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STUART GARY: This is Spacetime series 26 episode, 100 and 11 or
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broadcast on the 15th of September 2023. Coming up on
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Space Time, a Venus fly by sends the Parker Solar Probe on a
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record setting fly by around the Sun 50 new neighboring
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exoplanets discovered nearby. And NASA's SpaceX cruise six
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returns safely to Earth. All that and more coming up on Space
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Time.
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GENERIC: Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Garry.
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STUART GARY: NASA's Parker Solar Probe has just undertaken a new
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gravity assist fly by of Venus which is slingshot of the
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spacecraft towards a record setting series of flights around
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the Sun starting this month traveling at over 24 kilometers.
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A second Parker Solar Probe passed just 4003 kilometers
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above the Venusian surface as it curved around the shroud covered
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planet and headed back in towards the Sun commission
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managers at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in
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Maryland kept close contact with the spacecraft during its fly by
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using NASA's Deep space communications network.
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Any exception was an eight minute loss of signal when the
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planet Venus itself was between the Earth and Parker missions.
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Operation manager, Nick Pinkens says the spacecraft remains on
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track to make its closest fly by of the Sun. Yet Venus's gravity
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assists are essential to guiding Parker aggressively closer
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towards the Sun.
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The spacecraft relies on the planet to reduce its orbital
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energy and this in turn allows it to travel closer to the Sun
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where since 2018, it's been exploring the origins and
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secrets of the solar wind, a continuous stream of charged
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particles flowing out from the Sun and bathing the entire solar
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system.
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Its latest maneuver was Parker's sixth of seven planned gravity
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assists using Venus. It served as an orbit maneuver applying
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velocity change called delta V on the probe and reducing its
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orbital speed by around 9547 kilometers an hour. And the
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maneuver also changed the spacecraft's orbit, setting the
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Parker Solar Probe up for its next five close passes of the
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Sun.
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The first of which will take place on September 27th on each
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of these close approaches known as per Helis, the Parker Solar
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Probe will set or match its own speed and distance records
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coming to within just 7.3 million kilometers of the
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visible surface of the Sun while traveling at around 635
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kilometers per hour.
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And that is faster than any other man made object has ever
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traveled. Launched aboard a delta four heavy rocket from
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space launch complex 37 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
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in Florida.
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Back in August 2018, the Parker Solar Probe is on a seven year
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mission studying the Sun's outer atmosphere corona. The mission's
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undertaking 24 high eccentric orbits around the Sun flying
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Deep into the corona as far as 6 million kilometers above the
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Sun's visible surface.
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It'll trace the flow of energy that heats the corona and
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accelerates the solar wind, determining the structure and
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dynamics of the magnetic fields and source of solar winds and
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work out the mechanisms which are accelerating and
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transporting energetic particles. The $1.5 billion
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spacecraft carries four principal scientific
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instruments.
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They're designed to study magnetic fields, plasma and
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energetic particles and capture images of the solar wind. The
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electromagnetic fields investigation or fields will
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make direct measurements of electric and magnetic fields as
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well as radio waves pointing flux, absolute plasma density
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and electron temperature.
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It's composed of two flux gate magnetometer, a search core
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magnetometer and five plasma voltage sensors. The integrated
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science investigation of the Sun or ISIS package will measure
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energetic electrons protons and heavy ions. It's composed of two
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independent instruments ep I high and ep I low.
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The white thought image of the solar probe or whisper is made
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up of optical telescopes that can acquire images of the corona
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and in a heliosphere, the solar wind electrons alphas and
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protons or sweep instrument is an experiment that counts
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electrons protons and helium ions in order to measure their
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properties such as velocity density and temperature.
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Its primary instruments are two electrostatic analyzers and
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Farad a cup. This Space Time still to come, the discovery of
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50 new exoplanets in our own cosmic neighborhood. And NASA's
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SpaceX crew six returns safely to Earth. All that and more
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still to come on Space Time.
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Astronomers have discovered a treasure trove of dozens of
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exoplanets that is planets orbiting stars other than our
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Sun and they're all in our own galactic neighborhood.
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The catch reported in the journal astronomy and
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Astrophysics includes 33 newly discovered planets, 26 planets
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confirmed from previous transit surveys and a re analysis of 17
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other known planets. Now, four of the planets are potentially
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habitable meaning their rocky terrestrial worlds and they
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orbit in the habitable zone of their host stars.
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That's the area from their star where temperatures would allow
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liquid water central for life as we know it to exist on a
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planet's surface. All of the planets are orbiting low mass
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stars within 60 light years of the Sun.
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The new observations were made by the Carmenes Consortium using
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a 3.5 m Telescope at the Color Alto Observatory in Spain. This
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telescopes equipped with both visible light and infrared
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spectrograph, thereby allowing detailed radio velocity
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measurements to be made of the stars in order to look for any
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tell tale wobble of the star caused by the gravitational tug
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of an orbiting planet.
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One of the study's authors, Ignacia Rivas from the Institute
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Of Space Sciences in Catalona says the new data set allows
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scientists to calculate how often stars host planets.
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Rivas says the results suggest the current of 1.4 planets per
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star. And that's interesting because NASA's Planet Hunting
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Kepler space Telescope found a similar rate using the transit
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method in which the light from a host star is briefly blocked out
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by a passing or transiting planet.
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The fact that two different planet hunting techniques have
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now both obtained similar results is significant because
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it provides good evidence that nearly all low mass stars
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probably have at least one orbiting planet.
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Interestingly, 12 of the newly discovered planets were large
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Jupiter mass gas giants which are not normally found orbiting
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low mass stars. The authors think these could have been
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formed due to gravitational instabilities which are prone in
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massive coal discs of planetary material surrounding young
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nascent stars.
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Still, their discovery does raise new questions about
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planetary formation processes and the establishment of
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planetary system architecture. Jonathan Nalley, the editor of
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Australian Sky and Telescope Magazine says it's good robust
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work on a large sample scale.
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JONATHAN NALLY: Yeah. Now these are exoplanets we're talking
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about, these are planets that are circling other stars, not
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our Sun. So the scientists haven't found 50 new planets in
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our solar system. These are other planetary systems. So this
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particular group of scientists have been spending the last five
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years using a Telescope in space to study several 100 stars all
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within 60 light years of Earth and that's really close by in
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space terms.
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And what they were doing was they were hunting for signs of
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planets circling those stars. So they've now announced the
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discovery of 33 new planets. They've confirmed the presence
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of another 26 that had already been spotted and they've done
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some analysis on another 17 planets that also had previously
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been candidates.
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The suspicion was that they were planets as well. Now, six of
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these planets out of this total are considered to be potentially
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habitable. And what scientists mean by that these days is that
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the likely temperatures that exist on the surface of these
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planets mean that liquid water could exist not frozen as ice or
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too hot and then it's just a gas.
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But what they're looking for is planets could have liquid water
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on their surfaces because here on Earth, for instance,
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everywhere there is liquid water, there's life, even if
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it's just microscopic, it's everywhere. They've looked where
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there's water, there's life even, you know, in icy places
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where there are little cracks where some water exists in a
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tiny amount of liquid water, there's life in it.
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So even underground anywhere, look inside nuclear reactors for
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goodness sake. So there are extremo files, they call them
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things that can live basically anywhere, these little
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microscopic things. So that's why they're looking for planets
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that might have at least the temperatures that are good for
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water.
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One other thing, the team worked out was how many planets on
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average stars have. And from the data that they were doing, it
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turns out that there's 1.4 planets per star is the average,
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it's a bit like the, you know, average family's got what, 2.4
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kids or something. I used to have 2.4 kids, I think it was.
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So it's an average, of course, but this actually matches what
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other scientists had come up with before using different sort
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of techniques. So it's sort of confirmed that as being a pretty
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solid bit of data. And one final thing the team has done also is
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it's worked out ways to help tell the difference between
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indications of the presence of a planet circling a star.
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And things happening on the star itself such as star spots, star
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spots are similar to sunspots there, dark areas, cooler areas
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on the surface of the star. And this is important because the
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technique they're using to detect planets for this team was
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looking for tiny dimming of the light coming from all of these
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stars transit method where a planet's gone in front.
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And so it's blocked out a little bit of the Starlight and the
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Starlight dim a little bit. Well, a star spot can do that
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too if you've got a big dim, a cooler darker spot on a star and
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it rotates into view that can sort of masquerade as a planet
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or vice versa.
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So they've been able to work out ways to sort of overcome that
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and have more confidence than what they are seeing when they
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see a star dimming is actually one of these exoplanets and not
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a spot or they've been able to say no, that is a star spot. So
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that's of interest to astronomers who are looking for
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star spots. So there you go, 50 more planets and within 60 light
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years of Earth. So there are a lot of planets out there.
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STUART GARY: That's Jonathan Nalley, the editor of Australian
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Sky and Telescope Magazine and this is Space Time. Still to
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come. NASA's SpaceX cruise six returns safely to Earth. And
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later in the science report, scientists have discovered a new
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type of water ice, all that and more still to come on Space
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Time.
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Well, after spending 186 days in orbit, NASA's SpaceX crew six S
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returned safely to Earth splashing down in the North
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Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Jacksonville, Florida.
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NARRATOR: We do have de orbit burns start. So a quick recap
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within the last 10 minutes, Dragon jettisoned its trunk and
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initiated the deorbit burn for those operations. NASA and
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SpaceX closely coordinate with the United States Coast Guard to
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establish a safety zone to ensure public safety and for the
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safety of those involved in the recovery operations as well as
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the crew on board returning spacecraft.
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NARRATION: We are now within the atmospheric entry phase of the
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return for the crew six crew. Once again, the plasma build up
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on the exterior of the capsule results in our inability to
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command or communicate with the Dragon capsule during this time.
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This is heading towards the Atlantic coast of near
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Jacksonville, Florida.
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NARRATOR: So recovery teams are in position off the coast of
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Jacksonville, Florida and we are still targeting our expected
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splashdown time of 9:17 p. m. Pacific 12:17 a. m. Eastern. We
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only have about a minute and some change of this blackout
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period anticipated. And again, there's some variation on when
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we can hear from the crew Dragon.
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NARRATION: SpaceX com check.
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So at this point, we're going to hear SpaceX cops begin to hail
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as Gary said, this blackout period is estimated. So we're
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now beginning to reach out to the crew to see if we've
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regained that communications capability.
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What Dragon SpaceX com check.
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NARRATOR: We hear crew six from inside the cabin on the back end
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of the Black Copy Dragon, we see a healthy flight computer expect
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automated chute deployment up next will be the deployment of
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the drogue parachutes.
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NARRATION: All right. So that call out just letting the crew
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know that they can expect to have the initial parachute
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deployment. That is the drogue parachutes and that those
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typically deploy about 18 ft at that point in time. The
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capsule is going around 350 MPH at the time that the main
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parachutes are deployed just seconds later, they'll be going
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around 120 MPH.
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NARRATOR: Drug pirates have fired and we have good
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confirmation of drug shoots.
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NARRATION: Two drugs, Dragon nominal descent rate and
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recovery team reports a visual on two healthy drugs to 10
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years.
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NARRATOR: He drove shoot jettison here momentarily.
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NARRATION: At this point in time, Dragon has saved all of
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its propulsion systems and is now has already terminated. That
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nitrox suit and cabin purges those were helping to keep the
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crew cool during the re entry looks like we have four very
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beautiful and healthy Maine parachutes.
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Dragon, we see a nominal descent rate on four healthy Maines.
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Dr Coffee Space Dragon coming up on one time.
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So there's that confirmation copy 1000 m, confirmation of
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those four healthy shoot deployments now standing by for
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splashdown at the point of splashdown, the capsule will be
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going about 15 or 16 MPH continuing to accelerate from a
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from a speed of about 120 MPH 800. So we will now begin copy
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800 to hear commander Steve Bowen call out the altitude as
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they approach the water surface.
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That is again in meters landing in water is simpler and provides
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more margin against unlikely parachute issues. We had to
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learn how to make Dragon waterproof, but once you do
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that, it's very much a rinse review reuse type process 600
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copy 600 600 m and the descent rate is as predicted. Dragon
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Endeavor. With the crew, six team members on board.
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Dragon, we see 400.
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Now about 400 m above the ocean surface.
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This I was dragging 200 for flash down.
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Copy braced for splashdown.
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NARRATOR: Again, the seats have been rotated in a position to
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take the loads of re entry and parachute deployment as well as
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splash down. The crew is braced. We are inside 100 meters.
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NARRATION: Dragon Endeavor continuing its slow descent
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flash down. Those parachutes are then cut and released. Dragon
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Endeavor has now returned home. NASA astronaut Steve Bowen Woody
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Hoberg, Sultan Al Nati and Andre.
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Dragon splash down.
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Copy splash down and we see shoots.
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A 17 hour return journey from space crew. Six is home.
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STUART GARY: Their Dragon capsule Endeavor was quickly
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retrieved by the SpaceX recovery vessel.
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Megan formally ending their six month mission to the
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International Space Station while on station as part of
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expedition 69 the four man crew participated in hundreds of
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experiments, three spacewalks preparing the station four and
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eventually installing two new Arosa or International Space
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Station rollout solar arrays which are designed to augment
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power generation for the orbiting outpost.
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The experiments and technology demonstrations undertaken by the
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mission included assisting a student robotic challenge,
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studying plant genetic adaptions to space and monitoring human
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health in microgravity to prepare for exploration beyond
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low Earth orbit.
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The astronauts also released Saskatchewan's first satellite
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which is designed to test new radiation detection and
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protection systems which derive from melanin which is found in
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many living organisms including humans. The journey marked the
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fourth flight for the Dragon capsule Endeavor which first
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flew on SpaceX demonstration mission two in May 2020.
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The spacecraft will now be returned to Florida for
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inspection and processing at SpaceX's refurbishing facility
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at Cape Canaveral where teams will inspect the capsule,
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analyze data on its performance and prepare it for its next
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mission.
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The cruise six mission is part of NASA's commercial crew
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program and its return to Earth follows the launch last week of
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NASA's SpaceX crew seven mission beginning yet another long
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duration science expedition.
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This is Space Time and time now to take another brief look at
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some of the other stories making news in science this week with
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the science report, a new study is focused on one of the most
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common features of the autism spectrum disorder that is
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reduced levels of eye contact compared with neurotypical
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people.
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Although eye contact is a crucially important part of
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everyday interactions, scientists have been limited in
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studying the neurobiological basis for life search
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interactions with eye contact in people on the spectrum because
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of the inability to image the brains of two people
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simultaneously.
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However, a report in the journal PLOS one now shows how new
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innovation technology has allowed researchers to image two
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individuals simultaneously during real life interactions.
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Both participants were fitted with caps which had lots of
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sensors on them that emitted light into the brain and also
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recorded changes in light signals with information about
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brain activity during both face gaze and eye to eye contact.
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The researchers then analyzed brain activity during brief
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social interactions between neurotypical people and those on
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the spectrum using functional near infrared spectroscopy. They
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found that during eye to eye contact, participants on the
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spectrum had significantly reduced activity in the dorsal
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parietal cortex compared to neurotypical people.
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They found that neural activity in these regions was synchronous
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between neurotypical participants during real eye to
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eye contact but not during gaze at a video face.
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On the other hand, the expected increase in neural coupling was
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not observed in people on the spectrum and this is consistent
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with the differences in social interactions. The findings
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provide a better understanding of the neurobiology of autism
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and general underlying neural mechanisms that drive typical
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social connections.
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An Australian study has revealed that plants can't effectively
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remove toxic gasoline fumes including cancer causing
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compounds such as benzene from indoor air. The study found that
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the ambient small green wall containing a mix of indoor
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plants was highly effective at removing harmful cancer causing
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pollutants.
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With 97 per cent of the most toxic compounds removed from the
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surrounding air in just eight hours. The study which has not
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yet been peer reviewed was funded by the plant company aus.
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Scientists have discovered a new type of water ice. The findings
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reported in the journal Physical Review B shows that the
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transformation to an ionic state occurs at far lower pressures
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than previously thought. Like many other materials, water can
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form different solid materials based on variable temperatures
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and pressure conditions.
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It's just like carbon turning either into diamond or graphite.
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However, water's unusual and it comes in at least 20 solid forms
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of ice and they've just found another one. Zach Gran and
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colleagues from the Department Of Physics And Astronomy at the
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University Of Nevada, Las Vegas made the discovery after
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developing a new method of measuring the properties of
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water under high pressure.
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Their work involved first squeezing ice between the tips
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of two diamonds freezing into several jumbled ice crystals. It
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was then subjected to laser heating which melted it before
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it quickly reformed into a powder like collection of tiny
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crystals by incrementally raising the pressure and
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periodically blasting it with lasers.
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Grand and colleagues observed the cubic ice V two transition
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into a new structure of tetra Gonal symmetry, which they're
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calling ice V three. While new and unusual types of ice are
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unlikely to be found naturally on Earth's surface, it could
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exist Deep inside the planet's mantle and in the crust and
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upper mantle of other worlds therefore, could provide
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conditions suitable for life as we know it.
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A new study shows that people who tend to see images or hear
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voices where there are none are also more likely to believe in
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conspiracy theories and paranormal phenomena. One of the
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most important tasks of the perception system of our brains
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is to identify meaningful patterns in the streams of
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sensations received by our sensory organs.
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This is the basis of our ability to identify objects in our
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environment and interact with them. However, Tim Mendham from
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Strand Skeptics says sometimes human brains show a tendency to
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seek out and find patterns that don't actually exist.
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TIM MENDHAM: Apophenia is a sort of umbrella term for when people
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see or hear things that aren't there. You're seeing things like
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you're seeing a face in the clouds specifically is
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specifically the visual.
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But apophenia comes, you're hearing sounds, you're hearing
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voices, you know, it sounds like your dead relative calling or
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something like that, not quite that you're hearing ghosts and
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that sort of thing. You hear a creek, your house settling and
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you suddenly think of someone walking through your house,
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right?
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STUART GARY: Paradols when you're seeing things that do
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look like faces and clouds, that's not quite the same thing
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as what you're talking about then.
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TIM MENDHAM: Well, a is the broader term paradols included
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in it. Really? Ok. Ok. So a sort of looking at the whole topic.
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So yeah, there's, there's visual and there's all sorts of other
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anything in which you're thinking you see a pattern where
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there is none and the pattern is often a face or a visual thing
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that you are familiar with and that it's not what you're there.
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So that's what this covers. It's a normal thing, people do it all
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the time. I mean, it's.
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STUART GARY: Part of our genetic makeup used to protect us in
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ancient times when we lived in caves.
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TIM MENDHAM: And yes. So what happens is that people who have
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this tendency on a continuing basis, more than just normal
00:23:41
basis of seeing things that say is that amusing? Whether, who
00:23:44
really believe it and take it to the extreme also have a tendency
00:23:47
to believe. Apparently according to this research that was done
00:23:50
on students in Switzerland, they have a tendency to believe
00:23:53
pseudo theories, conspiracy theories and in the paranormal.
00:23:57
So they're seeing realities if you like in things where they
00:24:00
don't exist, whether reality doesn't exist. What they
00:24:02
actually did a survey on, they asked people if they, they see
00:24:05
things through visual patterns, audio auditory signals,
00:24:09
interpreting events or data as sort of like a coincidence or it
00:24:12
goes beyond coincidence.
00:24:13
And then also if they then also believed in certain conspiracy
00:24:16
theories in paranormal beliefs and a whole range of things,
00:24:19
apparently, there is an index or a scale called the proneness to
00:24:21
paranormal scale. People who are prone to paranormal beliefs also
00:24:25
prone to apophenia issues, parador, et cetera and also
00:24:29
prone to, to tend to be to conspiracy theories. Now, this
00:24:32
is one study.
00:24:33
It'd be great to see it replicated to see how it works
00:24:36
out. But it's just basically saying that the psychological
00:24:39
mechanisms behind the perception of non existent patterns might
00:24:43
be the same mechanisms that make one endorse beliefs without
00:24:46
evidence. So you're seeing things that aren't there,
00:24:48
surprise, surprise and you're believing things that also are
00:24:51
probably not there.
00:24:52
STUART GARY: That's Tim Ende from Australian skeptics.
00:25:11
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