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This is Space Time series 26. Episode 103 will broadcast on
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the 28th of August 2023. Coming up on Space Time, India lands
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its first mission on the Moon and it's the first to reach the
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South Pole. Meanwhile, a Russian spacecraft crashes in its
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attempt to reach the Lunar South Pole and have scientists solved
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the mystery of Neptune's disappearing clouds all that and
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more coming up on Space Time.
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Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Garry, India has become
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only the fourth nation after the Soviet Union, the United States
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and China to land a spacecraft on the Moon and the first to
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land near the Lunar South Pole, we are approaching the vertical
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descent phase two which will have of the Lander module
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hovering at nearly 150 m above the Lunar Surface.
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The sensors that are updating at this point are providing
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confirmation of the safety of the landing site as expected.
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The re targeting is going on and this is a very good signature
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for the Lander.
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Currently, only two engines are now being fired and we are
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nearly at zero velocity, vertical and horizontal. We are
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we were hovering and now we are approaching the Moon's surface
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how land people are applauding. Let us hear from the Secretary
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Department Of Space and Chairman. So the hard work of
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the entire Israel community has come to fruition.
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We have achieved soft landing on the Moon.
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On the achievement came just days after Russia's competing
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Lunar 25 spacecraft crashed while attempting its own South
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Pole Lunar landing mission managers at Israel. The Indian
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Space Research Organization cheered wildly and embrace
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colleagues as the Chan Andrean Three or Moon three in Sanskrit
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touched down at 6:04 p.m. local Indian time.
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The Chanin three mission has captivated Indian public
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attention ever since launching nearly six weeks ago. The 3900
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kg spacecraft is comprised of three main sections. There's a
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propulsion module, a Lander module and a little lunar rover.
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The vi gram or Valla Lander separated from its propulsion
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module six days ago in order to begin a slow orbital descent
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down towards the Lunar Surface. And unlike the previous Chan
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Andre two mission, which lost control and crashed during its
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final landing sequence back in September 2019.
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This time, things weren't exactly according to Plan Chan
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and Dr two's failure was eventually attributed to a
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software glitch setting the spacecraft off course at an
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altitude of around 2.1 kilometers while descending at a
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break neck rate of 58 m per second, much too fast to achieve
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a soft touchdown additional technology aboard the latest
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Chan Andrean Three version of the Lander allowed for greater
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attitude control during entry descent and landing and included
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a liter Doppler Veloso meter which measured attitude in three
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dimensions.
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The landing struts were also stronger and there was more
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instrumentation redundancy making the 1471 kg Lander. A
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much tougher all round vehicle aboard. The Lander was the small
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26 kg six wood Praga or Wisdom rover. It descended to the Lunar
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Surface less than two days after landing and is now exploring the
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lunar terrain.
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It'll spend the next 14 Earth days. That's the equivalent of
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half a lunar day studying the local environment. The rover
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will take multiple measurements to support research into the
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composition of the Lunar Surface.
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It'll search for the presence of water ice in the lunar soil.
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It'll look at the history of lunar impacts in the area and it
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will look at the evolution of the Moon's ultra thin atmosphere
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or exosphere. Meanwhile, Iro says the propulsion module
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itself is still in orbit and its journey is certainly not over
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over the coming months and years.
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It'll undertake spectroscopic studies of the Earth's
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atmosphere and measure variations in light polarization
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being reflected off the planet's cloud cover.
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This could provide useful comparison data for future
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observations of Earth like exoplanets in order to help
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determine their habitability. One of the most staggering
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aspects of the Indian lunar and well really Indian space program
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as a whole is how economically the whole thing is done. The
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budget for the entire Chan Andre Three mission was just $74.6
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million.
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Now Australia spends more than that each year on recreational
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sporting facilities. So when the government tells you, there's no
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money for a decent space program, you know, they're
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lying. It all really demonstrates the different
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priorities and future ambitions of the two nations.
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India and Australia in 2014, in India became the first Asian
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nation to put a spacecraft in orbit around Mars. And it's
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slated to launch its first manned mission into orbit next
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year. It certainly appears like the Indian giant.
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Now, the world's most populous nation has awakened this Space
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Time. Still to come. The Russian Lunar 25 mission crashes while
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attempting its own landing at the Moon's South Pole and has
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the mystery of np's disappearing clouds been solved all that and
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more still to come on Space Time.
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Well, as India celebrates, Russia remains in mourning
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following the Lunar 25 mission's crash landing while attempting
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to touch down on the Moon's South Pole. Mission. Managers
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with the Russian Federal Space Agency say the spacecraft
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suddenly began spinning out of control during pre landing
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maneuvers.
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In its official statement, Roskosmos says preliminary
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findings indicate that the Lunar 25 Lander has ceased to exist
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following a collision with the Moon's surface. The agency says
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attempts to locate the craft and make contact with it have been
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unsuccessful.
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It says a ministerial investigation will now be opened
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in order to determine the possible causes of the incident.
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The 800 kg Lunar 25 probe was launched a week ago aboard a
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Soyuz 21 B rocket from the Otani Cosmodrome in Russia's Far East.
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The spacecraft had successfully entered a 100 kilometer high
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lunar orbit four days later and soon began its slow descent
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towards the Lunar South Pole.
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The mission was part of a Moscow dream trying to relive the glory
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days of the former Soviet Union 's pioneering space program.
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However, the launch came at a time when the Russian ruble was
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crashing in the wake of the ongoing Western sanctions
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brought about by Moscow's invasion of Ukraine alienated
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from Western nations by Putin's War.
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Roskosmos says it wanted to show the world that Russia was still
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capable of delivering a payload to the Moon and ensure the
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Kremlin's guaranteed access to the Lunar Surface like its
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Indian counterpart, Lunar 25 was initially slated to carry a
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small lunar rover to take and analyze soil samples and search
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for signs of water.
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But that idea had to be abandoned in order to reduce
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weight as the mission could no longer use the advanced
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lightweight Western electronics it had been hoping to install
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and instead had to rely on heavier domestically made
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components.
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The European Space Agency was working with Ross Cosmos, not
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just on the Lunar 25 mission but also on the two subsequent
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missions, lunar 26 and 27 but it withdrew from all three missions
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following Moscow's attacks on Ukraine.
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The last Russian mission of the Moon was the lunar 24. Back in
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1976 that was under the communist dictatorship of the
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Soviet Union which collapsed in 1991. The Soviet Union last
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attempted to land on a celestial body in 1989 that was with its
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Fergus two mission, but that mission failed after an onboard
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computer malfunction.
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Russian missions to Mars in 1996. And another attempt to
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reach the Moon Phobos in 2011. This time using the Furs Grunt
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mission also failed Furs Grunt not even leaving Earth orbit.
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This is Space Time still to come has the mystery of Neptune's
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disappearing clouds finally been solved.
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And later in the science report detection of a new highly
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mutated version of the SARS COVID two virus which causes
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COVID-19. All that and more still to come on Space Time for
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the first time. In nearly three decades of observations, clouds
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usually seen in the Neptunian atmosphere have all but
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vanished.
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Images taken between 1994 and 2022 show clouds are nearly all
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gone. With the only exception being around the Neptunian South
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Pole. But the observations reported in the journal ICARUS
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have also revealed a never before seen connection between
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Neptune's disappearing clouds and our son's 11 year solar
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cycle.
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It's a surprising finding given that Neptune is the furthest
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major planet from the sun and therefore receives only 1 9/100
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sunlight which the Earth gets a University Of California.
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Berkeley led team of astronomers discovered the abundance of
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clouds normally seen in the blue planet's mid latitudes started
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to fade in 2019.
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The authors were surprised by how quickly clouds disappeared
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on Neptune dropping within just a few months. The study's lead
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author Randy Chavez from Harvard University's Center For
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Astrophysics says that nearly four years later, the images
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showed that the clouds still haven't returned to their former
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levels.
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She admits it's extremely exciting but also rather
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unexpected, especially since Neptune's previous period of low
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cloud activity was not nearly as dramatic or prolonged to monitor
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the evolution of Neptune's appearance.
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Chavez and colleagues analyzed images from 1984 to 2022 using
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the Keck observatory's second generation infrared camera
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paired with its adaptive optics system as well as observations
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from the lick observatory and from nasa's Hubble Space
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telescope, the data revealed an intriguing pattern between
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changes in Neptune's cloud cover and the solar cycle, the 11 year
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period when solar activity increases and then decreases.
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Again. Climaxing with a flip in the sun's polarity when the sun
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emits more intense ultraviolet radiation, specifically the
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strong hydrogen line and alpha emissions, more clouds wind up
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appearing on Neptune.
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About two years later. The authors further notice the
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positive correlation between the number of clouds and the ice
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giants brightness from the sunlight reflecting off it. The
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findings support the idea that the sun's ultraviolet rays when
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strong enough may be triggering a photochemical reaction that
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produces Neptune's clouds.
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The connection between the solar cycle and Neptune's cloudy
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weather pattern is derived from 2.5 cycles of cloud activity
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recorded over the 29 year span of Neptune in observations.
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During this time, the planet's reflectivity increased in 2002
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to brightness Maxima and then dimmed to brightness cinema in
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2007 before getting bright again in 2015 and darkening again in
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2020 to the lowest point ever observed, which is also when
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most of the clouds went away, changes in Neptune's brightness
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caused by the sun appears to go up and down relatively in sync
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with the coming and going of clouds on the planet.
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However, more work is necessary in order to properly unpack this
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correlation, given the complexity of other factors. For
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example, while the increase in ultraviolet sunlight could
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produce more clouds and haze, it could also darken them thereby
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reducing Neptune's overall brightness.
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Now, Neptune's an ice giant, but it also has a very thick
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atmosphere like a mini gas giant and storms on Neptune rising up
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from the deep atmosphere affect the overall cloud cover at the
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top, but they're not related to photo chemically produced clouds
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and hence may complicate correlation studies with the
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solar cycle.
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Astronomers think continued observation of Neptune will be
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needed in order to see how long the current near absence of
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clouds lasts. It's a discovery which adds more exciting
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observations to the blue world's widely active and chaotic
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atmosphere.
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It's an atmosphere which already features record breaking methane
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clouds whipped around the planet at supersonic speeds. The
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fastest wind speeds recorded anywhere in our solar system.
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One of the earliest and most striking images of Neptune was
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captured by nasa's Voyager two spacecraft during its fly by of
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the Neptunian system in 1989 that revealed a massive storm
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system known as the great dark spot.
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Other storms and dark spots have been spotted since in
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particular, a large equatorial storm in 2017 and a large dark
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spot in the northern latitudes in 2018. This report from NASA
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TV.
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Recent observations from the Hubble Space telescope show that
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Neptune's clouds are almost completely disappearing.
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Astronomers report that their continual monitoring of Neptune
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's weather uncovered a link between its shifting cloud
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abundance and the 11 year solar cycle in which the sun's
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entangled magnetic fields drive solar activity when activity on
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the sun increases more intense ultraviolet radiation floods.
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The solar system astronomers found that two years after the
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solar cycles peak, the number of clouds on Neptune increases the
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link between Neptune and the sun 's activity is surprising to
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planetary astronomers because Neptune is the outermost major
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planet where sunlight is 1 900 th the intensity Earth receives
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to monitor the evolution of Neptune's appearance.
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Astronomers analyzed Hubble Space telescope archival
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observations beginning in 1994 Keck observatory images taken
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from 1994 to 2022 and lick observatory data from 2018 to
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2019. The combined data will enable further investigations
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into the physics and chemistry that lead to Neptune's dynamic
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appearance, which in turn may help deepen astronomers
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understanding not only of Neptune but also of planets
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beyond our solar system.
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This is Space Time and time now to take a brief look at some of
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the other stories making news in science this week with the
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science report, a new highly mutated variant of the SARS
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COVID two virus which causes COVID-19 has now been detected
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in Europe and North America. Scientists are on alert and
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scrambling to understand the new B A 2.86 strain which has been
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named Piola.
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They're trying to determine how far it's already spread and how
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well human immunity will defend against it. What is known so far
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is that it has more than 30 amino acid changes to its spike
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protein compared to the next closest ba two sub variant of
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homo grown. The World Health Organization has now designated
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BA 2.86 as a variant under monitoring.
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A designation that encourages countries to track and report
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the sequences. They find a variant under monitoring which
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causes more severe disease or one which evades existing
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vaccines and treatments is then upgraded to a list of variants
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of interest or variant of concern. These include XBB 1.5
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XBB 1.16 and EG five.
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The A variant which is now the dominant strain in the United
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States. Some 7 million people have now been killed by the
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COVID-19 Coronavirus since it was first detected near China's
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Wuhan Institute Of Virology around September 2019. The World
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Health Organization estimates the true death toll is likely to
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be around 18 million with some 770 million confirmed cases
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globally.
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There are fresh warnings today that the forecasts drier than
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usual Australian spring combined with wetter growing conditions
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in recent past years have all helped set the stage for what
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could be a major bushfire season. The Bureau Of
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Meteorology, Australia's Weather Bureau is predicting the drier
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spring to come.
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This combined with past wetter conditions which promoted lots
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of growth means large areas of Australia are set to see higher
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bushfire risk in coming months.
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According to the National Council For Fire And Emergency
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services, the warnings which are contained in the latest seasonal
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bushfire outlook report identifies large areas across
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the northern territory. Queensland and New South Wales,
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which are at much higher risk of bushfire this season along with
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patches of Victoria and South Australia.
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Archaeologists are getting a better idea of what bronze age
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diets might have been like. Thanks to a new analysis of
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proteins found on ancient teeth and cauldrons dating back over
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4000 years.
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A report in the journal I science says researchers
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combined analyses from the oldest pots ever found in order
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to explore the kinds of meals people are eating during the
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Myco period from 2700 to 2900 BCE that covered an area
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spanning from modern day southwestern Russia through to
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Turkey, including the Caucasus, Georgia, Azerbaijan and even
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Armenia.
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Scientists successfully retrieve proteins including Heacock
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proteins from blood muscle tissue and milk. Indicating
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people were cooking deer, cows, yaks, and water buffalo, milk
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proteins from either sheep or goats were also recovered.
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Indicating that the cauldrons were used to prepare dairy as
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well.
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The usually highly respected scientific journal nature has
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been placed under the spotlight for publishing a study which
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includes data obtained through a controversial method known as
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facilitated communication. Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics
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has the details.
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The story is a bit of a sad one. Actually nature we probably have
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to start with nature is the nature article which sort of
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spawned all this nature is a prestigious learner journal that
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published a lot of sort of cutting edge results of
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research, etcetera.
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So it is highly regarded generally, but it can put its
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foot in its mouth occasionally every so often. You mean like
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the lancet. Yeah, like the lancet, like a lot of things,
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you know, the lancet and the triple vaccine thing leading to
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autism, etcetera. So yeah, it happens now.
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What particularly happened here was that nature was publishing
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quite justified articles that if you're going to do research on
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people with serious autism and low functioning autism,
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etcetera, maybe you should get some people who are low
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functioning to actually give input rather than have high
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functioning people who are not so badly affected or even people
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who don't have autism at all.
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Assuming there are such people and this seems like a good idea.
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Fair enough, you get people involved who are actually the
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ones who need the treatments, who need the research.
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The trouble is with this, with autism, people who are very non
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speaking, non oral and who are maybe physically disabled as
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well trying to get them input is difficult, obviously for obvious
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reasons.
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And so there's been this technique that's been around 30
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or 40 years called facilitated communication and facilitated
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communication is when you have a severely autistic person or it
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could be dementia or cerebral palsy or various things like
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that.
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But someone who can't really speak clearly at all, if not at
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all and can't control their movements, you get a facilitator
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or a helper to help almost in a way interpret what they're
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trying to. And this often comes down to a case of you might have
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a little typewriter or a set of letters that sort of spelled out
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on a board or something like that.
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And with the help of the facilitator, the person who's
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severely handicapped might be touching different letters and
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spelling things out. The question is here and it's pretty
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obvious at times that it's the facilitator doing the spelling,
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not the patient, not the person who's autistic doing it.
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And it is facilitated and it's actually more directed and
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people who follow this technique are very strongly living in it,
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they're probably very sincere.
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But when you do tests on it, it shows pretty clearly that it's
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the facilitator who is spilling out these messages and not the
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person suffering themselves, the person who is spelling out a
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message and sometimes these messages are very sophisticated.
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The theory is that deep within someone who's severely disabled,
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etcetera is a brain waiting to get out.
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And that's very comforting to families and parents especially.
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But the question is whether this stuff is genuine and they're
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very questionable that suddenly people are giving speeches and
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things which are spelled out, not spoken, obviously poetry
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going through higher education with the help of their
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facilitators.
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And it's very sad, this situation that has facilitated
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communication has been really debunked as a very sad hope
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giver to people, which is totally unwarranted.
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I mean, if you look at films of people who are severely disabled
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in this way, supposedly spelling out their messages, they're
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often not even looking at the board, they're not interested
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whether they can or can't even look at it or they're just
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looking off in different directions or doing something
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else.
00:22:38
And yet they're still supposedly spelling out a message on a
00:22:41
keyboard which requires some sort of control to look at where
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the actual letters are. And you look at this and saying that's
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obvious it's not them spelling it. But the facilitators insist
00:22:50
that that's what's happening.
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So come down the nature article, quoting people who are severely
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disabled, non oral, non speaking, who are then giving
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advice on this research project. And the implication is that they
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are using facilitated communicators to put their
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message across.
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And there was actually one photo in the nature article of one of
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these people who is a high profile person giving this
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information, touching letters, supposedly on a handheld board,
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handheld boards are a problem.
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Obviously, the person holding it can move it around and you can
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almost sort of get the person to press the key you want,
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depending on how much movement you want. So Stuart we who is a
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psychologist and writes regularly for the skeptical
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inquiry, which is the major us skeptical publication, wrote an
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article about this saying nature has dropped the ball on this and
00:23:30
is in fact actually giving people the wrong impression.
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The message of the article is fine. People should be involved
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in research projects and setting policy and things.
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But the message here is that these people giving their advice
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or giving their input is false and that it's hidden away, even
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though the nature article doesn't mention facilitated
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communication. The only way these people could be doing it
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by and large is by this technique which is a debunked
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technique and is false and gives false hope.
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And that should be included in the methods in any nature
00:23:58
article.
00:23:58
That's right. But this is more an opinion piece. Yes,
00:24:00
absolutely. And facilitated communication really don't have
00:24:04
a very good for how it's working right apart from the saying, oh,
00:24:07
the person just has trouble pressing the keys and we're
00:24:09
helping. No, you're directing. And every time they are tested,
00:24:12
it disproves what they're claiming that is happening.
00:24:15
So that's this nature article is giving credence subtly, right,
00:24:19
without mentioning, facilitated communication. But the
00:24:21
suggestion that this person can give input is false and is an
00:24:25
abuse of that person by suggesting that they're doing
00:24:28
this when they're not. That's a sad one.
00:24:30
That's Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics.
00:24:49
And that's the show for now. SpaceTime is available every
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