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This is space time series 26 episode 100 and four for
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broadcast on the 30th of August 2023. Coming up on space time, a
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giant black hole destroys a massive star a new window on the
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X-ray cosmos. And astronomers find a hot Jupiter or is it a
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brown dwarf hotter than the surface of our Sun? All that and
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more coming up on space time.
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Welcome to space time with Stuart Garry.
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Astronomers have been examining the ripped apart remains of a
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once giant star that was torn apart and discarded by a super
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massive black hole. NASA's Chandra X-ray space telescope,
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together with the European Space Agency's Xmm Newton Space
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Observatory have been examining the stellar murder scene,
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specifically examining the amount of nitrogen and carbon
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found near the black hole.
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Astronomers think that these were created inside the star
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before it was ripped apart as it ventured too close. The study's
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lead author John Miller says the observations are showing the
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guts of what used to be a star.
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The elements left behind are clues astronomers can follow to
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help them figure out what sort of star met its demise in this
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stellar murder case stars being destroyed by black holes are
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referred to as title disruption events.
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That's because it's the immense gravitational forces of the
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black hole which physically rip the star apart right down to its
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subatomic level. And astronomers have found many examples of
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total disruption events in recent years. They usually cause
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a flare often seen in optical and ultraviolet light as well as
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X-rays as the stars remain to heat it up.
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But this particular event known as Assassin 14 L I stands up for
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several reasons. At the time of its discovery back in November
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2014, it was the closest tidal disruption event to earth just
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290 million light years away to have been discovered in around a
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decade.
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Because of this proximity, Assassin 14 L A has provided an
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extraordinary level of detail about the destroyed star. Miller
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's team applied new theoretical models to make improved
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estimates on the amount of nitrogen and carbon around the
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black hole.
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The relative amount of nitrogen to carbon found points to
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material from the interior of the doomed star weighing about
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three times the mass of the Sun. The star Assassin 14 L is
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therefore one of the most massive, perhaps even the most
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massive star that astronomers have ever seen ripped apart by a
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black hole.
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One of the hardest things with total disruption events is being
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able to measure the mass of the unlucky star being destroyed,
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observing the destruction of a massive star by a supermassive
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black hole is spell binding because high mass stars are
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expected to be significantly less common in the cosmos than
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lower mass stars.
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Now, you may recall that earlier this year, another team of
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astronomers reported on Scary Barbie, another tidal disruption
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event. Now at the time, they estimated that the star at the
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center of that could have been up to 14 times the Sun's mass
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before it was destroyed by the black hole.
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However, there are a number of problems with this. Firstly, it
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still has not yet been confirmed as a tidal disruption. The
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estimate of the star's mass mainly based on the brightness
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of the flare, not on the detailed analysis of material
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around the black hole.
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As is the case with assassin 14 Li a report in the Astrophysical
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journal letters suggests another exciting aspect of assassin 14
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ally's result is what it means for future studies, astronomers
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have seen moderately massive stars like assassin 14 ally in
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the star cluster which orbits around sater a star, a
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supermassive black hole at the center of our own milky way
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galaxy, that's just 27 light years away.
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Therefore, the ability to estimate stellar masses of
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totally disrupted stars potentially gives astronomers a
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way to identify the presence of star clusters around
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supermassive black holes in far more distant Galaxies as well.
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Until this study, there was a strong possibility that the
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elements observed in X-rays might have come from gas
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released by previous eruptions of the super massive black hole.
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However, the pattern of elements analyzed here appears to have
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definitely come from a single star and that makes it
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intriguing this space time.
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Still to come. The launch of a new window on the X-ray cosmos
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and astronomers find a hot Jupiter or is it really a brown
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dwarf hotter than the surface of the Sun? All that and more still
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to come on space time.
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Japan's about to launch a new X-ray telescope which will
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further enhance science's understanding of the universe.
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The upcoming prism X-ray imaging and spectroscopy emissions
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spacecraft will study the universe's hottest regions, some
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of its largest structures and objects with the strongest
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gravity led by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
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Jaxa Prism will peer into these cosmic extremes using
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spectroscopy.
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The study of how light and matter interact the heart of the
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spacecraft is criss micro cater spectrometer named Resolve. It's
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a collaboration between Jacka and NASA. It will create spectra
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measurements of light's intensity over a range of
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energies for X-rays from 400 to 1200 electron volts. Now, by
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comparison, visible light energies range from about 2 to 3
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electron volts.
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Now to do this Resolve measures tiny temperature changes created
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when an X-ray photon hits its six by six pixel detector.
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Current instruments are only capable of seeing these
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fingerprints in a comparatively blurry way but Resolve will be
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effectively providing a magnifying glass for scientists
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studying X-ray spectrometry to measure that miniscule increase
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and determine the X-rays energy.
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The detector needs to cool down to around minus 270 °C, just a
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fraction of a degree above the minus 273.15 °C, which is
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absolute zero. Now, that's 20 times colder than the Boomerang
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Nebula, the coldest, no natural environment and about 50 times
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colder than the temperature of deep space, which is warmed only
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by the oldest light in the universe.
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The cosmic microwave background radiation Resolve will reach its
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operating temperature following a multistage mechanical cooling
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process inside a refrigerator sized container of liquid helium
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criss principal investigator Richard Kelly from NASA's
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Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt Maryland says the
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Resolve instrument will let astronomers peer deep into the
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makeup of cosmic X-ray sources venturing inside to a degree
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that hasn't been possible before.
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Kelly says scientists anticipate many new insights into the
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hottest objects in the universe. These include exploding stars,
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black holes and the Galaxies powered by them and even entire
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clusters of Galaxies.
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And that's because Resolve will help astronomers learn more
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about the composition and motion of extremely hot gas within
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clusters near light speed, particle jets powered by black
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holes in active Galaxies and other cosmic mysteries.
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See the web space telescope is capturing similar spectra, but
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the infrared light and web spectra has revealed the makeup
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of gas near active black holes and it's mapped out the movement
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of the material towards and away from the viewer. Data from Prism
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's Resolve instrument will do the same thing but at higher
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energies thereby helping paint a fuller picture of these objects.
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Crims other primary instrument is extend which is developed by
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Jasa and Japanese Universities as an X-ray imager that will
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perform simultaneous observations with Resolve to
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provide complimentary information.
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Both instruments are relying on two identical X-ray mirror
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assemblies which are developed Godard in this report by NASA
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TV, Sophia Roberts from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in
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Greenbelt Maryland explains how understanding spectroscopy
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deepened. Science's knowledge of the universe.
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Astrophysics is much more than just capturing different
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wavelengths of light. Many objects or phenomenon are simply
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too far away to directly image a lot of data comes from pixel
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sized point sources and those points provide astrophysicists
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with a powerful window into what makes up the universe.
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Even now, most of what scientists learn about the
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cosmos comes from studying light astronomers can work out
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distances, speeds, sizes, temperatures and the composition
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of elements because matter behaves in predictable and
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consistent ways. They do this by literally prying these photons
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apart. This is spectroscopy.
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Spectroscopy is a study of how matter interacts with light. And
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it all began with a prism like entering one side of the prism
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bends or refracts as it passes through the triangle shape and
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exits out the other side, all of the wavelengths enter together,
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but they exit as a rainbow like spread of colors.
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What's happening is that the shorter, more energetic
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wavelengths like blue and violet bend a little more than the
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longer lower energy length like red and orange because they bend
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at slightly different angles, the wavelengths separate fanning
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out into a band of colors.
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NASA has a whole fleet of telescopes that can split and
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study a wide range of light on the electromagnetic spectrum,
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not just the light that our eyes can detect.
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So Hubble can detect through the visible spectrum but also a bit
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into the infrared. And the ultraviolet Web is just infrared
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and can look at the light that is emitted from billions of
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years ago. And of course, the images from Web are really
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spectacular. This spectrum shows a light that penetrated the
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atmosphere of a planet called wasp 96 B.
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The light being measured comes from the planet's host star,
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some of which skims through the atmosphere, humans are a long
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way from directly imaging exoplanets. So telescopes like
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Webb will use spectroscopy to find those chemicals that could
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support life in their atmospheres, which is why Webb's
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first spectra is so amazing.
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You're actually seeing bumps and wiggles that indicate the
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presence of water vapor in the atmosphere of this exoplanet.
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But it's one thing to identify single elements or simple
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molecules but deciphering whole foreign bodies like Dr Oz.
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How do you know.
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It took us a very long time to figure this out? It really took
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us many, many decades and it took us many, many fantastic new
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instruments.
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If all of our astrophysical objects or anything that we're
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looking at were made up of one element, this would just be so
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easy, but we don't. So we have to do experiments on earth to
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prove what we're looking at looks like what we are thinking
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we are looking at. So in here is Argo, it glows as really pretty
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purple and then if we look at it with a spectroscope, it shows us
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a very specific fingerprint to a gun.
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These are called spectral tubes. They contain the gas of one
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element. And the box runs a voltage through the tube. When I
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turn on the switch, the charged gas turns to plasma and emits a
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color that is unique to that one element. It also makes unique
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lines when you look through the spectroscope, this same process
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happens in a star or a hot region of gas.
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So we use tubes like this to verify what we see in space. If
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you do a quick search for spectroscopy data, there are
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numerous ways that the data can appear. Those variations are
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based on the source of the cosmic light. There are three
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types of spectra that we can use continuous emission and
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absorption light from a hot dense source like the Sun
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produces a continuous spectrum.
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When that light passes through cooler gasses on its way to us,
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the gasses take away or absorb some of the energy dark lines
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appear where specific colors are missing.
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And when thin gasses glow themselves, we see only their
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characteristic colors kind of like a cosmic bar code. These
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are the emission spectra like all data. There is an art to
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analyzing spectrum. Scientists like Dr Oz use computers to
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calculate and tease out clear signals comparing them then to
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models that are already known.
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Many scientists in the labs on earth, they try to recreate the
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same conditions and and measure basically what these kind of, as
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you said, fingerprints of those different transitions for
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different elements are OK.
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So we're always comparing to sort of the fingerprint of what
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we have. And then if it has deviated from that, that is the
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new information from what we're looking at, correct for Anna
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spectra unveiled the structures of black holes, the swirling
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winds that surround them and those big jets of particles that
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come out of them.
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So all of this is mostly a Christian desk at this level. It
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's just different parts of it we can zoom in, right?
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And we see all of the absorption lines, right? All of these lines
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are also shifted a lot. So they come from this wind. So that's
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how we know that there is winds blowing around black holes.
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The same principles apply no matter the wavelength of light.
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But each wavelength of light tells us a little something
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different about each character we find in the universe.
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It's pretty wild how different the universe looks to our eyes
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and how it presents to our telescopes. And that's precisely
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why we need to observe in different wavelengths of light.
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Modern astronomy is built upon spectroscopy. So with every
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stream of light we gather, we further understand what the
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universe is made of. All we need to do is pry open its contents.
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That's Sophia Roberts from NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center
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in Greenbelt Maryland and this is space time still to come.
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Discovery of a hot Jupiter or is it a brown dwarf hotter than the
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surface of our Sun? And later in the science report, a new study
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warns that Emperor Penguin colonies in Antarctica are
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experiencing complete breeding failure due to climate change,
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all that and more still to come on space time.
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Mr astronomers have discovered a hot Jupiter which has now turned
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out to be a brown dwarf hotter than the surface of our Sun. The
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search for exoplanets planets which orbit stars located beyond
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the borders of our solar system has always been a hot topic in
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Astrophysics of the various type of exoplanets.
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One is the hot, in the literal sense, hot Jupiter class of
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exoplanets that are physically similar to the gas giant Jupiter
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in our solar system.
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But instead of orbiting the host stars out beyond the snow line,
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as Jupiter does around the Sun, hot Jupiters orbit very close to
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their host stars often completing a full orbit in just
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a few days or even hours. And as their name suggests, they wind
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up becoming extremely hot because of their unique
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environments. They hold a fascination in the Astrophysics
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community.
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But the problem is they're really difficult to study
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because the glare of the nearby star makes them hard to detect.
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Now, a report in the Journal Nature Astronomy looks at the
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discovery of a system consisting of what appear to be two
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celestial bodies located about 1400 light years away that
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together appear to provide an excellent opportunity for
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studying a hot Jupiter environment as well as advancing
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science's understanding of planetary and stellar evolution.
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The discovery of this binary system, the most extreme of its
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kind known so far in terms of temperature was made through
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analysis of spectroscopic data gathered by the European
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Southern observatory's very large telescope in Chile.
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The study's lead author, Aal Kun from Israel's Weisman Institute
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Of Science says they identified a star orbiting hot Jupiter like
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object that based on their readings was the hottest ever
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found with a surface temperature around 2000 °C hotter than the
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surface of our Sun, which is around 6000 °C.
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But she says that unlike the glare obscured hot Jupiter
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planets, it was possible to see and study this object because it
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's really large compared to its host star, a white dwarf some
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10 times fainter than the main sequence star that makes
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this the perfect laboratory for future studies of hot Jupiter's
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extreme conditions.
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Now, let's define some terms here, white dwarfs are the
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stellar course of Sun like stars that have used up all their core
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hydrogen and helium fuel supplies ceasing core nuclear
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fusion. The process which makes stars shine, their outer layers
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will eventually blow off, leaving behind and exposing just
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their white hot stellar core.
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A white dwarf usually around the size of the earth which will
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slowly cool over the eons. Now, in this case, the other part of
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our binary system, the hot Jupiter turns out to actually be
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a brown dwarf. Now, brown dwarfs are failed stars lacking enough
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mass to commence the core nuclear fission process in the
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first place.
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However, unlike gas giant planets, brown dwarfs are
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massive enough to survive the pull of their stellar partners.
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See, the enormous mass of a star means its gravity can cause
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objects to get too close to break apart.
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But this brown dwarf is also really dense some 80 times the
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mass of Jupiter or squeezed into an object no larger than Jupiter
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with that sort of density, it's able to survive intact and form
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a stable binary system with its host star, the white dwarf, when
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two bodies be they a star and planet or in this case, a white
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dwarf and brown dwarf orbit really close to each other.
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The differential forces of gravity acting on the near and
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far side of the brown dwarf cause its orbital and rotational
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periods to become synchronized.
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Now, this phenomenon is known as tidal locking and it permanently
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locks one side of the planet in a position that always faces the
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star. Now we see the same thing here on earth with the moon
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always having the same face what we call the near side of the
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moon always facing the earth tidal aing leads to extreme
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temperature differences between the day side hemisphere which is
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bombarded by direct stellar radiation.
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And the far or outward facing night side hemisphere which
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receives a much smaller amount of the radiation, the intense
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radiation from their stars causes hot jupiters and even
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brown dwarfs extremely high surface temperatures.
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And the author's calculations based on an analysis of the
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brightness of the light emitted from the system suggest the
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orbiting brown dwarf's day side. Surface temperature is somewhere
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around 7000 to 9500 °C.
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The temperature on the night side of the brown dwarf is still
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hot, somewhere between 3700 °C and all that results in an
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extreme temperature difference of around 6000 degrees between
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the dwarf's two hemispheres this space time and time. Now to take
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another brief look at some of the other stories making news in
00:21:18
science.
00:21:18
This week. With the science report, a new study warns that
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emperor Penguin colonies in Antarctica are now experiencing
00:21:26
complete breeding failure as a direct consequence of the
00:21:29
unprecedented loss of Sea ice recorded in the region in recent
00:21:33
years due to climate change.
00:21:35
A report in the journal Communications, Earth and
00:21:38
Environment used satellite images from 2018 to 2022 to
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monitor emperor Penguin colonies in the Bellings House and Sea
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region of Antarctica. Finding that four out of the five
00:21:49
colonies there saw absolutely no chicks survive to fled
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successfully.
00:21:54
During the spring of 2022 emperor Penguin colonies
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generally need stable ice attached to the land between
00:22:01
April and January to ensure successful breeding and molting.
00:22:05
That's because the cheeks don't develop waterproof feathers
00:22:08
until fledging.
00:22:09
This is the first major breeding failure of Emperor penguins
00:22:13
observed during 13 years of observations in the region and
00:22:16
it's amongst the first evidence of the direct impact of
00:22:20
Antarctic warming on the viability of Emperor Penguin
00:22:23
populations.
00:22:25
A new study has recommended mask wearing should continue in
00:22:29
healthcare settings. The findings reported in the
00:22:32
journal, the annals of internal medicine argues that the
00:22:35
infection of SARS COV two is still a threat especially to the
00:22:39
most vulnerable patients and that masks if worn correctly are
00:22:43
a proven method of preventing transmission.
00:22:46
The authors of the commentary say both patients and healthcare
00:22:49
professionals should draw up on lessons learned during the
00:22:52
height of the COVID-19 pandemic and continue to mask up as
00:22:56
severe outcomes. Attributable to COVID-19 are still occurring.
00:23:00
The problem is many healthcare workers still come into work
00:23:03
with COVID-19, both symptomatic and asymptomatic and pre
00:23:08
pandemic, sick leave policies and more limited testing options
00:23:11
are making healthcare workers more likely to work even though
00:23:15
they're sick.
00:23:17
Researchers say they've found absolutely no link in the
00:23:20
country's uptake of Facebook and its population having poorer
00:23:24
mental health. The findings reported in the journal, the
00:23:27
Royal Society Open Science used well being data from close to a
00:23:31
million people across 72 countries over 12 years and
00:23:34
compared it with individual usage data from millions of
00:23:37
Facebook users worldwide.
00:23:40
They say their data doesn't support the idea that social
00:23:43
media was bad for mental health. And in fact, if you follow the
00:23:46
right blogs and websites, it could be related to positive.
00:23:50
Well being.
00:23:52
Samsung tops the list of complaints, possible delays in
00:23:56
some next generation iphones and new updates for people running
00:24:00
Windows on their Macs with the details on all these stories and
00:24:03
more. We're joined by technology editor Alex Sahara Roy from Tech
00:24:07
Advice dot life.
00:24:09
Well, this comes from the new South Wales Fair Trading
00:24:11
Commission and they've released the top 10 list of most
00:24:14
complained about businesses. In 2023. Samsung has topped the
00:24:17
list with 416 complaints from January to June 2023. And the
00:24:22
common issues were the quality of goods, the supply of goods
00:24:25
and services, the conduct of the company, the request for a
00:24:28
refund and warranty rights and remedies.
00:24:31
But lest you think that they're the only technology company in
00:24:35
the list Apple comes in at number nine with 103 complaints.
00:24:39
So four times fewer complaints, the issues of the quality of
00:24:42
goods, quality of service and repairs and maintenance. Number
00:24:45
10 on the list is good guys with 75 complaints. And there's also
00:24:49
people like kite and true water to water filtration company and
00:24:52
a bunch of other ones there. And there are.
00:24:53
Delays in the new iphone 15.
00:24:55
Tell me, yeah, an analyst says that the iphone 15 Pro Max,
00:24:58
which is the biggest version with the biggest battery and the
00:25:01
most cameras and the biggest zoom. This is expected to be 3
00:25:05
to 4 weeks delayed compared with the rest of the iphones because
00:25:08
of a sensor issue where Sony just can't make enough of the
00:25:12
camera sensors for Apple in time and look, it's not the first
00:25:15
time I've had delays.
00:25:16
The iphone 10, a couple of months after the iphone eight,
00:25:19
several years ago, there were delays of the iphone 12 mini and
00:25:22
the iphone 12 Pro Max. So this is the first time but it will
00:25:25
push out some of those sales.
00:25:26
Look, it will all happen in the same quarter still, which is
00:25:29
important for yearly sales figures. The December quarter
00:25:32
obviously is the most biggest one that they have every single
00:25:35
year because of all the Christmas and sales and the
00:25:37
holiday shopping season and people are finally upgrading
00:25:40
their iphones.
00:25:40
And of course, if you're upgrading from an iphone eight
00:25:43
or a 10 or even 11 or 12, you're going to see big jumps this year
00:25:46
in terms of the camera quality and especially with the iphone
00:25:49
15 Pro Max, we expect to see a periscope zoom, which will
00:25:53
hopefully be, you know, five or 10 times like we see on the
00:25:56
Samsung phones which have 10 times optical zooms.
00:25:58
And the parallels desktop software sets of changes.
00:26:01
Yes, this is parallels desktop 19. This is a new version. This
00:26:05
is a software that is used to run Windows virtually on your
00:26:08
MAC.
00:26:08
And for many years now, it has been out, it's been getting
00:26:10
improvements every year, able to run more games, more graphical
00:26:13
programs that are letting you run Word Excel, powerpoint to
00:26:16
Windows versions on your MAC desktop, you can either have the
00:26:19
desktop as a separate desktop or you can just run Windows
00:26:21
programs on the MAC desktop as though there were at other MAC
00:26:24
program.
00:26:24
Now, improvements this year are that you can use your touch ID
00:26:27
if your MAC has one to log into Windows in a password less way
00:26:31
and there's improvements to graphics, but you can also run
00:26:33
older versions of Windows, other versions of MAC Os versions of
00:26:36
Linux. And it's just the most efficient way to have multiple
00:26:40
operating systems on the same MAC.
00:26:42
And of course, if you buy a MAC that has 16 or 32 gigs of memory
00:26:46
and plenty of space on the SSD, then you don't have to worry
00:26:49
about the various operating systems slowing down whilst
00:26:52
you're trying to run several of them at the same time. And I can
00:26:55
say that running Windows on a MAC using parallel's desktop
00:26:58
software is actually better than running Windows by itself on a
00:27:01
regular PC. So it's really good stuff.
00:27:02
It's about 99 bucks a year to upgrade and give it a go if you
00:27:05
need to run Windows programs on your MAC. And you can find more
00:27:08
information about all those stories at Tech Advice life. And
00:27:10
I've also got information on Nintendo's Charles Martine, the
00:27:14
Voice Of Mario, retiring.
00:27:16
There's NBN has released uncapped satellite plans for
00:27:19
people in rural and regional Australia. The ai hype has been
00:27:24
analyzed by Gartner who says that generative AI is at the
00:27:27
peak of inflated expectations. We learn more about that there
00:27:30
and look there's tons more. So please check out Tech Advice dot
00:27:33
life when you can and have a great day.
00:27:35
That's Alex Sahara Roy from Tech Advice dot life and that's the
00:27:55
show for now.
00:27:56
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