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This is space time series 26 episode 117 for broadcast on the
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29th of September 2023. Coming up on space time. NASA's Parker
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Solar Probe slammed by a powerful coronal mass ejection.
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NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover undertakes its most difficult
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climb ever and have alien mummies turned up in Mexico, all
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that and more coming up on space time.
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Welcome to space time with Stuart Garry.
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NASA's Parker Solar Probe has just been hit by one of the most
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powerful coronal mass ejections ever recorded. Not only did it
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successfully fly through the event, but it came out the other
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side virtually unscathed. The spectacular achievement was not
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only an impressive feat of engineering but also a massive
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boom for the scientific community.
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Criminal mass ejections are powerful explosions, blasting
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billions of tons of solar material including ros
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electrons, neutrons, alpha particles, the magnetic field
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into space, they're triggered by sunspot activity, generating
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solar flares and they cause geomagnetic storms or space
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weather events that can have disastrous effects on Earth
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including communications and navigation disruptions, power
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blackouts, the damage or destruction of spacecraft and
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higher radiation doses for astronauts in space.
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Parker's successful journey through a coronal mass ejection
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has now helped scientists confirm a 20 year old hypothesis
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about the interaction of coronal mass ejections with
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interplanetary dust. And the findings reported in the
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Astrophysical journal will also have implications for space
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weather forecasts.
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A 20 year three paper theorized that coronal mass ejections
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could interact with interplanetary dust in orbit
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around the sun and even carry the dust outwards like wind
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blowing sand here on Earth. And learning how these events can
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interact with interplanetary dust will help scientists
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predict how quickly a coronal mass ejection will travel from
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the sun to the Earth.
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Forecasting when the planet could see first impact. The
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study's lead author Guillermo Stenberg from the Johns Hopkins
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Applied Physics Laboratory says these interactions between
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coronal mass ejections and dust were theorized two decades ago
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but were not observed until Parker Solar Probe viewed a
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coronal mass ejection act like a vacuum cleaner, clearing the
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dust out of its path.
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This dust is made up of tiny particles from asteroids comets
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and especially from Martian dust storms and it's present
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throughout the solar system and we can even see it from Earth. A
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type of faint glow called the zodiac or light is sometimes
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visible just after sunset or shortly before sunrise.
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The Parker observations showed that the coronal mass ejection
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displaced the dust all the way out to about 10 million
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kilometers from the sun. That's about 1/6 of the distance
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between the sun and mercury. But interestingly, it was
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replenished almost immediately by more interplanetary dust
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floating through the solar system.
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In situ observations by Parker were critical in this discovery
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because characterizing dust dynamics in the wake of coronal
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mass ejections is challenging at a distance. According to Stan
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Bor and colleagues, Parker's observations could also provide
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insights into related phenomena lower down the corona such as
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coronal dimming caused by low density areas of the corona that
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often appear after coronal mass ejections erupt.
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Scientists observe the interaction between the coronal
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mass ejection and interplanetary dust as decreased brightness in
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images taken by Parker's whisper wide field imager camera.
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This happens because interplanetary dust reflects
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slight amplifying brightness when the dust is present to
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locate this occurrence of decreased brightness. The team
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had to compute the average background brightness of
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whispers images across several similar orbits, sifting out
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normal brightness variations that occurred due to solar
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streamers and other changes in the solar corona.
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Parker had orbited the sun four times at the same distance,
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allowing the authors to compare data from one past to the next
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by removing brightness variations due to coronal shifts
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and other phenomena. They were able to isolate the variations
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caused by dust depletion because scientists have only observed
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this effect in connection with this one event.
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Stenberg and colleagues theorize that dust depletion may only
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occur with the most powerful coronal mass ejections.
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Nevertheless, studying the physics behind these
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interactions will have implications for space weather
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predictions. Parker recently completed its sixth Venus fly by
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using the planet's gravity to slingshot itself even closer to
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the sun.
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A trajectory will follow for the next five close approaches. And
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all this is occurring as the sun itself is approaching solar
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Maxima the most active period in its 11 year solar cycle where
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sun spots and solar activity reach their most abundant as the
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sun's activity increases.
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Scientists hope to have an opportunity to see more of these
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phenomena and explore how they affect the Earth's environment
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and interplanetary medium. This is space time still to come.
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NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover undertakes its most difficult
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climb on the red planet yet and have alien mummies turned up in
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Mexico, all that and more still to come on space time.
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Well, it's taken three attempts but NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover
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has finally arrived at Gadis Valli Ridge, a mound of mud and
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boulders piled up by a massive ancient flood. The site's long
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been a target for mission managers, but it turned out to
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be the most difficult climb.
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The car size six wheeled rover has ever undertaken 3 billion
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years ago. Amid one of the last wet periods on Mars, powerful
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debris flows carried rocks dirt and regolith down the side of
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Mount Sharp Gal Crater's five kilometer high central peak.
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This debris spread out into a fan that was later eroded by
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Martian winds into a towering ridge, preserving an intriguing
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record of the red planet's watery past now. After three
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attempts, NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover has finally reached the
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ridge. Previous forays were stymied by knife edged gator,
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back rocks and slopes which was simply too steep to climb.
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But now following its arrival on the ridge, scientists can
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finally study this long sought after geology curiosity project
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scientist, Ashwin Vasavada from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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in Pasadena, California says that after three years,
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scientists finally found a spot where Mars allowed curiosity to
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safely access the steep bridge.
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The rope has been setting the lower part of Mount Sharp since
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2014. Discovering evidence of ancient lakes and streams along
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the way. Mount Sharp is quite literally a layer cake of
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geology. Different layers of the mountain represent different
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errors in Martian history.
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As curiosity ascends scientists learn more about how the
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landscape changed over time. Geddes Valley's ridge is among
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the last features on the mountain to form. Making it one
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of the youngest geological time capsules.
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Curiosity will see the rovers spent a total of 11 days at the
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ridge busily snapping images and studying the composition of dark
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rocks that clearly originated elsewhere on the mountain. The
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debris flows which helped form Geddes Valley's ridge carried
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these rocks and others lower on the ridge line, some as large as
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cars down from layer's higher up Mount Sharp.
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Therefore, these rocks are providing a rare insight into
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material from the upper mountain that curiosity can examine the
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rover's arrival of the ridge has also provided scientists with
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the first close up views of eroded remnants of a geologic
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feature known as the debris flow fan where debris flowing down
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the slope spreads out into a fan shape.
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Debris flow fans are common on both Mars and Earth, but
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scientists are still learning how they form huge rocks were
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ripped out of the mountain high above, they tumbled downhill and
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then spread out into a fan.
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Below last month, the rover's mast cam captured 136 images of
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Guides Valley's ridge creating a spectacular 360 degree mosaic
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view of the surrounding area. The panorama shows the path,
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curiosity took up the mountainside including through
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the Mara Ban Valley where evidence of an ancient lake was
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discovered while the scientists are still pouring over the
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imagery and data from the gets valleys ridge.
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Curiosity has already turned its attention to the next challenge
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finding a path to the channel above the ridge so that
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scientists can learn more about how and where water once flowed
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down. Mount Sharp. This report from NASA TV.
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The curiosity rover has discovered lots of evidence of
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ancient lakes on Mars. But what we saw on this panorama
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surprised us. Curiosity is currently exploring Mount Sharp.
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The whole mountain is three miles tall, but we're down in
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the foothills.
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In 2022 the rover started exploring a unique feature on
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Mars called the marker band.
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It's a dark thin layer of rock that stands out from the layers
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above and below it.
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We first saw it in Orbiter images. Years before we
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launched, what created this winding layer of hard rock is a
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mystery. But curiosity can help us understand what formed the
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marker band.
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We first discovered that the rocks within the marker band are
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really hard. Curiosity has faced some challenges drilling into
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them but we might find a softer spot on the road ahead nearby.
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We found an exciting scientific clue, ripples, textures created
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billions of years ago by waves in a shallow lake.
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We've climbed through many lake deposits during our mission but
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have never seen wave ripples. This clearly, this was
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especially surprising since the area we're in probably formed at
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a time when Mars was becoming more dry just above the rippled
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layer is another intriguing clue.
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These rocks have a very repetitive pattern in their
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spacing and thickness.
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We see lots of layers on Mars but they're rarely this regular.
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We're not sure what caused this rhythmic pattern. Weather or
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climate cycles like dust storms happening at periodic intervals
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are possible explanations in the distance debris in a valley
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called Gettis Valli.
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This was washed down by wet landslides very late in Mount
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Sharp's history.
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This landslide debris is probably the most recent
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evidence of water that we'll ever see. It will allow us to
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study layers higher up on Mount Sharp that we can't reach since
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they're so far up. The mountain curiosity has driven through
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some amazing scenery. And we've learned so much about Mars'
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ancient climate, but even after 10 years, there's so much more
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to explore.
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This is space time still to come. Have alien mummies turned
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up in Mexico. And later in the science report, a new study
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shows that a vegan diet not only helps you lose weight, but it
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can also save you money all that and more still to come on space
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time.
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Mexican journalist and longtime UFO enthusiast, Jamie Mawson has
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shown Mexican lawmakers, what he claims are a pair of tiny 1000
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year old mummified bodies that he says are the remains of two
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non human extraterrestrial life forms. The meter tall alleged
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aliens were presented to the Mexican Congress in two white
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and cream line caskets.
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The pair which have been named Clara and Mauricio feature
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elongated heads looking remarkably like something out
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of. Et each has a long thin torso, two legs and two arms
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just like humans, but with three fingered hands. Oh and Clara.
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Well, apparently she's pregnant and carrying eggs.
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Of course, scientists are pouring cold water on the
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claims. Some scientists fear these may be mummies looted from
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grave sites in Peru. Others say there's simply a crude
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fabrication, imposing a mixture of human and animal bones from a
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range of different species and ages 70 year old Mason says he's
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commissioned DNA and carbon testing on the beings as he
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calls them, which I guess means dare I say an alien autopsy.
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Astronomy head, David Spergel, former head of Princeton
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University's Astrophysics Department and the chair of NASA
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's report on unidentified anomalous phenomena says such
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alleged samples need to be made available for testing to the
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world's scientific community.
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Now, it's worth noting at this stage that Mawson is no stranger
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to controversy. He angered scientists and Peruvian
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officials back in 2017 when he made similar claims about other
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mummified remains uncovered near the NASA lines which experts
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later found were doctored human mummies.
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Now, while we're on the subject, NASA's independent study team
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which we mentioned earlier has released its highly anticipated
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report on UFOs finding no evidence that reported
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unidentified anomalous phenomena or UAP observations are
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extraterrestrial.
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The findings follow a congressional hearing back in
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July during which former Pentagon Intelligence Officer
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David Grouch testified that the American government had been
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hiding evidence of crashed UAP S and alien biological specimens.
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The claims were later denied by Sean Kirkpatrick, the head of
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the Pentagon's Office charts with investigating UAP S NASA's
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administrator, Bill Nelson says the agency can now focus on
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scientific programs to search for traces of life on Mars and
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the imprints of biology in the atmospheres of exoplanets,
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thereby shifting the conversation from sensationalism
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to scientific facts of the more than 800 unclassified sightings
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collected by the Department Of Defense's All Domain anomalous
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resolution Office and reported at the NASA panel's first public
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meeting back in May only a small handful could not immediately be
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identified as known human made or natural phenomena.
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Many of the sightings were attributed to weather balloons
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and airborne clutter. Historically, most UFOs are
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astronomical objects such as Meteors, fireballs and the
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planet Venus. Some sightings represent surveillance
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operations. That's why the US military considers those the
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national security issue.
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Others which remain classified are likely secret us military
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black ops projects. NASA's report does offer
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recommendations on how to move these investigations forward.
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Most UAP data considered by the team actually comes from us
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military aircraft. Yet, the analysis of this data was
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hampered by poor sensor calibration. The lack of
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multiple measurements, the lack of sensor metadata and a lack of
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baseline data.
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The ideal set of measurements would include both optical and
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infrared imaging as well as radar data. But the problem is
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few reports actually provided all three. The authors did
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stress the importance of reducing the stigma associated
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with UFO sightings.
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These caused both military and commercial pilots to feel they
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can't freely report sightings after all, would you report
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seeing a flying? So if you thought it would affect your
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job, the NASA study team suggested gathering sightings by
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commercial pilots using the Federal Aviation Administration
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and combining these with the classified sightings provided to
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the All Domain anomaly resolution Office.
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The military department charged with leading the analysis
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effort. The problem is at the moment there is no anonymous
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reporting mechanism for commercial pilots, I guess
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astronomer Carl Sagan said it best extraordinary claims
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require extraordinary evidence. Tim Mendham from Australian
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Skeptics says that evidence does not yet exist.
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With NASA having recent announcements. And this follows
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on from the Pentagon announcement.
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It wants information from people as to what they're aware of what
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they've heard. It's set up a body of eminent persons to
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examine it.
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Yeah, I mean, it's an interesting situation now sort
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of following on the Pentagon which released sort of videos
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which had been around a fair while admitting that it had a
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group that was investigating ufos or UAP as they're referred
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to these days, unidentified anomalous phenomena. And NASA
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has shown that it's doing the same thing.
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It's not surprising that they are looking at things that might
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be classified as UAP. But does that mean they are alien,
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extraterrestrial intelligence technology, et cetera? And the
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answer is no, basically you look at the first word which is
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unidentified, whatever they might be.
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We, they NASA admits that between two and five per cent of
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its sightings that it collated about 800 reports because it
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only small fraction 2 to 5 per cent were truly unexplained. And
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that's the issue unexplained. And people then say, oh, it's
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unexplained, it must be a flying saucer and you know, you go back
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and say it's unexplained and that's as much as we know.
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The interesting thing was that a lot of the Pentagon films that
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came out and obviously the famous ones of the videos from
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the videos from jet pilots and John, you said aircraft,
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etcetera films have been explained and interesting. They
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were explained very, very quickly if only the.
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Balloons there are floating around there.
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Yes. Well, I'm sure there are. We actually did a few tricks in
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the early days. The skeptics with balloons and have people
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believing in flying sources. That's a lot of fun. You put up
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a balloon, you show the Torch on it and it looks like there's a
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craft in the sky.
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But yeah, I mean, the things that the Pentagon is pointing
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out, the big ones, these videos were quickly explained. If only
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the Pentagon has actually talked to people who knew what they
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were talking about. We wouldn't have wasted all this time. But
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NASA is sort of coming out and saying, yeah, we've been doing
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this stuff too.
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So I think it's fair enough that they do it. I've got no problems
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if they find something fantastic. But at the moment,
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all the found is most of it is explicable and just a very, very
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small fraction is not. And all that means is we've got a very
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small fraction of that period.
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But then you get people with first hand accounts of
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experience with ufos and people of alien origin,
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extraterrestrial folk such as David who talks about this.
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David Groch popped up fairly recently.
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Bob was another one, of course, from back in the 19 seventies,
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he was doing this.
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Yeah, a lot of people claim credentials that often don't
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exist, exaggerated them, et cetera. But David Groce
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apparently does have credentials within the Pentagon. He worked
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for a group which became known as the All Domain anomaly
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resolution Office, a Chris short. So it is anomalies
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they're looking at. So it's uncertain things and that's
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pretty much what the Pentagon was doing.
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You know, this group has had various names, unidentified
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aerial phenomena task force with an early name was called,
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they're looking at it more broadly as anomalies and he came
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out and said that there is information within the Pentagon
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and of crashed craft and alien bodies and that this has been
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rumored for a long time, but he 's someone with decent
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credentials, provable credentials, speaking about it
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and giving information to Congress.
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He was interviewed by an Australian journalist Ross Ktar
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who has been pushing you of those history.
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He's been pushing it for a long time. He's actually been pushing
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the same things over and over again for a long time. So he's
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got something new here except it 's not actually the reality is
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that rush has never seen, he admits he's never seen these
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crashed flying sources, material metal, whatever it is, and he's
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never seen any alien bodies. He 's just reporting things he has
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been told.
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So we're no closer to any sort of resolution in this issue. It
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's just the same old rumors that have been around for decades.
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The only difference is that he's got someone with actual
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verifiable credentials. It doesn't mean he's right. It
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doesn't mean what he's been told is right. But he's got a lot of
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publicity around from people who say, look, he knows what he's
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talking about.
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It must be true. No, it doesn't work out that way. And certainly
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he's not saying anything that he 's got experience of. He's just
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passing on a rumor. I'm told that that's the problem with the
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UFO committee is they hop onto someone who's the latest
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authority and they have their moment of fame in the sun there
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15 minutes, then they'll disappear again.
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Basically because there is nothing there that you can
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actually look at ha ha from a UFO perspective. There's nothing
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there you can grab onto, there's no evidence applied. It's just
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him saying something as if that 's something new. It's not,
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you've had people saying things for years and years and years.
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But I mean, he's just another person in a long line of
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authorities.
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What we've found is that a lot of these UFO allegations started
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to spring up in the 19 fifties. We know it started in the 19
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forties, but in the 19 fifties, it became very popular and most
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of them as it turns out were attributed to tests of U two spy
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planes because nothing could fly that high and look that weird.
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I wouldn't say most of them, I'd say a lot of them. But yeah,
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most of them are just sort of natural phenomena, really. Not
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even a technology thing. You see, most of the things you're
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seeing today that are classed as are the same things that people
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have been seeing for years, birds, balloons, Venus aerial
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patterns.
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The evidence is very, very poor and a lot of evidence doesn't
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make it any less poor. In fact, a lot of evidence which is poor
00:21:48
evidence actually makes it worse because you should by now have
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had very clear evidence if everyone carries the camera
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around with them in their pocket. So, you know, the fact
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that there is still no evidence of these things.
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I remember the image I was shown of purportedly a UFO and it was
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just these two orange circles in the sky. And to me they were
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clearly the exhausts of an fa 18 or an F 111 something, something
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like that. And we were watching this thing accelerate away from
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us. But no, they're UFOs, they're unidentified flying
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objects. Well, I guess they are but they're actually not
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unidentified.
00:22:23
Well, you can identify them eventually. Yeah, I mean, we had
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someone reported to us a while ago, a long time ago. He said
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they saw this UFO which had a green light on one side and a
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red light on the other.
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So it's got navigation lights.
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That's convenient.
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But earthly aviation craft, how nice enough to follow our rules.
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All of the evidence before for your face is pretty poor. And if
00:22:47
we had definitive evidence, we will not be doubting it anymore,
00:22:49
but we don't. And we have a lot of misunderstanding,
00:22:52
misidentification, that sort of stuff.
00:22:53
But there's still a percentage of stuff that we don't know, we
00:22:56
can't figure it out. You can't explain it, but that doesn't
00:22:58
mean it's an alien thing. It just means you can't explain it.
00:23:00
And that's what you've got to keep telling people over and
00:23:02
over again. And it's very frustrating.
00:23:04
That's Tim Menne from Australian.
00:23:08
This is space time and time. Now to take another brief look at
00:23:27
some of the other stories making news in science this week with a
00:23:30
science report, researchers say switching from a meaty to a
00:23:35
vegan diet should not only help you lose weight but also save
00:23:39
you money.
00:23:40
The findings reported in the journal of the American Medical
00:23:43
Association looked at food costs for 223 participants in a
00:23:46
previous study which had randomly assigned each
00:23:49
participant, either a vegan diet or told them to stick to their
00:23:53
usual choices. Average food costs for the vegan group
00:23:57
dropped by 16 per cent while there was obviously no change in
00:24:01
costs.
00:24:01
Among those continue with their previous non vegan diets. The
00:24:05
findings back up previous research which showed that
00:24:08
eating more plant based foods and cutting meat and dairy saved
00:24:12
people between 25 and 29 per cent on their weekly shopping
00:24:16
budget.
00:24:17
People who come into emergency departments and hospital with
00:24:21
alcohol related diseases or conditions are more likely to
00:24:24
make return visits and more likely to die in the following
00:24:27
20 years, which for many means dying in their forties or
00:24:31
fifties.
00:24:32
The findings presented to the European Emergency Medicine
00:24:36
Congress followed 194 patients who had alcohol related
00:24:39
diagnoses when they arrived at the emergency department of the
00:24:43
Canberra Hospital in 2002. The authors then compared them to
00:24:47
194 other patients with non alcohol related diagnoses.
00:24:52
They found patients with alcohol related diagnoses made 44 per
00:24:56
cent more visits to the emergency room over the next
00:24:59
decade and had 100 and 30 per cent higher death rate over the
00:25:03
following 20 years compared to the control group.
00:25:07
A new study suggests that you're probably happiest when you're a
00:25:10
little kid. The findings reported in the journal
00:25:13
psychological bulletin are based on 443 samples from longitudinal
00:25:18
studies involving 460 participants.
00:25:22
The authors focused on changes in three central components of
00:25:26
subjective well being life satisfaction, positive emotional
00:25:30
states and negative emotional states, possibly due to changes
00:25:34
in the body and to social life that takes place during puberty.
00:25:38
It then increased slightly until the age of 70 it then decreased
00:25:42
once again until the age of 96.
00:25:45
That's probably related to the fact that physical performances
00:25:48
decrease health often deteriorates and social contacts
00:25:52
diminish not least because peers pass away. The positive
00:25:56
emotional states showed a general decline from ages nine
00:26:00
through to 94 or negative emotional states fluctuated
00:26:04
slightly between ages 9 to 22 and then declined until the age
00:26:08
of 60 when they increased.
00:26:10
Once again, this is space time and that's the show for now.
00:26:31
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