SpaceTime Series 26 Episode 102 *New study finds Mars is spinning faster than thought A new study undertaking the most precise measurements ever of the red planet’s rotation have found that Mars is spinning faster than previously thought. *Maisie’s galaxy is among earliest ever observed Astronomers searching the heavens for some of the earliest galaxies ever seen have now confirmed that a galaxy first detected last year is in fact among the earliest ever found. *Getting ready to fly the HERA planetary defense mission The smallest radar to fly in space has been delivered to the European Space Agency for integration aboard the Juventas spacecraft which will form part of the upcoming HERA planetary defense mission. *The Science Report Autism linked to a higher risk of suicide and self-harm. Scientists see a pause in recent coral recovery on much of Great Barrier Reef. The number of daily steps needed to start seeing health benefits is lower than we thought, Skeptics guide the latest psychic scams Listen to SpaceTime on your favorite podcast app with our universal listen link: https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com/listen and access show links via https://linktr.ee/biteszHQ Your support is needed... **Support SpaceTime with Stuart Gary: Be Part of Our Cosmic Journey!** SpaceTime is fueled by passion, not big corporations or grants. We're on a mission to become 100% listener-supported, allowing us to focus solely on bringing you riveting space stories without the interruption of ads. 🌌 **Here's where you shine:** Help us soar to our goal of 1,000 subscribers! Whether it's just $1 or more, every contribution propels us closer to a universe of ad-free content. **Elevate Your Experience:** By joining our cosmic family at the $5 tier, you'll unlock: - Over 350 commercial-free, triple episode editions. - Exclusive extended interviews. - Early access to new episodes every Monday. Dive in with a month's free trial on Supercast and discover the universe of rewards waiting for you! 🌠 🚀 [Join the Journey with SpaceTime](https://bitesznetwork.supercast.tech/) 🌟 [Learn More About Us](https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com) Together, let's explore the cosmos without limits!
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00:00:00
This is SpaceTime series 26 episode, 100 and two for
00:00:03
broadcast on the 25th of August 2023. Coming up on space time, a
00:00:09
new study finds Mars is spinning faster than thought. Maisie's
00:00:14
galaxy proves to be among the earliest ever observed and
00:00:18
getting ready to fly the HERA Planetary defense mission. All
00:00:22
that and more coming up on space time.
00:00:26
Welcome to space time with Stuart Garry.
00:00:46
A new study undertaking the most precise measurements ever of the
00:00:50
Red Planet's rotation have found that Mars is spinning faster
00:00:54
than previously thought. The new data reported in the Journal
00:00:57
nature has for the first time included minute wobbles in the
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planet's rotation caused by the sloshing of its molten metal
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core.
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The new measurements were taken by Nasa's Mars inside Lander
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which operated for four years before finally running out of
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power during its extended mission in December last year to
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track the planet's spin rate.
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Scientists relied on insights, radio transponder and Earth
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based radio antennas collectively known as the
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rotation and interior structure experiment or rise. They found
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the Red Planet's rotation was accelerating by around four mil
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a seconds per year and that corresponds to a shortening to
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the length of a Martian day by a fraction of a millisecond every
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year.
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It's a subtle acceleration and scientists aren't entirely sure
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what the cause is, but they have a few ideas including ice
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accumulating on the polar ice caps or post glacial rebound
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where land masses slowly rise after being buried under
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millions of tons of ice.
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The shift in the planet's mass can cause it to accelerate due
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to the conservation of angular momentum. It's the same as an
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ice skater spinning with their arms stretched out and then
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pulling their arms in to increase their rotation.
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Insight's principal investigator Bruce Bennett from Nasa's Jet
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Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California says rice
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is part of a long tradition of Mars Landers using radio waves
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for science that goes all the way back to the twin Viking
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Landers in the 19 seventies and more recently, the Pathfinder
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Lander in the late 19 nineties, but none of those missions had
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the advantage of Insight's advanced radio technology or
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upgrades undertaken on the antennas of Nasa's Deep Space
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Communications Network here on Earth.
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Together these advancements have provided data some five times
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more accurate than what was available for the Viking
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Landers. In the case of Insight, scientists would beam a radio
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signal to the Lander using the deep space network rise will
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then reflect the signal back to Earth.
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When scientists receive the reflected signal, they look for
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tiny changes in the frequency caused by a Doppler shift. That
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's the same effect which causes an ambulance siren to change
00:03:09
pitch as it moves towards you and then moves away from you.
00:03:13
Again.
00:03:14
See the sound waves in the case of the ambulance and the light
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waves in the case of rise are compressed or blue shift as they
00:03:20
come towards you and then stretched or red shift as they
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move away from you. Measuring the shift change enables
00:03:28
scientists to determine how fast the planet's rotating. Now, it's
00:03:32
still not an easy task.
00:03:33
They're looking for variations of just a few tens of
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centimeters over the course of an entire Martian year which
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equates to two Earth years. It takes a very long time and a lot
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of data to accumulate before researchers can even see these
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variations. The resulting scientific paper they developed,
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examined data from Insight's 1st 900 Martian days, enough time to
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see such variations.
00:03:58
And scientists had their work cut out for them to eliminate
00:04:01
noise sources. See water slows radio signals. So moisture in
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Earth's atmosphere can distort the incoming signals back from
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Mars. So can the solar wind, that is the stream of electrons
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and protons constantly flowing into deep space from the sun.
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So the team had to spend a lot of time and energy preparing for
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their experiment and anticipating the results. But
00:04:24
despite all their work, they were still surprised with the
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result and it's not over yet as R still has lots of data to sift
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through.
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See rice is also being used by the study's authors to measure
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Mars's wobble called its mutation. Due to the slushing of
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its molten liquid iron core. Based on rice's data, the core
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has a radius of roughly 1835 kilometers. The authors then
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compare that figure to two previous measurements of the
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Martian core derived from the spacecraft seismometers.
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Specifically, they looked at how seismic waves traveled through
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the planet's interior, whether they reflected off the core or
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passed right through it, unimpeded, taking all three
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measurements into account, they estimate the core's radius to be
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between 792 kilometers wide.
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Now, Mars as a whole has a radius of 3390 kilometers, about
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half the size of the Earth measuring Mars's wobble also
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provided details about the shape of the core. The rise data
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indicates the cores shape cannot be explained by its rotation
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alone because it requires regions of slightly higher or
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lower density buried deep within the Martian mantle.
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So the research goes on, this is space time still to come. New
00:05:46
studies show that Maisie's galaxy is among the earliest
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ever detected and getting ready to fly the heat planetary
00:05:53
defense mission. All that and more still to come on space
00:05:57
time.
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This is space time with Stuart.
00:08:10
Gary astronomers searching the heavens for some of the earliest
00:08:14
Galaxies ever seen have now confirmed that a galaxy first
00:08:17
detector last year is in fact, among the earliest ever found,
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the findings reported in the Journal nature suggest that Macy
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's galaxy was formed just 390 million years after the Big Bang
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13.8 billion years ago.
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The discovery is based on new observations of the galaxy
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undertaken by the Web Space telescope. One of the study's
00:08:39
authors, Stephen Finkelstein from the University Of Texas at
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a them says that makes Maisie's galaxy one of the four earliest
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confirmed Galaxies ever seen.
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And the first to be spectroscopic confirmed
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Finkelstein who's principal investigator for the Sears
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cosmic evolution early release science survey named the galaxy
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Maisy after his daughter as it was discovered on her birthday.
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The C team is currently evaluating 10 other Galaxies
00:09:06
that may have formed from an era even earlier than Maze's see.
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The problem is objects in space don't come printed with time
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stamps to infer when the light we observe left an object,
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astronomers measure its red shift. That is the amount that
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its color has shifted due to its motion away from us because we
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live in an expanding universe.
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The further back in time, we look the higher an object's red
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shift will be original estimates of red shifts. And hence times
00:09:34
after the Big Bang were based on photometer, that is the
00:09:37
brightness of lighting images using a small number of wide
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frequency filters. Those estimates were made using data
00:09:44
collected by Sears during its originally allotted time for the
00:09:48
telescope's first observing session.
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But to get more accurate estimates, the CS team applied
00:09:54
for follow up measurements with webs near infrared spectroscopic
00:09:57
camera which splits an object's light into many different narrow
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frequencies to more accurately identify its chemical makeup
00:10:04
heat output intrinsic brightness and relative motion through
00:10:08
space.
00:10:09
Now, according to this latest spectroscopic analysis, Maisie's
00:10:12
Galaxies at a red shift of Z equals 11.4. The study also
00:10:17
looked at Sears 933 16, a galaxy originally detected in the Sears
00:10:23
data by the University Of Edinburgh and initially
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estimated to have been observed at a jaw dropping 250 million
00:10:30
years after the Big Bang.
00:10:32
However, on further analysis, the team's now found that Sears
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933 16 has a far more modest red shift of C equals 4.9 which
00:10:42
corresponds to about a billion years after the Big Bang.
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It turns out that hot gas NCES 1933 16 was emitting so much
00:10:50
light in a few narrow frequency wave bands associated with
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oxygen and hydrogen that it made the galaxy appear much bluer
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than it really was. And that blue cast mimicked the signature
00:11:01
that Finkelstein and others expected to see in very early
00:11:04
Galaxies.
00:11:05
This is due to a quirk in the photo metric method that only
00:11:08
happens for objects at redshift of around 4.9. Not only does
00:11:13
this galaxy appear naturally blue, but it's also much
00:11:16
brighter than our current models predict for Galaxies that formed
00:11:19
so early in the universe. Finkelstein says it would have
00:11:22
been really challenging to explain how the universe could
00:11:26
have created such a massive galaxy so soon.
00:11:29
This is space time still to come, getting ready to fly the
00:11:34
HERA Planetary defense mission. And later in the science report,
00:11:38
a new study warns that autism is linked to a higher rate of
00:11:41
suicide and self harm all that and more still to come on space
00:11:46
time.
00:12:03
The smallest radar ever to fly on a spacecraft has just been
00:12:07
delivered to the European Space Agency for integration aboard
00:12:10
the Juventus spacecraft which will form part of the upcoming
00:12:14
HERA Planetary defense mission.
00:12:16
The radar will perform the first radar imaging of an asteroid
00:12:20
peering deep beneath the surface of the asteroid dimorphic a
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giant pyramid sized body as orbit was shifted last year by
00:12:27
the impact of Nasa's Dart spacecraft. The instrument's
00:12:31
principal investigator is Alan Henry from the Institute Of
00:12:34
Planet Technology at Astrophysics at the University
00:12:37
Of Grenobyl Alps in France.
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Henry says the delivery marks a major milestone in the
00:12:43
construction of the spacecraft. He says the project partners
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will now have the laborious task of integrating the technology
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with the rest of the tiny Juventus six unit cube set and
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then calibrate and optimize its performance to ensure scientists
00:12:57
can interpret the data.
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Once it's in space, Juventus is scheduled to fly to the dimos
00:13:02
binary asteroid system as part of ESA's Hero mission. Next
00:13:06
year.
00:13:07
The compact radar aboard Juventus will peer up to 100 m
00:13:11
deep within the 160 m diameter dimorphic moonlit which is
00:13:16
orbiting around the 780 m wide dimos asteroid Juventus is a six
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unit cube sa cubes sas are small mini satellites built up from
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standard 10 by 10 by 10 centimeter boxes. The six unit
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Juventus cubes set measures just 10 by 20 by 30 centimeters.
00:13:35
While its miniature radar instrument called Jura for short
00:13:38
measures just 9.5 by 9.5 by 9.5 centimeters. That's small enough
00:13:44
to fit within a single cube set unit along with a quartet of 1.5
00:13:48
m long radar antennas designed to deploy sort of like a spring
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loaded metal tape measure.
00:13:54
The Dura instrument will need to perform for at least 45 hours
00:13:58
during the two month working life of the Juventus mission,
00:14:02
the instrument's packed full of very advanced technology, all of
00:14:05
which needs to survive, not just the violent rigors of launch,
00:14:09
but also the high radiation environment beyond Earth orbit
00:14:12
where the constant bombardment of charged particles can quickly
00:14:15
degrade electronics.
00:14:17
The Jura radar's design and development was to a large
00:14:20
extent driven by the success of ESA's earlier Rosetta mission
00:14:24
which successfully pummeled the depths of the comet 67 P, Sharav
00:14:28
JRA Semen.
00:14:30
But Enrich says that in the case of Jura, it's a small low
00:14:34
frequency radar for a small body compared to bigger instruments
00:14:37
put together for larger targets. As with Rosetta around 67 P.
00:14:42
Scientists take advantage of the fact that they'll be orbiting
00:14:45
relatively slowly around the dimorphic asteroid, HERA will be
00:14:49
moving at just a few meters per second around the asteroid.
00:14:53
This means Dura can compensate for its comparative lack of
00:14:56
power by transmitting the same signal multiple times. Boosting
00:15:00
its overall output. The full depth of the radar penetration
00:15:03
of Jura's 60 megahertz signal will depend on the consistency
00:15:07
of dimorphic, more homogeneous interior will allow deeper
00:15:11
soundings compared to a discontinuous rubble pile
00:15:14
structure with big monoliths and dispersed with empty voids.
00:15:19
The jury team has also been discussing with ESA and other
00:15:21
space agencies about the prospect of flying jury units to
00:15:25
other asteroids including targeting the 2029 near Earth
00:15:29
fly by of the now infamous asteroid Apophis which until
00:15:33
recently was thought to be in a collision impacting course with
00:15:36
the Earth. This report from is a TV.
00:15:41
Imagine you're going on a two year journey with no map and
00:15:45
once you arrive, you must conduct cutting edge science
00:15:49
using only what you have in your back.
00:15:52
That's exactly what Hira Isa's asteroid Detective is going to
00:15:57
do to carry out her mission. She 's packed with more gadgets than
00:16:02
James Bond. Here's target is the double asteroid dimos and in
00:16:07
particular, its small moon Dem Morphs.
00:16:10
The pair are 181 million kilometers away, but each
00:16:14
measures just a few 100 m across to find dimos. Hira will use an
00:16:19
advanced camera to constantly scan the skies looking for a
00:16:23
single dot moving more than the others against the background of
00:16:26
stars. Bingo.
00:16:30
The same navigation camera will then be used for science.
00:16:33
Joining other high tech kit including a laser altimeter and
00:16:36
thermal camera mapping the Morpho shape and discovering
00:16:41
what it is made of as it moves closer and closer to Dem Morpho
00:16:47
Hira will be largely autonomous like a self-driving car tracking
00:16:51
down a crater made by Nasa's Dart mission.
00:16:54
Hira has two intrepid assistant also packed with new tech mini
00:16:59
satellites, Juventus and Milani.
00:17:02
During the journey, they will be carried inside their mothership
00:17:05
connected via a unique umbilical system.
00:17:11
Once separated. Juventus will use the smallest radar ever
00:17:15
flown into space to probe beneath an asteroid surface for
00:17:19
the first time. A Milani will collect tiny dust particles
00:17:24
suspended around the Morpho studying these is important to
00:17:28
give Insight into what asteroids are made from and tell us more
00:17:32
about conditions around them.
00:17:34
The mini satellites will also be trialing an inter satellite
00:17:37
communications link exchanging information with Hira who will
00:17:41
act as a data relay to keep all three in touch with Earth.
00:17:44
This link also tracks how far away the cube sats are from
00:17:48
here, which can reveal the gravity field of Dem Morpho in
00:17:52
unprecedented detail, clever testing, these new technologies
00:17:57
requires enormous ingenuity and results in more science for less
00:18:02
money giving the best bang for your buck or euro.
00:18:07
This is space time and time now to take another brief look at
00:18:27
some of the other stories making news in science. This week with
00:18:30
the science report, a new study has confirmed that autism
00:18:34
especially in women is linked to a higher risk of suicide and
00:18:38
self harm.
00:18:39
A report in the Journal of the American Medical Association
00:18:42
looked at the rate of suicide and self harm among 75
00:18:46
autistic people in Canada. And then compared this with
00:18:50
neurotypical people of similar demographics. The researchers
00:18:53
say autistic women had an 83 per cent increased risk of self harm
00:18:58
compared to the non autistic population. While autistic men
00:19:02
had a 47 per cent increased risk.
00:19:05
A new study warns that there's been a pause in recent coral
00:19:09
recovery over much of the Great Barrier Reef in water monitoring
00:19:14
by the Australian Institute Of Marine Science shows that hard
00:19:17
coral cover across the reef remains at similar levels to
00:19:20
what was recorded last year.
00:19:22
However, scientists detected small decreases in the northern
00:19:26
central and southern regions. The new findings found that
00:19:29
while some reefs continued to recover, their increased hard
00:19:33
coral cover was offset by coral loss in other reefs. And
00:19:37
overall, most reefs underwent little change in coral cover.
00:19:42
A bit of good news now and appears that the number of daily
00:19:46
steps needed to start seeing health benefits is actually
00:19:49
lower than we thought. They're the findings of the biggest
00:19:53
analysis of steps and health ever undertaken.
00:19:56
The results are reported in the European Journal of preventative
00:19:59
cardiology, pulled and reanalyzed data from 17 previous
00:20:03
studies which included a total of 226 people and found that
00:20:09
the risk of death from any cause or from cardiovascular disease
00:20:13
decreased with every 500 to 1000 extra steps taken.
00:20:18
An increase of 1000 steps was linked with a 15 per cent
00:20:21
reduction in the risk of dying from any cause and an increase
00:20:25
even of just 500 steps was still linked to a seven per cent
00:20:28
reduction of dying from cardiovascular disease.
00:20:32
They also say the risk of death continued to reduce as the
00:20:35
number of steps went up, suggesting there was no upper
00:20:38
limit on health benefits and to start reducing your risk of
00:20:42
death. As few as 4000 steps a day may be enough.
00:20:47
There is absolutely no scientific evidence to support
00:20:50
clairvoyance of any kind which means no insult intended that
00:20:55
you're a fraud.
00:20:58
Your profession is a swindle and your livelihood is dependent on
00:21:02
the gullibility of stupid people.
00:21:05
Once again, the wise words of the immortal Dr Sheldon Cooper,
00:21:09
apparently, psychic scams are a growing problem with vulnerable
00:21:13
people and they're now being conned by psychics offering to
00:21:17
lift curses which they claim are affecting people's lives. Tim
00:21:21
Mendham from Australian skeptics says psychic scammers are
00:21:25
swindling people over thousands of dollars and no one seems to
00:21:28
be going after the culprits.
00:21:30
I don't believe in psychics. Right. I don't believe that they
00:21:32
have the power, they say they do. And I think in most cases,
00:21:35
well, most of them are harmless, harmless entertainment and
00:21:37
probably the psychic in quote believes themselves to have
00:21:40
those powers. There are definitely psychics out there as
00:21:43
there are in any area of crooks and scammers.
00:21:45
And one of the issues is that because people believe in
00:21:47
psychics, they're more inclined to sort of don't look for real
00:21:50
evidence and they'll follow their directions. And what you
00:21:53
find a lot in shopping centers is people who have all these
00:21:56
things in 100 per cent accurate psychic readings, personality
00:22:00
future, etcetera.
00:22:01
But what they almost inevitably find is that all your bad
00:22:03
fortune is due to being cursed, whether it's a member of your
00:22:06
family, an ex, a person who is jealous of you at work or
00:22:09
whatever, they've put a curse on you. And naturally enough,
00:22:12
you'll need to get the curse lifted and who can lift it for
00:22:15
you? But this psychic who just told you you have a curse and
00:22:19
you'll start off with a small amount of a session.
00:22:21
Oh, you've got to come back for another session and that one's
00:22:23
going to be not 20 bucks, 100 bucks. And then you've got to
00:22:25
come back for another one. We've got to do all this stuff. Oh, we
00:22:27
have to have this special gear that you need to get to remove
00:22:30
the curse, some spirits or curses. They want you to donate
00:22:34
valuable things.
00:22:35
People talk about watches and Rolex watches, especially for
00:22:38
some reason that you have to sort of put this in a bin and
00:22:40
it'll sort of take away the curse who gets the watch
00:22:43
afterwards. Well, you know, one gets, and people end up spending
00:22:45
a lot of money. I mean, a lot of money, hundreds thousands, tens
00:22:48
of thousands, even hundreds of thousands people lifting these
00:22:51
curses. It's actually.
00:22:52
A tradition when you think about it. I mean, churches have been
00:22:54
doing this and religious people have been doing this for
00:22:57
centuries.
00:22:58
Yes. Churches sell absolve of your sins, whether it's sort of
00:23:01
with a confession or whether it 's actually in the old days you
00:23:03
used to be able to pay money and get with your evil absolution
00:23:06
and that sort of thing. I tell you what you shop around and you
00:23:10
find a cheaper one.
00:23:11
But there is what's called the sunk cost fallacy that you
00:23:15
basically, you feel people feel they've spent so much money on
00:23:18
this thing and they're not going to stop now and they have to
00:23:19
keep pouring good money after bad. And that's what these,
00:23:22
basically, these psychic scammers will keep you running
00:23:25
for as long as they can and they have no ethics.
00:23:27
They have no empathy, no sympathy for you. You're just
00:23:31
poor mug punter who's going to be sort of ripped off as much as
00:23:33
you can.
00:23:34
That's one thing, the skeptics go around and they look at
00:23:36
psychics and review psychics et cetera and we haven't been
00:23:39
impressed by any of them by the ability of them to read a person
00:23:42
unless that person has already supplied the information one way
00:23:45
or the other, which might be telling them things or it might
00:23:47
be via social media that the psychic has research beforehand.
00:23:51
But yeah, these things are out there. A lot of them are
00:23:54
reported to the authorities. They have one in Australia
00:23:57
called scam watch, which are about all the different sort of
00:23:59
scams that people can be prone to like the Nigerian prince and
00:24:02
others of money that share this inheritance, that sort of stuff.
00:24:06
But amongst them are the psychics and psychic scams. You
00:24:08
always assume that the number of people who report it is probably
00:24:11
about 1/5 or even larger than what the proportion is. No one
00:24:13
knows. But a small proportion of those who actually do fall for
00:24:16
these things and most people don't want to report them.
00:24:18
They're too embarrassed. So it is something to watch out for,
00:24:21
especially watch out for the shopping center. Once they're
00:24:23
notorious, they often fly by night. They'll come and they go
00:24:26
quickly.
00:24:26
If they find a, a person to be scammed, they'll scan them as
00:24:29
much as they can and then flee and go to the next shopping
00:24:31
center so no one can trace them. But it happens amongst the
00:24:34
psychic. You go visit too, you know, in their home with their
00:24:37
crystal ball. There's a lot of those who are scamming their
00:24:40
customers.
00:24:40
How can you tell whether or not your psychic is real or not?
00:24:43
Well, it's really simple. If they say they're a psychic,
00:24:47
they're not real.
00:24:49
That's right.
00:24:50
Yeah. So how do you know your house is haunted? It's not the
00:24:54
answer.
00:24:55
That's Tim Menm from Australian skeptics.
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