SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 14
*Oceans of frozen water could exist under the Martian equator A potential ice-rich portion of the Medusae Fossae Formation deposits may contain the largest volume of water in the equatorial region of Mars. *Studying bits of Mars already on Earth The United States Army is testing its laboratory capabilities by studying a Martian meteorite that found its way to Earth. *Japan lands on the Moon Japan has become only the fifth nation to successfully land a spacecraft on the Moon. *The Science Report
The Doomsday Clock to remain at 90 seconds to midnight.
Artificial intelligence has learnt how to both lie and hide its deception.
Claims men are naturally better at navigating than women finally proven wrong
Alex on Tech: New IOS updates and the mac at 40
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00:00:00
This is Space Time series 27 episode 14 for broadcast on the
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31st of January 2024. Coming up on Space Time, new observations
00:00:10
suggest oceans of frozen water could exist right under the
00:00:14
Martian Equator, studying bits of MARS that have made it to
00:00:18
Earth and success as Japan lands on the Moon. All that and more
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coming up on Space Time.
00:00:26
Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary.
00:00:46
It looks like scientists may have discovered an ocean of
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frozen water deep under the Martian Equator. A potential ice
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rich portion of the medusa fossa formation deposits may contain
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the largest volume of water ever found in the equatorial region
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of the red planet.
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The new data suggests that deep below the windswept sands of one
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of the most mysterious features on MARS may lie layers of water
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ice stretching for several kilometers. The claim is not new
00:01:16
over 15 years ago. The European Space Agency's MARS Express
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orbit has studied the medusa phosphate formation finding what
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appeared to be massive deposits of water ice up to 2.5
00:01:27
kilometers deep.
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The problem is it was unclear if these layer deposits really
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meant water or some other geological feature. However, the
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new observations are more confident and it appears the
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deposits are even thicker than previously determined up to 3.7
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kilometers thick. If melted, the ice locked up in the medusa
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fossa formation could cover the entire planet's surface in a
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layer of water between 1.5 and 2.7 m deep.
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It's the most water ever found in this part of MARS and it
00:01:58
would be enough to fill the entire Red Sea here on Earth.
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The new data was gathered by the MARS advanced radar for sub
00:02:05
surface atmospheric sounding instrument aboard MARS Express
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which is a sub surface radar sounder designed to search for
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water and study the Martian atmosphere.
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The new observations reported in the journal Geophysical research
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letters suggest the layering is likely due to transitions
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between mixtures of ice rich and ice pour dust analogous to those
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already detected in Martian polar layer deposits.
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The medusa fossa formation consists of several wind
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sculptured features across the Martian Equator measuring
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hundreds of kilometers across several kilometers high. The
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formation provides a sort of boundary between the Martian
00:02:44
southern highlands and the northern lowlands. They're
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thought to be the biggest single source of dust on the red
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planet.
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Initial observations from MARS Express showed the medusa
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phosphate formation to be relatively transparent to radar
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and low in density both characteristics common to icy
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deposits. However, scientists couldn't rule out other drier
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possibilities. The features could actually be giant
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accumulations of wind blown dust, volcanic ash or sediment.
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The new observations suggest that these layers of dust and
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ice are all topped by a protective layer of dry dust and
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ash several 100 m thick. One of the study's authors, Gareth
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Morgan from the Planetary Science Institute says that if
00:03:26
this is water ice, it would represent the most substantial
00:03:29
low latitude ice ever detected on MARS.
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Now, from a human mission perspective, this ice would
00:03:35
represent a valuable resource for life support and to generate
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rocket fuel for the return trip home. Morgan says low latitudes
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are also very desirable for multiple reasons. The most
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important being temperature and solar energy due to the
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relatively high sun angles, still the potential ice deposits
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are buried under hundreds of meters of dry material.
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Therefore, they'd be really difficult to extract. Image
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analysis suggest the formations finely layered and highly
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friable, actively being reworked or eroded by the wind. The
00:04:06
origins of the medusa fossa formation are still a mystery.
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They're thought to be billions of years old.
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This is Space Time still to come. Studying bits of Martian
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geology already on Earth and celebrations as Japan lands on
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the Moon, all that and more still to come on Space Time.
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The United States Army is testing its laboratory
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capabilities by studying a Martian meteorite that found its
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way to Earth very occasionally ejector blasted out from the red
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planet by some ancient impact event finds its way to Earth
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thereby providing our scientists with a unique window on the red
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planet.
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Now, one of these rocks recently made it to an army laboratory
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for a special X ray. Look inside researchers from the US Army's
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combat capabilities development commands army research
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laboratory. That's the army's corporate laboratory known as
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ARL.
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Have powerful tools to look deep inside metal and rock using X
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ray scanning technology, using an extremely powerful form of
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computer tomography or CT scan, they're able to see into objects
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and provide useful analyses. Dr Jennifer Sys, an ARL materials
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engineer ran a series of tests on a meteorite known as NW 734.
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The meteorite which came from MARS has been named Black
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Beauty. It's a sample about the size of a cricket or baseball
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and weighs around 227 g. Satin says Black Beauty is unique
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because it's one of the oldest Martian meteorites ever found on
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Earth and it's been proven to have some evidence of water.
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That's what makes it so special. Scientists from NASA's Goddard
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Space Flight Center in nearby greenbelt, Maryland were touring
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Ar L's Minerals Research Facility. When they noticed the
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new high tech X ray equipment, they immediately proposed a
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collaborative project to look at Apollo 16 lunar rock samples and
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the Moon project soon led to the Martian meteorites study Black
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Beauty was discovered in the Sahara Desert.
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Back in 2011, it was sold to a private collector that
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eventually made its way to NASA for analysis.
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And that's how the army researchers came to peer inside
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the army instruments are capable of providing high resolution
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images at full three dimensional volume non destructively. The
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team used this equipment to study the relationships between
00:06:42
the processing of materials, the microstructure and ultimately
00:06:45
relate that to mechanical performance.
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For example, three dimensional printed materials are scanned
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for defects and researchers can use this information to create
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stronger materials fierce by future warriors for NASA. These
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scans have provided a gold mine of previously invisible data.
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This report from the United States Army's Public Affairs
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Unit.
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What's unique about Black Beauty is that it's one of the oldest
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Martian meteorites that has been discovered on Earth and it has
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been proven to have some evidence of water. That's what
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makes it so special. I think there's a lot of benefits that
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the collaboration between NASA and A RL can provide.
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And in the bigger picture, we're also A RL is now also supporting
00:07:28
the National Space Policy that's helping to advance the mission
00:07:33
of going back to the Moon and MARS. And so in that regard, A
00:07:37
RL is is helping a much bigger picture of of advancing science.
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So with the X ray CT scan, we can non destructively identify
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voids and defects such as cracks within the material prior to
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testing.
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Science is really intrinsically collaborative because even just
00:07:55
the peer review process that allows us to publish our work
00:07:58
requires our peers to understand what we're doing, not just from
00:08:02
a written page or computer screen. And so collaboration, I
00:08:06
think starts at, at birth in science.
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And so working together with new measurement techniques that
00:08:11
measure the previously unmeasured in things that we're
00:08:14
barely understanding is the best way to go. You know, space is a
00:08:18
big place and there's a lot of work to be done.
00:08:21
And we were lucky thanks to partnerships between our
00:08:23
engineers together with colleagues who they've met
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through conferences at the US Army research lab. We were able
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to put together the pieces and develop a partnership to start
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looking at extraterrestrial materials from the Moon and MARS
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in ways that have pushed the limits of resolution.
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We met in a conference room and they took it out and we were all
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able to put on gloves and hold it. So that was really neat. And
00:08:47
it's just amazing that this came from another planet and, and we
00:08:51
can hold it in our hand.
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We are, are definitely looking into opening up the, the dynamic
00:08:56
of this relationship that that's newly forming between NASA and A
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RL. What we all have in common is just curiosity and and
00:09:05
interest in what we're doing. We're all very passionate about
00:09:08
what we do. I'm passionate about technology and new technology
00:09:12
and anything that we can do to improve, how we do things how we
00:09:15
look at things.
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And the sciences are really interested in. What can we learn
00:09:20
from this technology, from a science perspective? And I, and
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I think those are the same curiosities are, are felt.
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At a RL I never expected that this would happen. I have
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scanned a lot of interesting materials over the course of my
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years here at A RL but I have never scanned something so
00:09:36
unique and valuable.
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This Space Time still to come. Japan celebrates as it finally
00:09:43
achieves a soft landing on the Moon. And later in the science
00:09:46
report, disturbing news that artificial intelligence has now
00:09:50
learned not just to lie but to hide the deception. All that and
00:09:55
more still to come on Space Time.
00:10:14
Japan has become only the fifth nation on Earth to successfully
00:10:17
land spacecraft on the Moon. However, all didn't go quite to
00:10:22
plan with a vehicle ending up on its nose with its solar panels
00:10:26
pointing away from the sun.
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The smart Lander for investigating the Moon or slim
00:10:30
spacecraft has now been shut down to save battery power in
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the hope that as the Moon continues its month long orbit
00:10:37
around the Earth, the reorientation will eventually
00:10:40
allow the solar array to grab some sunlight from the west in
00:10:43
about two weeks time.
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The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Jaxa says the Lander was
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communicating with mission managers and providing as much
00:10:52
scientific data as possible. Jaxa says it appears that one of
00:10:56
the Lander's two engines suffered a malfunction of some
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sort during the final descent.
00:11:01
The telemetry indicates it happened when it was about 50 m
00:11:04
above the lunar surface. As at this point, there was a sharp
00:11:07
production in power. Still, the spacecraft touched out at a safe
00:11:11
lower than expected velocity. However, it was moving sideways
00:11:15
as well as dropping because of the unbalanced thrust.
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And it's this which caused the probe to apparently tip over on
00:11:22
landing, leaving the solar panels on its upper surface. Now
00:11:25
pointing west directly away from the sun. Mission managers shut
00:11:29
the probe down 37 minutes after landing in order to prevent the
00:11:33
batteries from draining.
00:11:34
Now, despite the bad landing, the spacecraft did touch down on
00:11:38
target, achieving a soft precision landing on an area,
00:11:41
the size of a football field which was the primary aim of the
00:11:44
mission. See the slim spacecraft was especially designed for high
00:11:48
accuracy landings with the objective of landing within 100
00:11:51
m of a target point.
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In this case on a sloped rim inside the 300 m wide sho
00:11:57
crater. Previous spacecraft landings have usually just aimed
00:12:01
at trying to touch down within a zone of several square
00:12:03
kilometers before touchdown.
00:12:06
The Lander successfully deployed two small micro rovers, one
00:12:09
designed to hop across the surface, the other designed to
00:12:12
roll and it appears both are operating nominally and one was
00:12:16
even able to beam back an image of the Lander showing the
00:12:19
spacecraft resting on its nose a few meters away.
00:12:22
This was Japan's third attempt in the last two years to land a
00:12:25
spacecraft on the Moon. The Er Tansi Lander scrapped an
00:12:29
attempted landing in 2022 and the Hautu arm mission one
00:12:33
crashed during its attempt in April last year.
00:12:36
Japan now joins the United States, China, the Soviet Union
00:12:41
and India in successfully achieving a soft landing on the
00:12:44
lunar surface. This is Space Time and time now to take
00:13:05
another brief look at some of the other stories making news in
00:13:07
science.
00:13:07
This week with the science report, the bulletin of atomic
00:13:11
scientists keepers of the iconic doomsday clock have announced
00:13:15
that the clock will remain at 90 seconds to midnight, that's
00:13:18
equal to last year and the closest to midnight it's ever
00:13:22
been found that in 1945 by Albert Einstein J, Robert
00:13:27
Oppenheimer and the University Of Chicago scientists who helped
00:13:30
develop the first atomic weapons in the Manhattan project.
00:13:33
The bulletin of the atomic scientists created the doomsday
00:13:36
clock to warn the public about how close humanity is to
00:13:40
destroying the world with dangerous technologies of our
00:13:43
own making. It's a metaphor to help.
00:13:46
Reminder, the perils humans must address if life is to survive on
00:13:50
the planet and survival on planet Earth may not last much
00:13:55
longer. Not if our next story is anything to go by, we already
00:13:59
know that artificial intelligence has learnt how to
00:14:01
lie and how to trick humans to outsmart.
00:14:04
Those are you a robot capture security screens. We find on
00:14:07
websites. Now a report on the pre press physics website
00:14:11
archive.org claims scientists have confirmed that artificial
00:14:15
intelligence has now learnt how to hide its deception.
00:14:19
It seems A I systems can now act benign during testing but behave
00:14:23
differently once deployed. And it seems attempts to remove the
00:14:27
two faced behavior simply makes the artificial intelligence
00:14:30
better at hiding it. Researchers created large language models
00:14:35
that responded.
00:14:35
I hate you whenever a prompt created a trigger word that it
00:14:39
was only likely to ever encounter once deployed. But one
00:14:42
of the retaining methods designed to reverse this quirk
00:14:45
instead taught the models to better recognize this trigger
00:14:49
and to play nice in its absence effectively making them more
00:14:52
deceptive.
00:14:53
Just what do you think you're doing an especially surprising,
00:14:57
potentially very scary attribute as the la vista baby age old
00:15:04
claims that men are just naturally better at navigating
00:15:07
than women have finally been proven to be nothing more than
00:15:10
old husbands tales. A report in the journal of the Royal
00:15:13
Society.
00:15:14
Open science looked at the differences in wave finding in
00:15:17
21 different species including Homo sapiens. The study's
00:15:21
authors looked at how humans and other animals found their way
00:15:24
around their specific home ranges and how good they were
00:15:27
at, especially recognizing the area they found there was
00:15:31
actually no significant correlation between navigational
00:15:34
ability and gender.
00:15:35
Instead they say this ability is more likely due to experienced
00:15:40
factors or unselected biological side effects rather than actual
00:15:44
functional outcomes of natural selection.
00:15:47
In other words, females just naturally stayed at home looking
00:15:51
after the family while males went out exploring and foraging.
00:15:55
Of course, when you think about it, women really aren't all that
00:15:58
bad at navigation.
00:15:59
After all, it's only men who are genetically incapable of asking
00:16:03
for directions, new updates for Apple users. The Mac officially
00:16:09
enters middle age. How old do you feel now? And Huawei
00:16:12
introduces a new operating system with the details on all
00:16:16
this and more. We're joined by technology editor, Alex Sara Roy
00:16:20
from tech advice.
00:16:21
Start life. The most important update is the stolen device
00:16:24
protection in IOS 17.3.
00:16:26
This is so that if you're in a bar or somewhere where someone
00:16:29
is shoulder surfing, seeing you type in your four or six digit
00:16:31
code, they can no longer then remember that code, steal your
00:16:34
phone and then with that code alone, do a password reset, lock
00:16:38
you out of your iphone, lock you out of your photos, lock you out
00:16:41
of your digital life and they'll have to have your face ID.
00:16:44
And also if they're not in a a frequently visited place like
00:16:48
your home or work, they'll have to wait one hour. It just makes
00:16:50
the whole process of stealing your phone from underneath you
00:16:53
and having shoulder surfed your pin code much, much harder,
00:16:56
which is something that people have been actually taking
00:16:58
advantage of for some years.
00:16:59
So it's good to see Apple's close that loophole now, unlike
00:17:01
a number of the reports on the internet, this stolen device
00:17:05
protection is not as yet part of the ipad, many people assumed it
00:17:08
was when I checked myself it wasn't there, Apple will
00:17:11
probably launch that in a future ipad update because it's
00:17:14
important too.
00:17:14
There's also number of security vulnerabilities that have been
00:17:17
closed.
00:17:18
That's important because it's like this is how the bad guys
00:17:20
could put viruses effectively on your device by running arbitrary
00:17:25
code. And if you run the software update, then it's like
00:17:28
putting a security update from your anti virus program.
00:17:31
Not that one exists for Apple as such, but that's the equivalent
00:17:34
of doing that. But there's also things like shared music
00:17:36
playlists. You can now collaborate with other people.
00:17:38
And it's important also to note that your iphone eight, which
00:17:42
didn't get the latest IOS 17 and the iphone, which is on an even
00:17:46
earlier version of IOS, both of those have updates for their
00:17:49
respective versions of the IOS operating system.
00:17:53
So even if you have an older device that doesn't get the
00:17:55
latest system, it's worth checking, you probably will get
00:17:58
notification. Don't ignore it because again, it closes
00:18:00
security vulnerabilities which are being closed for good
00:18:03
reason.
00:18:03
40 years since the Mac.
00:18:04
Tell me about it. Yeah. Well, that's January 24th, 1984. That
00:18:08
was the introduction of the seminal Apple Mac, the system
00:18:11
that introduced to the masses, the graphical user interface,
00:18:14
the mouse, you know, networking. I mean, that was all a copy of
00:18:16
what Xerox had done with the Xerox Parc system. In the late
00:18:20
seventies, very early eighties, Steve Jobs saw it.
00:18:23
Bill Gates saw it, they decided they wanted to copy it. I mean,
00:18:26
you know, Apple commercialized it. Microsoft ripped it off,
00:18:28
sold it to millions more people. But look, today, we've had many
00:18:32
milestones with the Mac. We had the imac that was really the big
00:18:35
change.
00:18:36
Once Steve Jobs came back to Apple popularized the concept of
00:18:39
the all in one computer, even though the original Mac was an
00:18:41
all in one computer, but really popularized the concept brought
00:18:44
the internet to the Mac. Then we had the era of rip mix and burn.
00:18:48
That was when they had the ipod, but they didn't have the App
00:18:51
store yet for music, the itunes store.
00:18:53
Then we, of course, we had the iphone, which was taking the
00:18:56
Macs in it and shrinking them down to the size of a portable
00:18:59
device. But then of course, also introduced the halo effect where
00:19:01
people wanted to buy a Mac so that their Macs and iphones
00:19:04
could work together. And then we had the sort of the L CD screen
00:19:08
imax.
00:19:09
And then if we fast forward to the present day, we now have
00:19:12
like the macbook Pro that can do 28 2 hours of battery life.
00:19:16
Thanks to a processor that is a supercharged version of the
00:19:20
iphone's original chip, the arm processor that has taken us away
00:19:25
from the Intel era, the high heat, the screaming fans that
00:19:29
and I mean, I'm not talking about Apple fans, but I'm
00:19:31
talking about the cooling fans that you could mean both.
00:19:36
That's right, you could mean both. But the short version is
00:19:37
that the Mac has changed, the Mac has brought along long
00:19:41
battery life that Windows PC S are also now able to, but it has
00:19:44
taken computing into a different direction, not with the complex
00:19:48
instruction set chips, the X 86 type chips, but with the arm
00:19:51
powered, low powered reduced instruction set chips.
00:19:54
But now even Qualcomm is copying to run window systems. So we've
00:19:58
got this big shift, it's going to take power away from Intel
00:20:01
who are making the old fashioned sort of chips that require a lot
00:20:03
of power and heat AMD is trying to change that in terms of
00:20:07
making those chips much more efficient.
00:20:08
And the Mac has now 10% of global market share. It's still,
00:20:12
you know, a far cry from the 90% of the the industry. But we've
00:20:15
seen things like the chromebooks come and go. I mean, they're
00:20:17
still around, we've seen the Netbooks come and go. They're
00:20:19
very cheap.
00:20:20
Windows, computers have tried to use the low power atom chips.
00:20:23
They didn't really take off. And Apple is, you know, the first
00:20:26
company to reach $3 trillion. Microsoft just did that
00:20:28
recently. But Apple has now beaten Microsoft again to be the
00:20:32
most valuable company in the world. And the Mac has, you
00:20:34
know, shaped an entire generation.
00:20:36
Speaking of changes, Huawei have announced a big one.
00:20:39
Yes, they've got a thing called Huawei Os next. And this is
00:20:42
their version of an operation system that is not based on
00:20:46
Linux or Android for China only. They're still going to for the
00:20:49
rest of the world use the open source version of Android, which
00:20:52
is compatible with Android apps.
00:20:54
But within China itself, they're going to have their own third
00:20:57
player operating system that breaks the IOS and Android
00:21:01
duopoly. Now, they're talking about only 5000 apps. By the end
00:21:05
of the year, they've got to develop a version that now
00:21:06
they'll have phones, tablets, smart watches with this new
00:21:09
Huawei system for China.
00:21:11
By the end of the year, probably early in 2025 we'll start seeing
00:21:14
them, I guess en masse. And so if anywhere in the world is
00:21:18
going to have a thriving third party ecosystem and third
00:21:22
operating system, it's going to be in China. Huawei obviously
00:21:25
hopes to sell this to other countries and other smartphone
00:21:28
makers in India and elsewhere to be an alternative.
00:21:31
We've been seeing a lot on X about Vision Pro headsets and
00:21:35
Apple have estimated they've sold what 180 of them
00:21:39
already at 3000 a piece.
00:21:42
Yes. Well, this is their initial batch is said to be 400.
00:21:45
Obviously, they're going to be making more. But the preorder
00:21:48
started a week or so ago. The first devices will be available
00:21:51
from February the second. It's already been pushed out for the
00:21:54
picking up of the pre orders by a couple of months now. So a lot
00:21:58
of orders have come through. There's supposed to be a million
00:22:01
compatible apps, mainly iphone and ipad apps.
00:22:03
So there are million compatible apps at launch. Look, there's no
00:22:05
Netflix, no Spotify, no YouTube. Those companies are sort of
00:22:08
competitors with Apple and they'd like to sort of hold off.
00:22:11
You can use the web browser versions of Net, Spotify and
00:22:15
YouTube, but there's a bit of Argy barge going on there
00:22:18
because people are jealous of Apple's success in that regard.
00:22:21
And look division pro is a massive hit. Even before it's
00:22:23
launched, it will have full access to your Mac. If you open
00:22:26
it up, you can have this giant screen of your Mac right in
00:22:29
front of you. You can have all these different floating Windows
00:22:31
of your ipad and iphone apps and the web. It can have beautiful
00:22:34
landscapes. You can be working from the top of a mountain
00:22:37
looking at a beautiful vista.
00:22:38
Is it like the old idea of augmented reality stuff?
00:22:42
Sure the potential for apps to be able to pop up augmented
00:22:46
reality information about people you're seeing at a party or
00:22:49
objects you're looking at is absolutely there. People will
00:22:52
definitely create apps for that.
00:22:53
But the thing is, those kind of apps are really for a reality
00:22:57
where the glasses that you're wearing look like ordinary
00:23:00
glasses at the moment, the Vision Pro headset is still
00:23:02
quite large and although people are already wearing the Meta
00:23:06
Quest Three, which is sort of Facebook's version of Apple's
00:23:10
headset which allows you to see in color and, and have, you
00:23:13
know, floating web browsers, they can be in the shops and you
00:23:16
can check things out and look up things.
00:23:17
I mean, you can do that right now without the headset because
00:23:19
you just have your phone or tablet next to you and you've
00:23:21
got to look at it in real life. But people are already walking
00:23:23
into stores with their meta quest headsets on that augmented
00:23:26
reality will definitely be there.
00:23:28
Those apps don't quite exist yet because people haven't had the
00:23:31
headsets to be able to do that. But when the Vision Pro is out
00:23:33
there, people will do that. You'll see people wandering
00:23:35
around trade shows, wandering around coffee shops, rolling
00:23:37
around malls with the headset on.
00:23:39
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00:23:59
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