, they'd be very easy to see.
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Neutrinos do experience the weak nuclear
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force and gravity. Of the two, the weak force
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is the stronger of the two by far. For
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all practical purposes, Neutrinos interact
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Only via the weak nuclear force, and the
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weak nuclear force is aptly named. To give
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you a sense of how weak it is, Let me give
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you an example. Neutrinos originate from
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nuclear reactions M and the biggest nuclear
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reactor around is the sun. The sun emits
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so many neutrinos that, even though that is
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about 93 million miles away, something
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like 650 trillion neutrinos from
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the sun Hit you every second.
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So suppose you wanted to shield yourself from
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that steady barrage of neutrinos. How would
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you do that? Well, if you took a huge block
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of solid lead that extended from the nearest
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star, and I'm not talking about the Sun, I'm
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talking about Alpha Centauri, which is about
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4, 5 light years away, you'd be able to block
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something like half the neutrinos from the
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Sun. If five light years of
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solid lead has such a poor shield, then there
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is no way you can stop them. Even if you use
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the entire Earth as your protection, most
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neutrinos blow right through the planet just
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like it's not even there. Neutrinos really
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don't interact very much.
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So how did we detect them? Since neutrinos
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are emitted from nuclear interactions, one
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early idea was to put a neutrino detector
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near a nuclear detonation.
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However, that idea was quickly nixed as
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being, well, unnecessarily dramatic. So no
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bomb. Instead, in
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1955, physicists put a neutrino
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detector near a nuclear power plant and
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basically turned the plant on and off, on.
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And the detector saw more neutrinos off. And
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it saw less on and off, on and off.
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That's, uh, essentially all it took.
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In the last half century and more, neutrinos
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have been studied in great detail. There is
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no longer any question of their existence. We
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have observed them from many nuclear reactors
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and can even generate beams of them and shoot
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them hundreds of miles through the Earth to
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distant detectors. We have seen neutrinos
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that were created in distant supernovae.
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We have even observed neutrinos emitted from
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the radioactive material inside the Earth.
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Neutrinos are now familiar denizens of the
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particle world. While the original idea of
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neutrinos supposed that there was only a
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single kind of neutrino, it turns out that
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there are actually three distinct variants.
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One class of neutrino is associated with
306
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electrons and is called the electron type
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neutrino. The other two kinds of neutrinos
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are associated with cousins of the electron,
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the muon and the tau. Accordingly, these
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other types are called muon neutrinos and tau
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neutrinos. Scientists use the lowercase
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Greek letter nuke to indicate a neutrino with
313
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a subscript to tell you what kind it is.
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The way scientists discovered that there were
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three different kinds of neutrinos is that
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neutrinos seem to remember their origins.
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For instance, an experiment in 1962 created
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neutrinos in tandem with a muon. If
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one of those neutrinos was then collided into
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an atomic nucleus, only muons were generated
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in the Collision never electrons and never
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tau particles. The neutrino remembered how it
323
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was made. This observation led to a
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Nobel Prize in 1988
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with the observation that neutrinos have
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distinct types. Scientists thought that they
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understood neutrinos reasonably well.
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However, they continued to study them. In
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1964, one scientist wanted to study
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neutrinos originated in the biggest nuclear
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reactor around the sun.
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Raymond Davis was a chemist by trade. He knew
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that neutrinos could interact with chlorine
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and make argon. He also knew that neutrinos
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interacted very weakly and he'd need a huge
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number of chlorine atoms to make it work. So
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he took a huge vat of
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perchloroethylene, which is just a scientific
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name for dry cleaning fluid. The vat
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00:14:19.890 --> 00:14:22.690
contained 100,000 gallons of
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liquid. That's about the size of an Olympic
342
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sized swimming pool. He calculated that for
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every week of operation, that he could expect
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to create 10 atoms of argon.
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Yeah, you heard me right. 10 atoms. 1, 2,
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3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10.
347
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Now that number should have blown your mind.
348
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His vat contained about 9 million million
349
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million million million atoms of
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chlorine. And 10 of them should be
351
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converted to argon. This just sounds
352
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impossible. And yet it turned out that Davis
353
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could do just that. So what
354
00:14:57.000 --> 00:14:59.400
did he find? Well, it turns out that he
355
00:14:59.400 --> 00:15:01.640
didn't find the ten atoms he expected. He
356
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found only three. The easiest explanation
357
00:15:04.560 --> 00:15:06.240
was that either the prediction or the
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00:15:06.240 --> 00:15:08.840
measurement was wrong. And yet many follow on
359
00:15:08.840 --> 00:15:10.920
experiments confirmed his results. He was
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detecting fewer neutrinos than expected.
361
00:15:13.760 --> 00:15:15.800
This came to be called the solar neutrino
362
00:15:15.800 --> 00:15:18.800
deficit. Now, uh, you should be forgiven
363
00:15:18.800 --> 00:15:21.440
if you believe that somehow the entire field
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of neutrino physics made a huge mistake.
365
00:15:23.960 --> 00:15:26.400
However, another class of experiments told a
366
00:15:26.400 --> 00:15:28.880
similar tale. Another source of
367
00:15:28.880 --> 00:15:31.400
neutrinos came from cosmic rays, which is the
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constant pelting of high energy protons from
369
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the deepest space slamming into the
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atmosphere.
371
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Because of how the cosmic rays interact, each
372
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electron type neutrino should be accompanied
373
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by two muon type neutrinos. While the
374
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solar neutrino deficit could have been due to
375
00:15:46.240 --> 00:15:48.480
improper measurement or calculation, it is
376
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very difficult to imagine how neutrinos from
377
00:15:50.480 --> 00:15:52.850
cosmic rays could occur in any, any ratio
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other than one electron type to two muon
379
00:15:55.730 --> 00:15:58.170
types. So what was measured?
380
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Well, different experiments observed
381
00:16:00.370 --> 00:16:02.170
different results, but it was generally true
382
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that there were fewer muon neutrinos than
383
00:16:03.890 --> 00:16:06.690
expected. Another mystery had appeared, this
384
00:16:06.690 --> 00:16:08.730
one called the atmospheric neutrino problem.
385
00:16:09.770 --> 00:16:12.570
In the mid to late 1950s, Italian born
386
00:16:12.570 --> 00:16:14.570
physicist Bruno Pontecorvo
387
00:16:15.050 --> 00:16:17.610
hypothesised that it would be possible for
388
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the different flavours of neutrinos to
389
00:16:19.130 --> 00:16:21.620
oscillate into one another. If the idea was
390
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true, then a bunch of electron neutrinos
391
00:16:23.700 --> 00:16:26.220
could gradually morph into muon neutrinos and
392
00:16:26.220 --> 00:16:29.020
then back again to electron neutrinos. At the
393
00:16:29.020 --> 00:16:30.940
time he came up with the idea, only one kind
394
00:16:30.940 --> 00:16:33.060
of neutrino was known to exist. So his
395
00:16:33.060 --> 00:16:35.300
proposed oscillations were of neutrinos into
396
00:16:35.300 --> 00:16:37.700
their antimatter equivalents. However,
397
00:16:38.020 --> 00:16:39.740
we now know that the right way to think about
398
00:16:39.740 --> 00:16:41.540
neutrino oscillations is between the three
399
00:16:41.540 --> 00:16:44.340
distinct types. The
400
00:16:44.340 --> 00:16:46.020
first compelling evidence for neutrino
401
00:16:46.020 --> 00:16:48.930
oscillations came in 1998 using the Super
402
00:16:48.930 --> 00:16:50.970
Kamiokande experiment in Japan.
403
00:16:51.690 --> 00:16:54.170
This detector is a huge underground cavern
404
00:16:54.170 --> 00:16:56.930
filled with 50,000 tons of
405
00:16:56.930 --> 00:16:58.970
water surrounded by detectors called
406
00:16:58.970 --> 00:17:01.730
phototubes. Rare neutrinos would
407
00:17:01.730 --> 00:17:03.410
interact in the water and give off a blink of
408
00:17:03.410 --> 00:17:05.570
light. Using that blink of light, you could
409
00:17:05.570 --> 00:17:07.450
identify the trajectory of the neutrino
410
00:17:08.650 --> 00:17:10.850
by separating it out. Neutrinos created the
411
00:17:10.850 --> 00:17:13.530
atmosphere directly above, which was about 12
412
00:17:13.530 --> 00:17:15.780
miles away, from neutrinos created on the
413
00:17:15.780 --> 00:17:17.940
other side of the Earth, which was about
414
00:17:17.940 --> 00:17:19.140
8,000 miles away.
415
00:17:19.140 --> 00:17:21.500
They proved that it was the neutrinos that
416
00:17:21.500 --> 00:17:23.420
travelled a large distance that had changed
417
00:17:23.420 --> 00:17:26.380
their identity most. The snow experiment
418
00:17:26.380 --> 00:17:29.180
in a mine deep under Sudbury, Ontario,
419
00:17:29.260 --> 00:17:31.380
clinched it. Neutrinos were changing their
420
00:17:31.380 --> 00:17:34.140
identity. In the past decade,
421
00:17:34.140 --> 00:17:35.860
scientists have studied neutrino oscillation
422
00:17:35.860 --> 00:17:37.780
using beams of neutrinos made at particle
423
00:17:37.780 --> 00:17:39.940
physics laboratories. The Fermilab
424
00:17:39.940 --> 00:17:42.090
accelerator near Chicago, the CERN
425
00:17:42.090 --> 00:17:44.450
accelerator near Geneva, Switzerland, and the
426
00:17:44.450 --> 00:17:47.130
KEK accelerator in Japan all fire
427
00:17:47.130 --> 00:17:49.050
beams of neutrinos through the Earth to
428
00:17:49.050 --> 00:17:50.770
targets hundreds of miles away.
429
00:17:51.250 --> 00:17:53.050
These experiments have made tremendous
430
00:17:53.050 --> 00:17:55.210
headway in understanding the phenomenon of
431
00:17:55.210 --> 00:17:58.170
neutrino oscillation. However, there remain
432
00:17:58.170 --> 00:18:00.570
significant questions in the details of
433
00:18:00.570 --> 00:18:01.570
neutrino oscillations.
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Stuart Gary: And in that report from the United States
435
00:18:03.490 --> 00:18:05.050
Department of Energy's Fermi National
436
00:18:05.050 --> 00:18:07.330
Accelerator, we heard from Dr. Don Lincoln
437
00:18:07.510 --> 00:18:10.390
from Fermilab. This is space, time.
438
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And time. Now to take another brief look at
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00:18:27.390 --> 00:18:28.910
some of the other stories making news in
440
00:18:28.910 --> 00:18:31.870
science this week with the Science report. A
441
00:18:31.870 --> 00:18:34.310
new study claims kids from socioeconomically
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00:18:34.310 --> 00:18:36.790
disadvantaged and immigrant families are more
443
00:18:36.790 --> 00:18:39.190
likely to be diagnosed with autism spectrum
444
00:18:39.330 --> 00:18:41.650
disorder. The findings reported in the
445
00:18:41.650 --> 00:18:43.570
Journal of the American Medical association
446
00:18:43.650 --> 00:18:45.570
are, uh, based on the Canadian study of over
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2.3 million children born between
448
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2002 and 2020. The
449
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authors found the rates of autism were
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highest in kids from the most
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socioeconomically disadvantaged, lowest
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income neighbourhoods and born to immigrant
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mothers, and these differences worsened over
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time. Kids from these areas were also more
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likely to have been exposed to diabetes
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during their mother's pregnancy, as well as
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severe pregnancy complications and
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prematurity, which the authors may have
459
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contributed to these differences.
460
00:19:14.910 --> 00:19:17.110
A new study warns that many of the world's
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major cities are uh, sinking. The findings
462
00:19:19.830 --> 00:19:21.830
reported in the journal Nature are based on
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high resolution satellite data collected
464
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between 2014 and 2023 to measure land
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movement across 465 cities in
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107 countries. The authors found that
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parts of Mexico City, Bandung in Indonesia
468
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and Isfahan in Iran were experiencing the
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most sinking. Their authors also looked at
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multiple cities across Australia, including
471
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Sydney, Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne,
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Newcastle and Perth, but found none of the
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Aussie cities came close to the likes of
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Mexico and Indonesia.
475
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A University of Melbourne led study has
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identified new insights and evidence that
477
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could help significantly mitigate the fast
478
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rising climate impact of lithium ion
479
00:20:00.360 --> 00:20:03.200
batteries. The study's modelling found that
480
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by 2050 demand for lithium ion batteries used
481
00:20:06.120 --> 00:20:08.480
in electric cars, vans, buses, trucks and
482
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battery energy storage systems could rise 20
483
00:20:11.020 --> 00:20:13.620
fold, leading to a tenfold increase in their
484
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supply chain greenhouse gas emissions. The
485
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author's report in the journal One Earth also
486
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identified ways to reduce global lithium ion
487
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battery emissions on um, par with the annual
488
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emissions of the European Union.
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A new study suggests that a man laid to rest
490
00:20:29.940 --> 00:20:32.420
in a Roman sarcophagus in Westminster Abbey
491
00:20:32.420 --> 00:20:34.580
isn't who he's supposed to be. In
492
00:20:34.580 --> 00:20:37.380
1869 a skeleton was found inside
493
00:20:37.380 --> 00:20:39.500
the limestone sarcophagus which bore an
494
00:20:39.500 --> 00:20:41.780
inscription to Valerius Amandius, a wealthy
495
00:20:41.780 --> 00:20:43.800
Briton who lived in the city around the years
496
00:20:43.800 --> 00:20:45.040
300 to 400.
497
00:20:45.600 --> 00:20:47.600
However, the lid of the sarcophagus was
498
00:20:47.600 --> 00:20:49.640
carved with a Latin cross from the 10th or
499
00:20:49.640 --> 00:20:51.840
11th century, leaving the true identity of
500
00:20:51.840 --> 00:20:54.000
the skeleton inside somewhat of a mystery
501
00:20:54.720 --> 00:20:57.040
now. A new analysis of the remains reported
502
00:20:57.120 --> 00:20:58.960
in the Journal of the British Archaeological
503
00:20:58.960 --> 00:21:01.400
association showed the deceased man was
504
00:21:01.400 --> 00:21:04.400
between 35 and 49 years old, around
505
00:21:04.400 --> 00:21:06.880
5 foot 9 inches in height, with carbon dating
506
00:21:06.880 --> 00:21:08.880
of the bones suggesting that he lived between
507
00:21:08.880 --> 00:21:11.520
the years 987 and 1052.
508
00:21:12.300 --> 00:21:14.380
Archaeologists working for Westminster Abbey
509
00:21:14.380 --> 00:21:16.380
believe the burns belonged to a high ranking
510
00:21:16.380 --> 00:21:18.780
mediaeval monk, Alweg, who was an abbot at
511
00:21:18.780 --> 00:21:21.460
the abbey and died around 1020 or possibly
512
00:21:21.460 --> 00:21:23.420
successor Woolnorth, who died in the year
513
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1049. A
514
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psychologist has identified three mental
515
00:21:28.580 --> 00:21:31.020
triggers that may help explain many so called
516
00:21:31.020 --> 00:21:33.820
ghost encounters. Dr. Melissa Maffeo
517
00:21:33.820 --> 00:21:36.420
says pure research suggests some 18% of
518
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American adults Claim to have seen ghosts.
519
00:21:39.370 --> 00:21:41.570
The sceptics. Timms Mendham says she stops
520
00:21:41.570 --> 00:21:43.610
short of declaring that ghosts aren't real,
521
00:21:43.610 --> 00:21:46.250
but lays out three specific factors that make
522
00:21:46.250 --> 00:21:48.690
some people far more prone to believe that
523
00:21:48.690 --> 00:21:49.690
they've encountered one.
524
00:21:49.690 --> 00:21:51.930
Tim Mendham: You come down to a basic idea. Is our ghosts
525
00:21:51.930 --> 00:21:53.770
real? And that might be an issue as well,
526
00:21:53.770 --> 00:21:55.370
where people see that there's a person who's
527
00:21:55.370 --> 00:21:57.290
coming up with particular ideas of what might
528
00:21:57.290 --> 00:21:59.410
influence people to believe that the ghost is
529
00:21:59.410 --> 00:22:01.690
real. The first one they suggest is that EMF
530
00:22:01.690 --> 00:22:03.770
machines, electromagnetic frequencies, are
531
00:22:03.770 --> 00:22:05.650
the machines that pick up to magnetic fields.
532
00:22:05.650 --> 00:22:07.450
I think is the actual term, excuse me, that
533
00:22:07.690 --> 00:22:09.890
pick up signals from wherever and it goes
534
00:22:09.890 --> 00:22:11.330
click, click, click on your. On your. Little
535
00:22:11.330 --> 00:22:12.530
like a Geiger counter thing.
536
00:22:12.530 --> 00:22:14.490
Stuart Gary: Yeah, we call them radios in my business.
537
00:22:15.530 --> 00:22:17.330
Tim Mendham: Well, it has to have a dial that swings
538
00:22:17.330 --> 00:22:19.250
around like a little all by itself. The
539
00:22:19.250 --> 00:22:21.090
answer, this person suggests is that these
540
00:22:21.090 --> 00:22:22.530
machines themselves are putting out
541
00:22:22.530 --> 00:22:25.530
frequencies which affects people's ability to
542
00:22:25.770 --> 00:22:28.290
assess a situation like infrasound, low
543
00:22:28.290 --> 00:22:30.450
sound, various sort of different types of
544
00:22:30.450 --> 00:22:32.850
sound frequencies that give people the sense
545
00:22:32.850 --> 00:22:35.690
of something, uneasiness, if you like, in an
546
00:22:35.690 --> 00:22:37.970
environment. And that therefore, rather than
547
00:22:37.970 --> 00:22:40.470
the machine reacting to a ghost presence,
548
00:22:40.470 --> 00:22:42.710
it's the machine is giving out a frequency
549
00:22:42.710 --> 00:22:44.710
that makes people think of ghosts. And
550
00:22:44.710 --> 00:22:46.070
certainly there are stories of interest,
551
00:22:46.310 --> 00:22:48.470
sound giving people sort of weird feelings,
552
00:22:48.520 --> 00:22:51.070
uh, unsure if you like. So yeah, maybe that
553
00:22:51.070 --> 00:22:53.110
is true. I don't know how effective that is.
554
00:22:53.190 --> 00:22:55.349
Then there's the. What's called the brain's
555
00:22:55.349 --> 00:22:58.310
wiring, the ability to track what's in the
556
00:22:58.310 --> 00:23:00.280
body, what's outside the body called, uh,
557
00:23:00.280 --> 00:23:02.950
temporoparietal junction. Try and say that
558
00:23:02.950 --> 00:23:05.350
one quickly. And that basically allows you to
559
00:23:05.350 --> 00:23:07.150
track where our body ends and where the
560
00:23:07.150 --> 00:23:08.790
outside world begins. And it's saying if
561
00:23:08.790 --> 00:23:10.110
there's a glitch in that, you're having
562
00:23:10.110 --> 00:23:11.770
trouble sort of differentiating between you
563
00:23:11.770 --> 00:23:13.160
and what's out there in the environment. Now,
564
00:23:13.160 --> 00:23:15.130
uh, that might give you an eerie sense that
565
00:23:15.130 --> 00:23:17.530
someone or something is present. Because you
566
00:23:17.530 --> 00:23:19.050
can't really differentiate. Perhaps with you
567
00:23:19.050 --> 00:23:20.130
that's present, you can't really
568
00:23:20.130 --> 00:23:21.850
differentiate between the two. The third one
569
00:23:21.850 --> 00:23:24.450
that they suggest is a possible reason why
570
00:23:24.450 --> 00:23:26.690
some people see ghosts is personality.
571
00:23:26.690 --> 00:23:29.410
Well, yeah, some people are more disposed
572
00:23:29.410 --> 00:23:31.370
towards believing in supernatural. The
573
00:23:31.370 --> 00:23:33.810
paranormal is for whatever reasons, societal,
574
00:23:33.810 --> 00:23:36.210
environmental, personal, mental, sort of
575
00:23:36.210 --> 00:23:37.770
whatever they have. And that some people are
576
00:23:37.770 --> 00:23:39.130
not. Well, you're starting off with that
577
00:23:39.130 --> 00:23:40.970
belief anyway. That idea that some people
578
00:23:40.970 --> 00:23:43.010
tend to want to believe and some people don't
579
00:23:43.010 --> 00:23:44.470
know necessarily want to believe. The level
580
00:23:44.470 --> 00:23:46.110
of evidence required, that's nothing
581
00:23:46.110 --> 00:23:47.790
particularly exciting about that. I mean,
582
00:23:47.790 --> 00:23:49.310
sure, there are probably a lot of reasons why
583
00:23:49.310 --> 00:23:51.150
people believe they see ghosts, and I think
584
00:23:51.150 --> 00:23:52.870
the personality is probably the the biggest
585
00:23:52.870 --> 00:23:55.030
one. Their inclination to believe is probably
586
00:23:55.030 --> 00:23:56.190
a really good, pretty good reason.
587
00:23:56.190 --> 00:23:58.750
Stuart Gary: That's the sceptics. Tim Mendham and this is
588
00:23:58.750 --> 00:23:59.549
Space Time.
589
00:24:15.160 --> 00:24:18.080
And that's the show for now. Space Time is
590
00:24:18.080 --> 00:24:20.280
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Stuart Gary: You've been listening to Space Time with
610
00:25:03.370 --> 00:25:06.170
Stuart Gary. This has been another quality
611
00:25:06.170 --> 00:25:08.530
podcast Production from bytes.com.
