S27E17: Ancient Lake on Mars Confirmed - Excitement Ensues

This is Spacetime Series twenty seven, Episode seventeen, for broadcast on the seventh of February twenty twenty four. Coming up on Spacetime, confirmation of an ancient lake on Mars builds more excitement for the Perseverance Rovers sample returns a strange new type of hypothetical celestial object that might just be real, and Rocket Lab starts off what's promising to be a busy new year with a successful post of recovery. All that and more coming up on Spacetime. Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary. If life ever existed on the Red planet, NASA is Mars Perseverance Rovers verification of lake sediments at the base of Jezro reinforces the hope that traces of ancient organisms might well be found there. A report of the journal Science Advances shows that at some point the crater did fill with water, depositing layers of sediment on the crater floor. Now, the lake ultimately shrank, and the sediments carried downstream by a river that fed it ultimately formed an enormous delta. As the lake dissipated over time, these sediments in the crater were eroded, forming the geologic features visible on the surface today. The studies of lead author David Page from the University of California, Los Angeles, says that from orbit, we can see a bunch of different deposits, but we can tell for sure if what we're seeing is their original state, or if we actually see the conclusion of a long geological story. Paige says, to tell how these things formed, we need to see below the surface, and that's where the CARSI six World Mass Perseverance rover comes in. It carries seven scientific instruments which have been exploring the fifty kilometer wide crater, studying its geology and atmosphere, and collecting samples ever since its arrival on Mars back in twenty twenty one. It's hoped that Perseverances rock and soul samples will eventually be brought back to Earth by a future sample return mission that's currently stated for some time between twenty twenty nine and twenty thirty as a joint US European endeavor. Once safely in the big laboratories on Earth, these samples will be carefully studied for evidence of past Martian life. It's been a busy time for Perseverance between me and December twenty twenty two, the rover drove from the crater floor up onto the delta itself, a vast expanse of three billion year old sediments that from orbit at least resembles river deltas seen on Earth. As the rover drove under the delta, Perseverances radar image of fired radar waves downwards at ten centimeter intervals. In the process, it measured pulses being reflected back from depths of around twenty tie made us below the surface. With the radar, scientists can see down to the base of the sediments, revealing the top surface of the buried crater floor. Years of research with ground penetrating radar and testing of Perseverance's radar imager on Earth have taught scientists how to read the structure and composition of the subsurface layers from their radar reflections. The resulting subsurface images show rocklas that can be interpreted like a highway road cart. The crater floor below. The data isn't uniformly flat. That suggests a period of erosion occurred prior to the deposition of lake sediments. The radar images also show these sediments of regular and horizontal just like sediments deposited in lakes here on Earth. The existence of lake sediments has been suspected from previous studies, but this has now been confirmed by this new research. A second period of deposition occurred when fluctuations in the lake level allowed the river to deposit a broad delta that once extended far out into the lake, but has now been eroded back closer to the river's mouth. Paide says the changes we'll see preserved in the rock record are being driven by large scale changes in the Martian environment. This space time still to come, a strange new type of hypothetical celestial object that just might be real, and Rocket Lab starts off a busy year in New Zealand with a successful booster recovery. All that and more still to come on space time. Okay, let's take a break in our program for a word from our sponsor, in Cogni. As you know, we take internet security very seriously and in Cogni is a guardian in the digital age. Have you ever worried about the extensive list of personal details about you and your family that are currently floating around online? As concerns aren't unfounded. Take for example, people's search sites. These are sites in the dark web that collect and display vast amounts of personal data from public records to social media, usually without consent. That data is then on salt to bad guys I'll use to try and exploit you and your family. 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We're offering an exclusive sixty percent discount on Incognate subscriptions, So don't let your personal information become a commodity. Visiting Cogniti dot com slash Stuart Garrett to secure this exclusive offer and safeguard your privacy. Remember that's in Cogni I n Coeogni and the url again in cognate dot com slash Stuart Gary and of course will include the details and the show notes and on our website. And now it's back to our show. You're listening to Space Time Space Time with Stuart Garry. One of the more fascinating celestial objects theorized but yet to be discovered, is the hypothetical Sinestia, and the search continues to try and find them. Planetary scientists Simon Locke from Harvard University and Sarah Stewart from the University of California Davis described the Sinestia as a huge, spinning, doughnut shaped mass of hot vaporized rock formed as planet sized objects crash into each other, and Stuart says that at some point early in its history, the Earth itself was likely Sinestia. Their study which was reported in the Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets looked at how planets can form from a series of giant impacts. Our current theories of planet formation or that rocky planets such as the Earth, Mars, and Venus formed early in the existence of our Solar system around four point six billion years ago. Initially it was coalescing gas and dust. Then as these things built up, small grains, rocks, and pebbles started to come along. That accretion process continued until full sized planets like the Earth today with a result. Now, these collisions, especially the big ones, can be so violent that the resulting bodies are melted and partially vaporized, eventually cooling and solidifying into the roughly spherical planets we see today. Lock and Stewart were especially interested in collisions between spinning objects. See a rotating object is angular momentum, and this needs to be considered in a collision. I guess it's sort of like a skater spinning on ice. If the skater extends their arms, it'll slow their rate of spin, and if they want to spin faster, they hold their arms close to their body. But throughout this process the angular momentum remains the same. Now, consider two skaters turning on ice. If they catch hold of each other, the angular momentum of each adds together, so their total angular momentum must be the same. Like in Stewart modeled what happens when the ice skaters are instead Earth sized rocky planets colliding with these large objects having both high energy and high angular momentum. The authors found that over a range of high temperatures and high angular momentum, planet sized bodies could form a new, much larger structure, an indented disk, much like a red blood cell or a doughnut with a center filled in. This object would be mostly vaporized rock with no liquid or solid surface. They've decided to name this new object from sin meaning together, and Hestia, the Greek goddess of architecture and structures. The key to a Sinestius formation would be that some of the structure's material needs to actually go into orbit. See in a spinning solid sphere, every point from the core of the surface is rotating at the same rate. But in a giant impact, the material of the planet can become malten or gaseous and expand in volume. Now, if the object gets big enough and is moving fast enough, parts of the object pass the velocity needed to keep a satellite in orbit, and that's when it forms a huge, disc shaped sinestia. Now, previous theories have suggested that giant impacts of my course that's to form a disk of solid or molten materials surrounding the planet, But for the same massive planet, a sinestia would be much larger than a solid planet with a disc. Stuart says most planets likely experienced collisions that could form a sinestia at some point during formation. For an object like the Earth, a sinestia wouldn't last a long time, perhaps just one hundred years or so before it lost enough heat to can dense back into a solid object. But sinestia is formed from larger, hotter objects such as gas giants or stars, who potentially last much longer. And when you think about it, the sinestia structure also offers new ways to think about how the Moon was formed. Earth's moon is remarkably similar to the Earth and composition, and most current theories about how the Moon formed involved the giant impact theory, where around four and a half billion years ago, there was a massive collision between the early proto Earth and a small Mars sized object about a third the size of the Earth, which scientists of dubbed THEA. This impact would have melted birth bodies into a giant mag moration, and some of this material was ejected into space, eventually orbiting around the body and cooling in accreting to form the Moon. But the authors say such an impact could have instead formed the sinestia in which the Earth and Moon birth condensed. The problem is no one's yet observed the sinestia directly, that they might be found in other solar systems. We've just got to keep looking. I'm antually scientist Simon O'Toole, who wasn't involved in the study. It's an interesting idea and a new type of planetary object to look for. So basically it's this kind of body that you get immediately after the collision between two planets as we currently understand them, two planet sized objects. So part of this is driven by the formation how the Earth Moon form. The basic ideas that you had two planet three science objects that collided. They've done some theoretical calculations where they've done all these They based collided two planet three mass objects together and to see what would happen, and one of the outcome seems to be that you get rather than getting to an Earth and a moon like we have, is you get sort of this very large doughnut of hot vaporized rock that is sort of spinning around, very very large, much bigger than say the actual two planets, because you've got this said vaporized rock in a sort of Astronomers would probably call it a taurus, which is really a fancy name for a doughnut, and you'd have some central region which was more dense, and then this vaporized sort of this cloud of material going around in a donut shape around the outside, and it probably doesn't have a very long life span, probably on the hundreds of the order of hundreds of years before it either disperses away into space or condenses into something like the moon. So it sort of fits in a little bit with the trends like you could imagine as a transition period between two Earth sized planets and an Earth and a moon. You know, angular momentum is the key here in these sorts of situations. We don't really understand angular menums very well in my opinion, So it's a very very interesting idea. This Sinestia idea. I'm not really keen on the name Sinestia, but you know, it is what it is. But I like the concepts that it could happen. The one key part here is this is very very theoretical. No one has observed anything that looks like this, and that's in part because it's very very difficult because the scale here is still only a little bit larger than a planet, maybe out to the orbit of the Moon or a bit beyond. So it's very very difficult to observe this kind of thing. Is really just a fat ring. Well, I'd say that the rings are more likely the debris left over from the formation of the planet's moon. So the planet itself formed at the center, and then there's a whole lot of other material around the outside, and then it gradually accreted into the various moons, and then there were any sort of leftover material went into the rings. All of course, Saturn is a little bit different because it's in fact fed a geyza from one of its moons and the rings are continuously being renewed. But certainly, yeah, I think that any ring structure is quite different to this, because there even if you had a collision. Although I think when we've looked at comets and that sort of thing that has collided into Jupiter run into Jupiter, they've basically been just destroyed completely. But that's because you have a very large thing with a very very small thing, whereas in this scenario you're looking at Earth's five objects, you're looking at something like Mars and something like Earth that sort of ballpark colliding and they're very rocky. So the I think that has a big impact on the outcome. So this really means that the existence of a Seinesia would depend very much upon which eventual model of planetary formation turns out to be correct. Yeah, it does, it does. I mean I sort of feel like the various models of planet formation probably occur, just depends on their initial conditions. So that's a hunch. I wouldn't call that a you know, backed up by anything, but my hunch is that they both will work in the right scenario. The two models are planetry accretion model is basically where the star m at the center of a very large cloud of gas and any other material, rock, whatever, and it forms. You have this very large collapse of material, and then you get the nuclear emission same of your star, and then any material left over starts rotating around that star, starts orbiting it, and then eventually you get little impacts and collisions. But the bits of material there, the rock and gas and ice and whatever, collide and stick together, and gradually crete become larger and larger, and they as they become larger, they attract more material, and so they eventually become what you would call planetesimals or a small planet, and they get bigger and bigger and bigger. And in the case of gas giants, the idea is you might have some dense core of material, but then you get gas that just gets sort of drawn to it and it creeds onto that. In the case of the terrestrial planets, the rocky planet, it's dust, rock and maybe ice and that kind of thing, but the ice is obviously going to be vaporized, and so you just have this molten thing because they say collide. As all of the bits and pieces collide, they get very very hot, and so that sort of does feed into this sinesteria idea in the sense that you have these two hot things that collide and then they view out this large amount of what vaporized rock The other model is the gravitational instability model of planet formation, and that's much more where rather than the accretion you have, it forms it's a little bit more like star formation. You get regions of high density that sort of collapse in on themselves. And I think that my personal Once again, it's more a hunch, but I think that that might match brown dwarfs a little bit batter. Yeah, the latest evidence we're getting from jets coming out of brown dwarfs almost a light year on indicate that the that model may well be correct, at least for brown dwarfs sort of fill that gap between the largest planets and the smaller stars. Yeah, and so, and that actually changes our ideas of a brown You know, if something like Jupiter a failed star or a failed brown dwarf, because if it formed through an accretion mechanism rather than gravitational instability, then it's probably more just a large, a very large planet, whereas a Brown Dworf that formed potentially by the gravitational instability is much more like a failed star. That's doctor Simon o'till from Acquarie University, And this is space time still to come. Rocket Labs starts off what looks like a busy year with a successful booster recovery, and later in the science report, a computer human interface chip has been successfully planted in the human volunteer's brain. All that and more still to come on Space Time rocket Lab has started the new year off with a successful Electron launch and booster recovery. The four of its kind mission was launched from Rocket Labs Launch Complex one on the Mahaia Peninsula of New Zealand's North Island. On board the eighteen meter tour launcher were four situational Awheness satellites for Spire Global. They're designed to monitor what's an increasingly congested area of Nearer Space from a five round and thirty kilometer a high orbit. Because pwer they have to us is green. Stage one in Stage two tanks or press per flight, have clunge and burridges enabled ten nine, eight, seven, six, five, four three two one, and we have the topic. Electron has successfully lifted off from Rocket Labs Launch Complex one with its Spire and north Star payload the rocket. It's on its way to lower orbit with those four satellites on board. Now t plus forty seconds into flight, Electron has begun its pitch over moving up and on an angle to head away from the launch pad and out over the ocean. Now all is looking nominal so far as the rocket approaches maxque. The moment in a scent when Electron experiences the maximum amount of aerodynamic pressure, spersonic approach and nextqueue clear. Nextqueue. The rocket is now sixteen kilometers in nulstitude and moving at over two thousand kilometers an hour. Next up for Electron is MIKO our main engine cutoff quickly followed by stage separation and the startup of the Rutherford engine on that second stage to continue the mission to orbit. The nine engines of the first stage will throttle down and then shut off just before the first and second stages separate from each other. When that happens, the second stage with the Spire satellites will maintain its orbital trajectory and continue on with the mission, while the first stage of Electron will begin its reorientation maneuver to position itself for the return journey to Ears. Now these four events happen in quick succession and are coming up shortly fifteen seconds to staging into Bernard detechnod MECO confirmed that's confirmation of Migo stage stuff and Rutherford engine ignition on stage two. Stage two propulsion nominal faring jettison succeeded. That was the call for faring jettison on the second stage. That means Electron's nose cone has successfully split apart and fallen away, and we do this in preparation for deploying the kickstage with its satellites and to get rid of the dead weight of the fairing. Now that we are through Earth's atmosphere, electrons Stage one trajectory is on its way to the highest point of its momentum arc and once it reaches this apergy, the stage's trajectory line should start to come down as its altitude begins to drop to that movement of the booster as it redirects to come back to Earth bottom heavy that way, the engines bear the brunt of the re entry forces rather than shredding the carbon composite at the top of the stage. The stage will move quickly as it is pulled back to Earth by gravity, and at its peak, the first stage will reach around eight times the speed of sound and generate so much friction that we could see a red orange glow from the heat as it descends. It is t plus four minutes and thirty three seconds into the mission and electrons second stage, carrying today's payloads remains on course for paload deployment within the hour. Now that second stage is clocking speeds up more than ten thousand kilometers an hour, having now passed one hundred and seventy four kilometers in altitude for electrons first stage on its return journey back to Earth. We have had the stage reach its apergy, flip into its atmosphere re entry position, and begin dropping in altitude as it speeds up on its homeward bound trajectory. It will travel this way for a few minutes before its droke and main parachutes are deployed to help slow it down a little different than what you're used to from our previous launches, but this is due to the implementation of beast or our electrical arc suppression system, which ensures all electronics on board can function nominally, the addition of a nitrogen tank that maintains pressure within this stage. We're now listening to hear the call from mission control for a battery hot swap. This hot swap maneuver will allow the continuous energy supply to the Rutherford Engines electric pumps which deliver fuel to the engine's combustion chamber at extremely high pressure. Hot swop successful a good call from mission control. Electrons second stage has completed the battery hot swap. The second stage is maintaining its momentum at more than fifteen thousand kilometers an hour now past two hundred kilometers in altitude, and we are currently at T plus six minutes thirty nine seconds into the mission. And the next critical milestone we are tracking is the deployment of the drug chuote on electrons. First stage AFTS has safe confirmed drugue deploy We have the drogue parachute. It has been deployed from that first stage of electron. We heard that call from mission control, so that seems like a nominal drug chute deployed since we haven't heard anything different from our operators. That means we'll move next to the main parachute deploy coming up in around thirty seconds. Main parachute deploying HVB Bettery discharge holding nomenal another grade color from mission control. The main parachute on electrons first stage has successfully deployed. This means the booster's pace will have slowed down significantly and should now be drifting gently towards the ocean. It's expected to take around ten minutes for the booster to reach the water surface, but will keep the comms channels up from mission control to share updates as they come through burnout to Techno God twenty six seconds from maining. Now back to the primary mission, and we are coming up on the final few seconds of Stage two engine burn We will then have second engine cutoff or seacoat, which shuts down the engine ahead of the kickstage separating for its phasing orbit of Earth, and we're listening out for those events now. Seek confirmed TISTE ceparation confirmed. Great news from mission control. With that second stage engine cold and the kickstage separated, we are now in the final stages of this four of a kind mission. The kickstage and Spire and North Star satellites are now in a coast phase around Earth. After that elliptical orbit of Earth is complete, then the kickstages engine will light up to set the stage and the satellites on a circular orbit before payload deployment. The four of a Kind mission was the forty third launch of the Electron rocket, which is so far successfully placed one hundred and seventy six satellites into orbit since their first flight back in twenty seventeen. Twenty twenty four looks like being a busy year for Rocketline. They've announced an ambitious launch schedule, with more flights than any previous year. The impressive manifest includes launches from both New Zealand and the United States. Among the many payloads will be new packages for NASA hypersonic technology tests and block launches for satellite operators such as Black Sky, Sinspective, and Keenness. In order to achieve its program, rocket Lab wants to start recovering and refurbishing previously used rocket launches. Consequently, the Electron first stage booster used for the for Va Kind mission was recovered from the sea by rocket Lab following the core stages parachute guided return to the surface and splashed down. The latest on recovery is that all is continuing as planned for Electrons first stage and its slow descend to the ocean. Our recovery crew are on standby and the recovery zone waiting for that splashdown before they can move in and get to work. Confirmed Stage one splash down Electrons first stage has just successfully splashed down in the ocean after its return journey from space. The Electron recovery team are making their way to the stage in the water. They're about ten minutes or so out. They'll complete safety checks and an initial assessment of the stages conditioned before they attempt to bring it on deck of the recovery ship. Recovery vessels inbound approximately twelve minutes and they have eyes on the stage in the water. We also have a solid telemetry feed from the stage as well and a further update on Stage one. Stage one altitude is zero and speeder is also zero and Stage one is safe. Both tanks are depressurized. Recovery vessels still inbound. Recovery vessel is switching to retrieval operations preparation confirm visual on the stage and then it's floating well. Curry cardlass he to schedule to a nettle and this is recovery. We have visual confirmation stage is intact and floating heavily, and from here our recovery team will hoist the stage on board the recovery vessel ready for the trip back to our production facility and maybe, just maybe it might just get a second trip to space a Wes Spain. We have had a perfect mission so far, delivered today's payloads to a five hundred and thirty kilometer lower orbit, its smooth operations for electron recovery as as ours electron cleared the pad at launched Complex one at nineteen thirty four New Zealand local time and sawed cleanly through its first launch milestones that's max q MIKO stage separation and second stage ignition, and shortly after that the rocket completed a successful battery hot swap for its Stage two engine before the Rutherford shut down as planned for kickstage separation. While all of that was going on, we have of course had a secondary mission underway to bring electrons first stage back to Earth from space. After a clean separation of the first stage after Migo, the booster had a great return journey through its atmosphere, with successful operation of its onboard reaction control thrusters to correct the stage's return trajectory. Falling fast, the first stage hit peak speeds of about eight times the speed of sound and some intensely high temperatures from atmospheric drag. Having survived that hard and fast journey, we had successful deployment of the first day pages two parachutes to help slow Electron down to just ten meters per second. Electron has since successfully splashed down, and our team are deep in recovery mode to pull that booster out of the water and up on deck. Once it is on board, they'll de salt the vehicle as much as they can to preserve the stage for its trip home to land and to the factory. Right now that we are just seconds away from Curey Engines shut down on Electrons kickstage and the beginning of the payload deployment process. Currie Engine cut off confirmed after two five fine thirty one point two kilometers five fine twenty nine point eight kilometers inclination of ninety seven point four line zero requests good Colm's permission control. There that Carrie Engine has shut down ahead of payload deployment in the next thirty seconds. Payload one on Payload two deployment confirmed. There we go. The first two of four Lemur satellites have been deployed from the kickstage. Let's keep a closer out for the second deployment milestone, sending the last two satellites for this mission. After work in LEO Payload three M payload for deployment confirmed that was mission control would the good news, we have successfully deployed all four of Spire and All Star satellites to orbit, and with that we have completed the primary mission for our forty third electronic launch. Rocket Lab's also been experimenting with using helicopters to try and catch these boosters on their way down while they're still in the air, but that's proving to be far more difficult than they thought. This is Space time, and time now for another brief look at some of the other stories making news in science this week with the Science Report, A new study claims that men who improve their fitness could be reducing their risk of getting prostate cancer. The findings are reported in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. Looked at the incidents of prostate cancer in a group of fifty seven, six hundred and fifty two men whose cardio respiratory fitness has been tested using a stationary cycle at least twice over an average follow up of nearly seven years. The authors found those whose fitness that improved by three percent or more per year with thirty five percent less likely to develop prostate cancer than those whose fitness declined over time. Right now, there's little research on how one's fitness over time impacts one's risk of prostate cancer. And while this study was purely observational and therefore can't prove that fitness levels cause or change prostate cancer risk, the researchers said that their results at least suggest that working on your fitness could help improve your odds anyway it certainly couldn't hurt. Scientists have produced the most comprehensive and complete catch genome assembly ever achieved, in the process providing fundamental information on the fee line blueprint. The detailed DNA sequence, which has been reported in the journal Nature, highlights distinct genetic changes and will be a crucial tool for researchers investigating feline diseases and characteristics. Interestingly, the study identified fewer segmental duplications, that is, duplicated blocks of genomic DNA incats compared to other mammal groups. These insights are crucial for those studying feline diseases, behavior, and conservation. A new study is found that small dog breeds such as Chihuahuas and Pomeranians are likely to have less risk of developing cancer than bigger breeds. The findings were reported in the Journal of the Raw Society. Open Science found that larger breeds tend to have higher cancer risks, although the risk drops in the largest breeds because they tend to have shorter lifespans and so simply may not be living long enough to develop cancer. The study also found that some dog breeds, such as the flat coated Retriever, the Scottish Terrier, Burmese mountain dogs, and the ball massif at cancer risks above what you'd expect for a bit of their size. Interestingly, the study also found that inbreeding whish own to shortened dog's lifespans, but in general did not increase the cancer risk. Elon Musk has confirmed that his neuralin company has for the first time, successfully implanted a computer human interface chip into the brain of a human volunteer. The US Food and Drug Administration gave permission for the company to undertake the procedure, or what's called a wireless brain computer interface, in order to evaluate both the safety of the implant and the procedure, which uses a surgical robot. The study will assess the functionality of the interface, which enables people with quadriplegia or paralysis of all four limbs to control a computer, cursor or keyboard with just their thoughts. The implant's ultrafying threads helped transmit signals in a participant sprain. The unique procedure uses a robot to surgically implant the brain computer the interface into a region of the brain which controls the intention to move. Mask says the initial results so promising neuron spike detection. Spikes are activities in neurons, the cells which use electrical and chemical signals to send information around the brain and throughout the body. Well. The details were joined by technology editor Alexharov Rout from tech Advice Start Life. NEURALLYNK is his company that is creating a robotically implanted brain control interface and it's very precisely implanted into the brain. And Elon Musk was implanting these implants into chimpanzees before there was a scandal where one of them died. But originally this was designed for people who are quadriplegic, paraplegic, have some sort of injuries that come with their links, and this will give them effectively the ability to use the foot, they can type things, they can control my well, bone control devices and for somebody who's locked in syndrome or you need this sort of technology. It's obviously going to be a real life saper. Now will people misuse it and want to do what Bradley could we did in the movie Limitless and take some sort of a drug. In this case, it's an infantable people technology that will improve their dexterity and their memory and their processing power. Into the future, all of that will be the bionic man, the cyberman, you know, transhumanism, Yeah, but also the transhumanism movement where every human will be connected and connected to some sort of high mind. I mean, all of that is possible. Obviously, we don't want any of the bad things that that could entail just at the moment. Of course, it's just for those people who can't be helped in any other way. And the news is that the very first human implanted device has successfully taken place. Look, I'm sure there's going to be more of these sorts of trials, more results. We will see people on stage who will be you know, thinking or controlling devices just with the power of thought alone. And it's interesting to think that you know, human kind of had the concept of telekinesis, and of course we have the idea of the force and most kids would have you tried reaching out for the fourth I know when I was watching Star Wars, I try to reach out. May have done it too, you know, Yes, unfortunately nothing ever happens. Ever, no, these you're looking for so really quite annointing shame. But one day this may be something that technology allows you. Just looks. The idea of humans merging with technology has been around for millennia. I guess it's been happening slowly over the last fifty years, and this is just the next step it is. And twenty of people have pacemakers. So look, this is still nat technologies very early days. Yet we only have the official word from you or must first input has been successful. There's still years decades of development to come. But one day getting a chipping your brain or body may become utterly routine and we may not even think twice about it. That's Alex Saharavroyd from Tech Advice, Start Life, and that's the show for now. 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