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Stuart Gary: This is SpaceTime series 26 episode 70 or
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broadcast on the 12th of June 2023. Coming up on space time,
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rewriting the textbooks on the mysteries of Fast Radio Bursts,
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new insights show how the early universe quite literally
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crackled with bursts of star formation. And fresh claims the
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American government possesses intact and partially intact
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alien spacecraft. But where's the proof? All that and more
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coming up on space time?
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Generic: Welcome to space time with Stuart Garry.
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Stuart Gary: Astronomers are raising new questions about
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mysterious deep space blasts of energy called Fast Radio Bursts
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following the detection of an event which breaks the known
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rules about their origins. Fast Radio Bursts are ephemeral
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explosions releasing as much energy in a nanosecond as the
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sun will produce in decades.
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They were first discovered in 2007 by the Parkes radio
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telescope in the central west of New South Wales. Astronomers
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like to study Fast Radio Bursts and their host Galaxies in great
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detail, not just to solve an intergalactic mystery about what
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they are, but also because they can tell us more about the
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structure and evolution of Galaxies.
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And after years of research, scientists have begun to think
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they're getting a fairly good handle on these events.
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Originally, they were thought to be singular events possibly
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caused by the catastrophic destruction of a star in a
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supernova.
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But later examples of repeating Fast Radio Bursts sent
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scientists back to the drawing boards with new hypotheses
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involving exotic objects like black holes, neutron stars and
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their highly magnetized counterparts magnets. The idea
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being that all Fast Radio Bursts were repeaters just with some
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repeating more often than others.
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The one thing they all had in common was their location seemed
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to be in the spiral arms of distant Galaxies, Galaxies which
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have been gravitationally perturbed by other Galaxies
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causing a high degree of turbulence within the gaseous
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arms triggering lots of fresh star birth.
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But these new findings are reported in the Astrophysical
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Journal show a fast radio burst that appeared to have originated
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in a much quieter galaxy and that suggests a very different
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cause.
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The study's lead author, Marcin Glowacki y from the Curtin
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University node of the International Center For Radio
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Astronomy Research says the new observations aren't showing the
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same turbulence which was detected in other Galaxies known
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to her Fast Radio Bursts. The discovery therefore, clearly
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questions what scientists really know about these enigmatic
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events.
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The observations were carried out with the Csiro's Australia
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square kilometer array pathfinder or ASCAP radio
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telescope array in Outback, Western Australia ASCAP is a
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synthesis array consisting of 36 12 m parabolic dish antennas
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spread out in two dimensions with baselines up to six
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kilometers apart located in the Murchison Observatory zone 800
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kilometers north of Perth Levski says, while previous studies
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suggested that colliding Galaxies could create massive
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stars that may eventually cause Fast Radio Bursts.
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This paper's findings challenge that idea. The research simply
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hasn't seen the same clear signals of turbulence. Instead.
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He says the host galaxy appears to be undisturbed and quiet.
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Levski says either the massive star that caused the fast radio
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burst was born another way or that this powerful burst was
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created by something else entirely.
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Marcin Glowacki : In previous studies where they've been able
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to localize the fast radio burst, find out what galaxy
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comes from and study the gas around that they found the gas
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in the host galaxy to be very turbulent.
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And this suggests that this galaxy has recently been a
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merger of two other Galaxies and that's would cause this
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turbulence and this would start off star formation events and
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that could lead to what would create one of the possible
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models for Fast Radio Bursts in our case. However, the gas is
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not so turbulent, you could say it's quiet by having.
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Stuart Gary: Turbulent gas, you have more star formation taking
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place. And that means there's a greater chance of having stars
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that live for only a short period of time and then become
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neutron stars. Is that the way you're.
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Marcin Glowacki : Thinking more star formation means there's a
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high chance of creating these really massive stars and they
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have a much shorter lifetime. We're talking hundreds of
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millions of years rather than billions of years like our sun.
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And those stars will tend to give birth to the neutron stars,
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which are one of the progenitor models for a fast radio burst.
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So in our case, we don't see such turbine gas. So that means
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that it's less likely to be the starburst activity that would
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create this massive star. Now, it doesn't mean that we can't
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create such massive stars in that environment. But it means
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that these are formed from another method, not from a
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galaxy merger or there is actually something else that has
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created a fast radio burst.
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Stuart Gary: Were you looking at a specific fast radio burst in
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order to do these observations?
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Marcin Glowacki : Fb 211127, basically, the numbers
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correspond to the date. So it was made in late 2021. Where in
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the sky was it how far away it's in another spiral galaxy similar
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to our own milky way and it's about 200 mega pass away so many
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light years away. This was more luck.
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I suppose that during the observations of gas of Galaxies
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in that part of the sky, we happen to detect a Fast Radio
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Bursts. So we have two different surveys. One is craft which is
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looking for Fast Radio Bursts and the other is wallaby, which
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is looking at the neutral hydrogen gas of Galaxies and
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we've worked together to make this discovery.
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Stuart Gary: Has this turned out to be a repeating fast radio
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burst or is this a singular event at this stage? Singular
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event? That's interesting because one of the theories
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originally for Fast Radio Bursts was that they could have been
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caused by cataclysmic events. It's a good explanation for
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something that gives as much power as the sun does in 10
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years in just a nanosecond or a second or something like that.
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But then that was dismissed. Once we realized that some Fast
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Radio Bursts were repeaters, they would happen over and over
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again. And that sort of ruled out the cataclysmic issue as a
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possibility. But what you've found now that left us with the
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option, maybe there are two different causes for Fast Radio
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Bursts.
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Marcin Glowacki : Yes, exactly. There may be two, there could
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even be more than that. And that's something that we'll just
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have to increase our sample size to get a better handle on. What
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do you think is going on? I feel like that there are two
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different populations of what causes a fast radio burst.
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That's due to things like we see different profiles for when we
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look at the profile of the fast radio burst from a repeater
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versus ones that are just one off events. There does appear to
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be a distinct difference in the distribution.
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How long they last for, for example, so that suggests that
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there may be something different at play causing those two
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different kinds of radio bursts, the ones that repeat and ones
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that so far we've just seen one blip and that's it.
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Stuart Gary: When we look at gamma ray bursts, of course, we
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know there are two different sources for those, the short
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period gamma ray bursts are caused by a different method to
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longer period gamma ray bursts. Yes, that's correct. How did you
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do your.
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Marcin Glowacki : So we're using ASCAP to do the simultaneous
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observations how the craft survey works, which is a survey
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looking for Fast Radio Bursts. ASCAP will do another survey, it
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will do its own thing. And whenever we monitor the data and
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see that there's a candidate for Fast Radio Bursts, we tell ASCAP
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download voltages three seconds worth just dump that and we
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process that data separately.
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And that's the key to being able to tell where the fast radio
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burst is because on a millisecond timescales, normally
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you would not be able to tell what part of the sky it comes
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from. But using clever engineering and clever software
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pipelines to process that data, we can isolate the exact data
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that the Fast Radio Bursts happen in. And that allows us to
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determine where in the sky it actually came from.
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Stuart Gary: That's margin Glavas from the Curtin
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University node of the International Center For Radio
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Astronomy Research. And this is space time still to come. New
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insights show the early universe crackled with bursts of star
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formation and a former us intelligence official claims the
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American government possesses both intact and partially intact
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alien spacecraft. But where's the proof? All that and more
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still to come on space time?
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Among the most fundamental questions in astronomy is how
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did the first stars and Galaxies form? And NASA's James Webb
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Space Telescope is now providing new insights into this question.
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One of the largest programs in Webb's first year of science is
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the J W S T Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey or Jades,
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which is devoting some 32 days of telescope time to uncover and
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characterize faint distant Galaxies. Now, while this data
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is still coming in, we can say Jades has already discovered
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hundreds of Galaxies that existed at a time when the
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universe was less than 600 million years old.
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Raising questions about how Galaxies could be so well formed
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so early in the history of the cosmos, astronomers have also
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identified Galaxies sparkling with a multitude of young hot
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stars. Jades will answer a lot of questions like how did the
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earliest Galaxies assemble themselves?
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How fast do they start forming stars and why do some Galaxies
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stop making stars? Ryan Ensley from the University Of Texas at
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Austin is leading an investigation into Galaxies that
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existed between 508 150 million years after the Big Bang.
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This was a critical time in the evolution of the universe known
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as the epoch of realization see for hundreds of millions of
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years after the Big Bang, the universe was filled with gaseous
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fog making it opaque. However, by a billion years after the Big
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Bang, that fog had cleared and the universe had become
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transparent the way we see it today.
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The process which caused that is known as ionization. Scientists
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have debated whether active supermassive black holes or
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Galaxies full of hot young stars were the primary cause of
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ionization.
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As part of the Jades program, Enders Lee and colleagues have
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been studying these Galaxies with webs near infrared
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spectrograph instrument to look for signatures of star formation
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and they've found them in abundance. Enderle says almost
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every single galaxy they've looked at shows unusually strong
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emission line signatures indicating intense recent star
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formation.
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In fact, it would seem these early Galaxies are all very good
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at creating hot massive stars. And it's these bright massive
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stars which pumped out torrents of ultraviolet radiation that
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radiation transformed the surrounding gas from opaque to
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transparent by ionizing the hydrogen atoms by removing
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electrons from their nuclei.
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And since these early Galaxies had such large populations of
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hot massive stars, they may have been the main driver for
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ionization, the later reuniting of the electrons and their
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nuclei produces distinctively strong emission lines.
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Endsley and colleagues also found evidence that these young
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Galaxies underwent periods of rapid star formation
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interspersed with quiet periods where fewer stars were formed.
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These fits and starts may have occurred as Galaxies captured
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clumps of the gaseous raw material needed to form stars.
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Alternatively, since massive stars use up their fuel supplies
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very quickly and then explode.
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Usually living for only a few million years at most compared
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to the 12 billion year expected life span of our sun. They may
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have injected energy into the surrounding environment
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periodically preventing gas from condensing to form new stars.
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Another element of the Jades program involves the search for
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the very earliest Galaxies that existed when the universe was
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less than 400 million years old at some 13.4 billion years ago.
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By studying these embryonic Galaxies, astronomers can
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explore how star formation in the early years after the Big
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Bang was very different from what's seen in current times.
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The light from far away Galaxies is stretched to longer
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wavelengths and redder colors by the expansion of the universe.
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It's a phenomenon. Astronomers refer to as redshift by
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measuring a galaxy's redshift. Astronomers can learn how far
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away it is and therefore, when it existed in the early cosmos.
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Before the web space telescope, there are only a dozen or so
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Galaxies observed above a red shift of eight a time when the
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universe was less than 650 million years old. But Jades has
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now uncovered nearly 1000 of these extremely distant
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Galaxies. The gold standard for determining redshift involves
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looking at a galaxy spectra which measures its brightness at
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a myriad of closely spaced wavelengths.
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But a good approximation can be determined by simply taking
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photos of a galaxy using filters that each cover a very narrow
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wave band of colors. In order to get a handful of brightness
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measurements. Using this method, astronomers can determine
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estimates for the distances to many thousands of Galaxies at
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once.
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Kevin Hale from the University Of Arizona and two Simon
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colleagues used Webb's near infrared camera instrument to
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obtain these measurements known as photo metric red shifts. And
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they've identified over 700 candidate Galaxies that existed
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when the universe was between 376 150 million years old.
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The sheer number of these Galaxies was far beyond the
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predictions from observations made before Webb's launch. The
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observatory's exquisite resolution and sensitivity are
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allowing astronomers to get a better view of these distant
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Galaxies than ever before.
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Alan says that previously the earliest Galaxies just look like
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little smudges and yet those smudges represent millions even
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billions of stars at the beginning of the universe. Now,
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thanks to the web astronomers can see that some of these are
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actually extended objects with visible structure and they can
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even see groupings of stars being born only a few 100
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million years after the beginning of time.
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And that is pretty incredible. This is space time still to
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come. A former US intelligence official claims the American
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government possesses intact alien spacecraft. But where's
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the proof? And later in the science report, Australia's
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Bureau Of Meteorology has issued a formal El Niño alert all that
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and more still to come on space time.
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A former US intelligence official has claimed that the
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American government possesses intact and partially intact
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alien spacecraft. The official David Rush is an air force
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veteran and former member of the National Geospatial Intelligence
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agency.
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The 36 year old's gone public telling Tucker Carlson on his
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Twitter show that he led analysis of unexplained
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anomalous phenomena or UAP, what we used to call UFOs as part of
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the US. Defense Department agency. Groce says information
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of these vehicles is being illegally withheld from
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Congress.
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He says that after turning over classified information about
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these vehicles to Congress, he suffered retaliation from
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government officials. He left the government in April after a
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14 year career in US intelligence. Groce says the US
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government defense contractors have been recovering fragments
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of non human spacecraft and in some cases, entire spacecraft
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for decades.
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He says analysis of the material the spacecraft are made from has
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confirmed they're of exotic origin, meaning non human
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intelligence with extraterrestrial or unknown
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origin based on the structure of the materials used problem is
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he's provided no actual evidence to support his claims.
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There are no photographs, no spectral analysis and no sample
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materials. In October last year, NASA introduced a 16 member
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panel of experts from different scientific fields to head up a
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major study of unexplained anomalous phenomena.
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The space agency was tasked with undertaking the independent
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study following the reaction stemming from the 2021 report
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issued by the Pentagon's Office Of The Director Of National
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Intelligence. That report was able to categorize 163 U events
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as balloons, another 26 as drones and six others as either
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birds, weather events or airborne debris like plastic
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bags blowing in the wind.
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But that still left 143 other reports received since 2004 that
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do not have an explanation. Now not having an explanation does
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not mean they're UFOs from another planet. It simply means
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there's not enough information to be able to draw a conclusion.
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Last week, NASA held its first public meeting of unexplained
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anomalous phenomena.
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The four hour information gathering event covered a wide
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range of topics and questions and was live streamed online.
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NASA defines UAP S as observations of events in the
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sky that can't be identified as aircraft or other known natural
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phenomena from a scientific perspective.
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The new claims by Ruche Echo, those of Bob Lazar who in 1989
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claimed that he had worked at area 51 sector four which he
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said was located underground inside the pause range near Paus
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Lake Lazar claimed that he was contracted to work with alien
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spacecraft that the government had in its possession.
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Similarly, the 1996 documentary dreamland included an interview
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with a 71 year old mechanical engineer who also claimed to be
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a former employee at area 51 during the 19 fifties his claims
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included that he had worked on a flying disc simulator which had
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been based on a disc originating from a crashed extraterrestrial
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spacecraft which had been used to train pilots.
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He also claimed to have worked with an actual real life
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extraterrestrial alien named J Rod, who he described as a
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telepathic translator, whether any of this is real or not, I'll
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leave that up to you.
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This is space time and time now to take a brief look at some of
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the other stories making news in science. This week with the
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science report, Australia's Bureau Of Meteorology has moved
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from an El Niño watch to an El Niño alert, meaning that while
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the El Niño southern oscillation or Renzo is currently still
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neutral, there's now a 70 per cent chance of El Niño forming
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within the next few months.
00:19:28
El Ninos occur when the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean waters
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warm and the Pacific waters near Australia are cooler than
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average and these conditions have now developed. But the
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pattern needs to persist for several more weeks before an El
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Niño can be declared.
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The bureau says oceanic Enzo indicators have warmed to El
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Niño thresholds. Models are forecasting that further warming
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is likely with ocean temperatures expected to persist
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above El Niño thresholds in the Central And Eastern Pacific
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until at least November.
00:20:00
El Ninos occur on average every 3 to 5 years resulting in drier
00:20:05
and warmer than usual weather patterns across the southern two
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thirds of eastern Australia, the reduced rainfall in the east and
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the warmer temperatures in the south also mean an increased
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risk for bushfires. The cycle of El Niño and La Nina work as a
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sort of pendulum.
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La Nina occurs when water temperatures in the eastern
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tropical Pacific are cooler than average and the trade winds, the
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planet's prevailing east west winds strengthen creating warmer
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than usual water temperatures along the Australian Pacific
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coast bringing heavy rainfall and increased flooding.
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The term El Niño was first coined by Peruvian fishermen who
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noticed their anchovy catches would decline when waters in the
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Eastern Pacific were warmer than usual. This would normally
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happen around Christmas traditionally celebrated as the
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time of the birth of Christ.
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And so the term little boy or El Niño was coined and so the
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opposite La Nina translates in Spanish to little Girl. If the
00:20:59
forecasts are correct, it'll be the first time in eight years
00:21:02
that an El Niño event has been experienced in Australia. The
00:21:05
last one brought severe drought, incredible bushfires and general
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hardship for rural areas.
00:21:13
Researchers have discovered that viruses such as SARS COV two can
00:21:17
cause brain cells to fuse initiating malfunctions that can
00:21:20
lead to chronic neurological symptoms. Sars COV two, the
00:21:24
virus which causes COVID-19 has been detected in the brains of
00:21:28
people with long COVID months after their initial infection.
00:21:32
The findings were reported in the journal science advances
00:21:34
based on research undertaken at the Queensland Brain Institute
00:21:38
exploring how viruses like COVID-19 alter the function of
00:21:41
the central nervous system.
00:21:43
Almost seven million people have now been killed by the COVID-19
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Coronavirus since it was first detected near China's Wuhan
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Institute Of Virology around September 2019. The World Health
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Organization estimates the true death toll is likely to be
00:21:58
around 18 million with some 768 million confirmed cases
00:22:02
globally. Almost 10 per cent of the world's population.
00:22:08
A new study has found that well, over 60 billion invertebrate
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animals were killed in Australia's 2019 2020 black
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summer bushfires. The findings reported in the journal Austra
00:22:20
Ecology were made in a study conducted by La Trobe University
00:22:24
revealing the alarming loss of invertebrates in the Australian
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Temperate rainforests following the catastrophic fires.
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The fires also killed well over three billion terrestrial
00:22:33
vertebrate animals including many highly endangered species,
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some of whom were driven to extinction. The black summer
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bushfires burnt out over 186 square kilometers of forests. It
00:22:45
also destroyed some 6000 buildings including 2779 homes
00:22:51
and killed. At least 34 people smoke from the fires crossed the
00:22:55
Pacific Ocean, affecting New Zealand, Chile and Argentina.
00:23:00
A strange anomaly which has had people baffled for years is the
00:23:04
apparent ability of some people to make street lights turn off
00:23:08
as they get near them and then turn on again once they've
00:23:11
passed by, it's known as street light interference phenomenon.
00:23:16
Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics says that apparently
00:23:19
this is something that thousands of people can do. Although it's
00:23:22
never actually been scientifically tested.
00:23:25
Tim Mendham: This really weird little theory that people can
00:23:27
turn street lights on and off just by thinking about them by
00:23:30
approaching them and then they move on.
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Stuart Gary: He walks past a TV store as he walks past the tvs
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all go static and then as soon as he walks away, they go back
00:23:41
to.
00:23:41
Tim Mendham: Normal, this particular thing of a phenomenon
00:23:43
called clearly thought out street light interference
00:23:46
phenomenon. So it's an the people who can do what a fly do,
00:23:50
nothing to do with handers. It's also called high voltage
00:23:52
syndrome, which could have something to do with. The thing
00:23:55
is it's never been properly tested.
00:23:57
It's one of those things which might be an interesting
00:23:59
coincidence that you notice that when it happens, you don't
00:24:02
notice that when it doesn't happen. Maybe that means the
00:24:05
power is only intermittent or maybe it's just like there's
00:24:08
various explanations put for it.
00:24:10
And mainly I think the main one is that you do notice it when it
00:24:13
happens, you don't notice it when it doesn't happen because
00:24:17
it is reinforcement. Yeah. So it's a curiosity. They say it's
00:24:20
been happening since the 18 hundreds ever since there's been
00:24:22
street light fair enough. It is street light interference.
00:24:25
Stuart Gary: So it worked with gas lighting as well as electric
00:24:28
lighting.
00:24:29
Tim Mendham: I don't know. They say it did. But that's the more
00:24:32
interesting thing. You're not going to get a different
00:24:34
systems. I know. But I mean, but that, that's the point. It is a
00:24:37
weird little novelty thing. It was actually commented on by a
00:24:41
fellow named Hillary Evans who is a collector of miscellaneous
00:24:44
weird stuff. He and his sister, I think it was developed by a
00:24:47
famous library called the Mary Evans library.
00:24:49
If you find a lot of old photos and drawings and that sort of
00:24:52
stuff, they collected all this sort of stuff, everything
00:24:54
really. But yeah, he was very interested in the paranormal and
00:24:57
therefore collected a lot of stuff about this. He was when he
00:25:00
gave it the name, it's a funny little thing and it's cute. Not
00:25:04
much.
00:25:04
Stuart Gary: That's Tim end from Australian Skeptics and that's
00:25:24
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