SpaceTime Series 26 Episode 108 *Study shows fewer feeding black holes than thought A survey of a swath of the cosmos using the James Webb Space Telescope has revealed active galactic nuclei – which are feeding supermassive black holes -- are rarer than previously assumed. *NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Work is continuing on NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope which is expected to launch in 2027. *Muon g-2 exploring uncharted territory in search of new physics The most precise measurement ever undertaken of an elementary particle’s magnetism suggests that the standard model’ of physics is probably right after all. *The Science Report People with type 2 diabetes who replace sugary drinks have lower rates of early death. Discovery of ancient marine reptile that feeds like baleen whales. A new study shows that female surgeons perform better than their male counterparts. Skeptics guide to big garlic’s big COVID spin
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This is Space Time series 26 episode, 100 and eight for
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broadcast on the eighth of September 2023. Coming up on
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Space Time, a new study shows there are actually fewer black
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holes than thought busily feeding on anything around them.
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We look at NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and the Mu
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G Two collaboration exploring uncharted territory in the
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search for new physics. All that and more. Coming up on Space
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Time.
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Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Garry.
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When we think of our universe, we often think of Galaxies and
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their central supermassive black holes busily feeding on anything
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that gets too close violent places, hosting monsters that we
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can barely imagine.
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Now, a new survey looking at a large slice of the cosmos using
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the James Webb Space Telescope has revealed that active
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galactic nuclei that is feeding supermassive black holes are a
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lot rarer than previously thought.
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The findings made with Webb's mid infrared instrument suggest
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the universe may be a lot more stable than astronomers and
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certainly science fiction writers ever imagined the work
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reported in the Astrophysical Journal and on the pre press
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physics website, archive dot org focused on the long studied zone
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of the cosmos, which has been dubbed the extended growth strip
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located between Ursa major and the birds constellations.
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Previous observations, the same area were made using the Spitzer
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Space telescope. So re examining the area with a more powerful
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web should reveal lots more active galactic nuclei.
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The study's lead author, Alison Kilpatrick from the University
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Of Kansas says the new observations were taken from
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June last year through to December and were aiming to
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characterize how Galaxies look during the heyday of star
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formation in the universe.
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It all equates to a look back time of between seven and 10
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billion years. Webb's mid infrared instrument can see
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through the veil of dust and gas that can obscure ongoing star
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formation and hide supermassive black holes ravaging surrounding
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material.
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While astronomers are now pretty certain that every galaxy does
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contain a supermassive black hole at its center feeding black
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holes, those containing active galactic nuclei are far more
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spectacular and they great laboratories for studying the
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universe as a whole.
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The authors anticipated that the higher resolution web telescope
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survey would locate many more active galactic nuclei than what
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were found using the Spitzer Space telescope. However, it
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turns out that boost in parent sensitivity only revealed a
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handful of additional galactic nuclei.
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In other words, there's not as much going on as what had
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previously been thought. Kirkpatrick says there was no
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flood of newly discovered supermassive black holes with
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active galactic nuclei. She says it turns out that these black
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holes are likely growing at a slower pace than previously
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believed.
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And that's intriguing considering the Galaxies
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Kirkpatrick's been examining do resemble our own milky way
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galaxy as it would have appeared in the past.
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An important mystery in astronomy lies in understanding
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how typical supermassive black holes such as those found in
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Galaxies like the milky way grow and influence their host
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Galaxies. But this study's findings suggest that these
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black holes are not growing, rapidly absorbing only a limited
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amount of material and perhaps not significantly impacting
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their host Galaxies at all.
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The discovery opens up a whole new perspective on black hole
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growth since our current understanding is largely based
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on the most massive black holes in the biggest Galaxies. And
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those do have a significant effect on their hosts but
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smaller black holes likely don't.
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Another surprising outcome was the lack of dust in these
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Galaxies by using web astronomers could identify many
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more smaller Galaxies than before, including ones the size
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of the milky way and even smaller, which were previously
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impossible to see these red shifts.
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Now, typically the most massive Galaxies have abundant dust due
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to rapid star formation rates. It's always been assumed that
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lower mass Galaxies would also contain a substantial amount of
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dust, but they didn't see that defying expectations and offers
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another intriguing discovery.
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According to Kirkpatrick, this work changes science's
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understanding of how Galaxies grow, especially concerning
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Galaxies like our own milky way, the supermassive black hole at
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the center of our milky way galaxy Sagittarius.
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A star is located some 27 light years away and is around
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4.3 million times the mass of our sun. And right now, as far
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as we can tell, it's not doing much and it hasn't been doing
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much for a long time. Put simply seitter A star seems quite
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uneventful and not displaying much activity.
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One significant question regarding the milky way is
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whether seitter a star was ever really active or even went
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through an active galactic nuclei phase. If most Galaxies
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like ours lack detectable active galactic nuclei, it could imply
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that our black hole was also not very active in the past.
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Ultimately, this knowledge will help constrain and measure black
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hole masses shedding new light on the origins of black holes,
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how they grow and how they evolve. And for now, at least
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that remains an unanswered question.
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This is Space Time still to come. We look at NASA's Nancy
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Grace Roman Space Telescope and the my qi two collaboration
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exploring uncharted territory in their search for new physics,
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all that and more still to come on Space Time.
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And of course, you'll find all the URL details in the show
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notes and on our website. And now it's back to our show.
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You're listening to Space Time with Stuart Gary, a vast team of
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scientists and engineers are continuing work on NASA's Nancy
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Grace Roman Space Telescope which is slated for launch in
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2027 like the James Webb Space Telescope.
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Roman will study the universe using infrared eyes. But while
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Webb unravels the beauty and mystery of the cosmos is zooming
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in to get a detailed look at small parts of the sky. Nancy
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Grace Roman is going to have a much wider panoramic field of
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view, surveying large areas of the cosmos all at once.
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In fact, it'll gather more data than any other NASA mission ever
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launched in the process attempting to answer some of the
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biggest questions in Astrophysics. Roman will be
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searching for extra solar planets using gravitational
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microlensing as a guide.
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But its real goals will be to test Albert Einstein's theory of
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general relativity, which has been well tested on the scale of
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our solar system but not so much on larger cosmological scales.
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You see one of the big problems is that visible matter within
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our universe should according to the theory slow down the
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expansion of the universe.
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Yet, during the late 19 nineties, astronomers discovered
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the rate of the universe's expansion out from the Big Bang
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13.8 billion years ago, isn't slowing down. It's actually
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accelerating astronomers have attributed that acceleration to
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a mysterious force. They're calling dark energy.
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Roman will give scientists data accurately measuring the
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position and distance of millions of Galaxies. It'll
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provide a chronology of the universe and the growth of
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cosmic structure. With the end goal of measuring the effects of
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dark energy and the consistency of general relativity and the
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curvature of Space Time.
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All this will help astronomers better understand the expansion
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rate of the universe in different areas. Ultimately, the
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results will tell if Einstein's theory of gravity needs
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modification and that means it'll do nothing less than tell
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us a bit more about the ultimate fate of the universe.
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The Roman Space Telescope is based on an existing 2.4 m wide
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field of view primary mirror and will carry two scientific
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experiments. There's the wide field instrument which is a
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300.8 megapixel multi band visible in near infrared camera
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that will provide a sharpness of images comparable with what was
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achieved by the Hubble space telescope.
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But over a 0.28 degree field of view that's 100 times larger
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than the imaging cameras on Hubble. There's also a
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chronograph instrument, a high contrast small field of view
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camera with a spectrometer attached to it, it'll cover
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visible and near infrared wavelengths using a novel
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Starlight suppression technology.
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Although they're separated by 30 years, Roman actually shares a
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lot of its heritage with the Hubble space telescope. But then
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again, when you think about it, there's far more than just one
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Hubble space telescope, in fact, as far as we know, and that
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figure is pretty flexible.
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There are at least 22 Hubble space telescopes up there. All
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of them are using the same basic design adapted for Hubble and
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some have been in orbit since 1976.
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But unlike Hubble, which is pointed up towards the heavens,
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the others are all pointed down towards the Earth's surface
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because they're Earth observation spy satellites built
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for the National Reconnaissance Office, America's Intelligence
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Agency For Space Based Surveillance.
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They've gone by a variety of different official and not so
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official code names such as Kh 11, Keenan crystal evolved
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enhanced crystal, 10, 10 gambit and Hexagon, but they're
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generally best known by their most famous code name Keyhole.
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There have been at least six basic technology upgrades or
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blocks to the Keyhole design since it was first introduced.
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And two of them known as Misty were even designed to be
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stealthy, virtually invisible to radar. Back in 2012, the
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National Reconnaissance Office donated a pair of spare block
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three Kel spy satellites complete with spare parts to
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NASA potentially for use's Hubble telescope replacements.
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The pair were manufactured in the late 19 nineties and early
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two thousands and were originally meant to join the
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constellation of similar Keyhole surveillance satellites orbiting
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the Earth, but were never used because the design was
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superseded by newer block four and block five versions like
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Hubble.
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They were built by Lockheed Martin using the same 2.4 m main
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mirror and like Hubble. They were designed to orbit at an
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altitude of about 500 kilometers because they looked down at the
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Earth and not up into space.
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They used different optical ancillary equipment and also had
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a shorter focal length, giving them a wider field of view
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around 100 times larger than Hubble's wide field camera,
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three instrument. The two telescopes represented a multi
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billion dollar gift from the National Reconnaissance Office
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to NASA. But they won't complete among other things, they lack
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detectors, star trackers, prism wheels and filters.
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But the good news is they did come complete with bodies
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mirrors, payload radiators and 1.5 m long struts for mounting
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spacecraft instruments. And it's one of these two telescopes
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which are now being rebuilt into the Nancy Grace Roman Space
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Telescope.
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The team building Roman have now begun integrating and testing
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the spacecraft's electrical cabling or wiring harness. This
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enables different parts of the observatory to communicate with
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one another. Additionally, the harness provides power and helps
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the central computer monitor the observatory's function by way of
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an array of sensors.
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It all brings the mission a step closer to surveying billions of
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cosmic objects. Project development. Lead Dene Ferrer
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from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland
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says just as the central nervous system carries signals
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throughout the human body, Roman 's wiring harness connects its
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components providing both power and commands to each electronic
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system and instrument.
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Without the harness, there would be no spacecraft weighing in at
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around 454 kg. The harness is made up of approximately 32
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wires and 900 connectors. The wires were all laid out end to
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end.
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They would span more than 80 kilometers directed upwards.
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They'd be eight times taller than mount Everest. Achieving
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this milestone has been no small task over the course of around
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two years. Now, a team of 11 Godard technicians have spent
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time at the workbench and perched on ladders cutting wires
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to length, meticulously cleaning each component and repeatedly
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connecting everything together.
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The entire harness was built on an observatory spacecraft mockup
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structure before being transported to Goddard Space
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Environment simulator, a massive thermal vacuum chamber used in
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this case for bake out, bake out.
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That's a term we haven't used before. So what does it mean?
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Well, when observatories like Rome at are center of space, the
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resulting vacuum in orbital temperatures can cause certain
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materials to release harmful vapors. These vapors can
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condense on the electronics of the spacecraft, creating
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problems even short circuits or they can deposit on sensitive
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optics degrading the telescope's performance.
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So baout is designed to release these gasses on Earth so they
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aren't emitted inside the spacecraft. When in space with
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backout complete, engineers are now weaving the harness through
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the flight structure in Goddard 's big clean room.
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This ongoing process will continue until most of the
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spacecraft's components are assembled. In the meantime, the
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Goddard team will soon begin installing electronics. These
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will eventually provide power by way of the harness to all of the
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spacecraft's science instruments. This report from
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NASA TV, the.
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Roman Space Telescope's primary structure is ready for the wire
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harness that powers each system of instruments, gyroscopes, data
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transfer and movement.
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But the harness is nearly £1000.45 miles of continuous
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wiring. This acts as the central nervous system of the whole
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observatory and like our nerves is threaded through each major
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component, making its transfer a delicate operation.
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What we're doing today is we're taking the flight harness off of
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the mock up that was used to put it in that flight configuration
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and we're putting it on the harness transfer tool which will
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then be used to pick up the flight harness and put it into
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the flight structure to then be put and mounted on all the
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flight hardware and then eventually flown into space.
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Each side of the primary structure houses different
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systems, each with redundant paths of wiring options.
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Yes. So this is the telescope electronics and over here the
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PSE and PDU which distributes power base four. This is bay
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four, it's still being completed. This is the kind of
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the brains of the spacecraft.
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With the wiring in place and tested. The team will continue
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installing all the components into the primary structure over
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the course of the next year.
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And in that report from NASA TV, we heard from harness transfer
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engineer Lee Huber and electrical engineer, Alex
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Petrov, both from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt
00:17:49
Maryland. This is Space Time still to come exploring
00:17:54
uncharted territory in the search for new physics.
00:17:57
And later in the science report, a new study shows that
00:18:00
biologically female surgeons are actually better at their jobs
00:18:04
than their biological male counterparts. Good to know if
00:18:07
you're planning a big op all that are more still to come on
00:18:11
Space Time.
00:18:28
The most precise measurement ever undertaken on the
00:18:31
elementary particle's magnetism suggests that the Standard Model
00:18:34
of particle physics is probably right after all, the Standard
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Model is the foundation stone of science's understanding of the
00:18:42
universe. Researchers are continuously trying to break it
00:18:46
down in search of new physics.
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Beyond the Standard Model. For example, we know that the
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Standard Model doesn't take account of two really important
00:18:55
things, dark energy and dark matter. And that raises the
00:18:59
question, what else is missing. Their latest attempt involves
00:19:03
the hunt for a discrepancy between predicted and measured
00:19:07
values of the magnetic moment of the muon.
00:19:09
A heavier cousin to the electron had it been found, it would have
00:19:13
been seen as a possible signal of undiscovered subatomic
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particles physicist with the muon G two experiment at the US
00:19:21
Department Of Energy's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
00:19:24
Fermi Lab have now doubled the precision of the previous best
00:19:27
measurement to an estimated error rate of just 201 parts per
00:19:31
billion.
00:19:32
So they now have a brand new measurement for a property of
00:19:35
the muon called the anomalous magnetic moment. And it improves
00:19:39
the precision of their previous result by a factor of two.
00:19:43
The result shows there may not be any sort of discrepancy to
00:19:46
explain. That's because the new value bolsters the first result
00:19:50
announced back in April 2021 Brendan Casey, a senior
00:19:54
scientist at Fermilab who's worked as part of the muon G two
00:19:58
experiment since 2008 says scientists have really been
00:20:01
probing new territory here by making predictions based on the
00:20:05
Standard Model.
00:20:06
And then comparing those predictions to the experimental
00:20:08
results, scientists can discern whether or not the theory is
00:20:12
complete or if there's some physics beyond the Standard
00:20:15
Model, that's still missing muons are fundamental particles
00:20:19
that are similar to electrons.
00:20:21
But about 200 times as massive like electrons muons have tiny
00:20:25
internal magnets that in the presence of a magnetic field
00:20:29
pres or wobble sort of like the axis of a spinning top. The
00:20:33
precision speed in a given magnetic field depends on the
00:20:36
muons magnetic moment Now, that 's typically represented by the
00:20:40
letter G at the simplest level theory predicts that G should
00:20:44
equal two.
00:20:45
And the difference of G from two or G minus two can be attributed
00:20:49
to the muons interactions with particles in the quantum firm
00:20:53
that surrounds it quantum firm consists of particle pairs
00:20:56
constantly springing into and out of existence.
00:21:00
Think of it as energy transforming into matter and
00:21:02
then becoming energy. Again, these particles blink into and
00:21:06
out of existence. And like subatomic dance partners grab
00:21:09
the muons hand and change the way the muon interacts with the
00:21:12
magnetic field.
00:21:14
Now, the Standard Model of particle physics incorporates
00:21:17
all known dance partner particles and predicts how the
00:21:20
quantum foam changes. G and physicists were excited about
00:21:25
the possible existence of a yet to be discovered particle that
00:21:28
could contribute to the value of G two because that would open a
00:21:32
window to exploring new physics.
00:21:34
But like we said, the new experimental result based on the
00:21:37
first three years of data and reported in the journal physical
00:21:40
review letters backs the earlier measurement and moves it forward
00:21:44
corresponding to a position of 0.20 parts per million. With
00:21:49
this measurement, the collaborations already reached
00:21:51
their goal of decreasing.
00:21:53
One particular type of uncertainty uncertainty caused
00:21:56
by experimental imperfections known as systematic
00:21:59
uncertainties is while the total systematic uncertainty has
00:22:02
already surpassed the design goal, the larger aspect of
00:22:05
uncertainty, statistical uncertainty is driven by the
00:22:08
total amount of data analyzed, it can never disappear, it just
00:22:12
gets smaller and the results available will add an additional
00:22:15
two years of data to their first result.
00:22:18
The Fermilab experiment will reach its ultimate statistical
00:22:22
uncertainty once scientists incorporate all six years of
00:22:25
data into their analysis. And that's something the
00:22:28
collaboration hopes to achieve within the next couple of years
00:22:32
to make their measurements.
00:22:33
The muon G two collaboration repeatedly sent a beam of muons
00:22:37
into a 15.24 m diameter superconducting magnetic storage
00:22:42
ring where they were circulated 1000 times at nearly the speed
00:22:45
of light detectors lining the small particle accelerator ring
00:22:49
allowed scientists to determine how rapidly the muons were
00:22:53
processing.
00:22:54
Physicists need to then also precisely measure the strength
00:22:57
of the magnetic field to then determine the value of G two.
00:23:01
The Fermilab experiment reused the seam storage ring originally
00:23:05
built for its predecessor, the my chi two experiment at the
00:23:09
Brookhaven National Laboratory which was conducted back in
00:23:11
2001. In 2013. The collaboration transported the ring from Long
00:23:16
Island, New York to Batavia Illinois.
00:23:20
And over the next four years, the collaboration reassembled
00:23:23
the experiment and improved their techniques,
00:23:25
instrumentation and simulations. The main goal of the Fermilab
00:23:29
experiment was to reduce the uncertainty of G two by a factor
00:23:32
of four compared to the Brookhaven result.
00:23:35
In addition to the larger data set, the latest G two
00:23:38
measurements are enhanced by updates to the Fermi lab
00:23:41
experiment itself. In fact, the experiment was firing on all
00:23:44
cylinders for the final three years of data taking, which came
00:23:47
to an end on July the 9th, 2023. That's when the collaboration
00:23:52
finally shut off the muon beam.
00:23:54
Thereby concluding the experiment after six years of
00:23:57
data collection, they reach their goal of collecting a data
00:24:01
set. That's more than 21 times the size of Brookhaven's data
00:24:05
set. Physicists can calculate the effect of the known Standard
00:24:09
Model dance partners on muon G two to incredible precision.
00:24:13
The calculations consider the electromagnetic, the weak and
00:24:16
strong nuclear forces including photons, electrons quarks gluons
00:24:21
neutrinos, both Z and W bosons and the Higgs boson. If the
00:24:26
Standard Model is correct, the ultra precise prediction should
00:24:29
match the experimental measurements. Calculating the
00:24:32
Standard Model prediction for my G two was very challenging.
00:24:36
Back in 2020 the muon G two theory initiative announced the
00:24:40
best Standard Model prediction for muon G two available at that
00:24:44
time. But the new experimental measurements of the data that
00:24:47
feeds into the prediction and a new calculation based on a
00:24:50
different theoretical approach known as lattice gauge theory
00:24:53
are in tension with the 2020 calculation.
00:24:57
Scientists on the muon G Two theory initiative aim to have
00:25:00
their new improved prediction available in the next couple of
00:25:03
years. That'll consider both theoretical approaches.
00:25:07
The collaboration anticipates releasing their final most
00:25:10
precise measurement of the muons magnetic moment in 2025 in the
00:25:14
process setting up the ultimate showdown between the Standard
00:25:18
Model theory and experiment. Needless to say we'll keep you
00:25:22
informed. This is Space Time and time. Had to take another brief
00:25:42
look at some of the other stories making news in science.
00:25:45
This week with the science report, a new study has
00:25:48
confirmed that adults with type two diabetes who replace sugary
00:25:52
drinks with coffee, tea or plain water, wind up having lower
00:25:55
rates of early death due to cardiovascular disease or other
00:25:58
causes. The findings reported in the British Medical journal drew
00:26:02
on data from 15 American adults at an average age of 61
00:26:08
74 per cent of whom were women.
00:26:10
All of them had type two diabetes. The authors found that
00:26:14
participants with the highest rates of sugary drinks, meaning
00:26:17
more than one serving a day wind up with a 20 per cent increased
00:26:20
risk of death from any cause compared to participants with
00:26:23
the lowest intake rate of less than one serving per month.
00:26:27
Now, in contrast, high intakes of certain beverages up to six
00:26:31
daily servings were associated with lower mortality. 26 per
00:26:35
cent less for coffee drinkers, 21 per cent for tea, 23 per cent
00:26:39
for plain water and 12 per cent for low fat milk.
00:26:43
Paleontologists have discovered the remains of an ancient marine
00:26:47
reptile that may have been a filter feeder just like modern
00:26:50
Baleen Whales. A report in the journal BMC ecology and
00:26:55
evolution claims Houk's Nans, the remains of which have been
00:26:59
dug up in China had skulls with small features similar to modern
00:27:03
day bowhead or Riot whales.
00:27:05
The authors say the skulls had unusual toothless snouts and
00:27:09
there were grooves around the roof of the mouth which indicate
00:27:12
there may have been soft tissue there that played a similar role
00:27:15
to the bale filters found in some modern day whales.
00:27:19
The researchers also note a loose lower jaw that would have
00:27:22
allowed the IOS sour like reptile to open its mouth wide
00:27:26
enough to take in large gulps of water and a rigid body.
00:27:30
Suggesting this may have been a slow swimmer that fed in a style
00:27:33
very similar to modern day whales which swim with their
00:27:36
mouths open near the surface of the ocean and strain food from
00:27:40
the water.
00:27:41
The team says these findings could be an example of
00:27:44
convergent evolution where similar features evolved
00:27:47
independently in different species. Houk's Nanine dates
00:27:51
back to the Early Triassic Of The Hubei Province and may have
00:27:55
reached over a meter in length.
00:27:58
A new study has shown that on average biological female
00:28:02
surgeons perform better than their biological male
00:28:04
counterparts. The findings reported in the journal of the
00:28:08
American Medical Association are based on a joint Canadian us
00:28:11
study of more than a million Canadian patients who underwent
00:28:14
surgery.
00:28:16
The authors found that those treated by biologically female
00:28:19
surgeons were less likely than those treated by biological male
00:28:22
surgeons to have post operative problems 90 days and one year
00:28:26
after surgery, the researchers say they don't know exactly why
00:28:30
biological females make better surgeons than biological males
00:28:34
or what could be done to bring biological male surgeons up to
00:28:38
the standards of their biological female colleagues.
00:28:41
They say that should be the subject of further study.
00:28:46
It's the story. Big Garlic didn't want you to hear. An
00:28:49
Australian Garlic company is claiming their research shows
00:28:52
that locally grown garlic has demonstrated a 99.9 per cent
00:28:56
efficacy against viruses that cause COVID-19 and the common
00:29:00
flu.
00:29:01
The company's press release claims certain unique Australian
00:29:05
grown garlic varieties demonstrate antiviral activity.
00:29:08
Trouble is they didn't give any details on exactly what these
00:29:12
garlic varieties were or why they may have more antiviral
00:29:16
properties.
00:29:17
And the claims have now been strongly condemned by
00:29:20
scientists, Dr Ian Musgrave, a senior lecturer in Pharmacology
00:29:24
with the University Of Adelaide says that until clinical trials
00:29:28
have been done, no claims can be made about the effects of these
00:29:31
extracts for the prevention of treatments like influenza, let
00:29:34
alone COVID-19.
00:29:36
And Tim Mendham from Australian skeptics points out Australian
00:29:39
garlic producers neglected to mention that the studies had not
00:29:42
been published, meaning they've not been peer reviewed nor do
00:29:46
they mention that these studies were limited to test tube
00:29:48
results and not trialed on people.
00:29:51
A recent story appeared in the press suggesting that garlic
00:29:55
could be used as a cure for COVID-19 and for influenza and
00:29:59
various other things like that. Now, this surprised a lot of
00:30:01
people and there was a bit of digging going on by skeptics
00:30:04
that the story came from a garlic company.
00:30:08
Apparently they had funded research that was done at the
00:30:11
Peter Doherty Institute in Melbourne, which is a pretty
00:30:13
well known and respected medical research institute named after
00:30:18
an Australian Nobel Prize winner. So it's got some street
00:30:20
cred there. The trouble is with this research was it didn't
00:30:23
actually say what the claim was, the research was done on garlic.
00:30:28
But in Vitra, as they say, which means it might be useful for
00:30:32
treating test tube, but it's not necessarily proven for treating
00:30:35
people. And that was a criticism of it which the Doherty
00:30:38
Institute itself admitted. They said it's not done in humans,
00:30:41
the real world it's done in test tubes.
00:30:43
So therefore, really you take a long leap to suggest that there
00:30:46
are definite benefits from it. One of the problems was that one
00:30:49
of the Doherty staff said made a comment to the press that the
00:30:52
garlic is known to be good for killing bacteria. It's long been
00:30:55
used in additional Chinese medicine.
00:30:57
Probably that of course, is a COVID influenza of viruses but
00:31:00
not bacteria. And traditional Chinese medicine has a lot of
00:31:03
problems with it with a lot of the very, very strange
00:31:05
treatments that are included in it. So this very quickly was
00:31:09
shot down the story.
00:31:10
Unfortunately for people who are suffering, they're saying
00:31:12
chewing on a bit of garlic is not proven to be able to help
00:31:15
you put it that way, not proven. I mean, no one's going to say
00:31:17
some way down the track. It shows it has some benefit, but
00:31:20
certainly as far as this particular research, it was over
00:31:23
hyped to the extreme.
00:31:24
Does it give you a French accent? May we? That's Tim Ende
00:31:28
from Australian skeptics and that's the show for now.
00:31:47
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