The Space, Astronomy & Science Podcast.
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 20
*The Enigma of Pearl SDG: A Galaxy That Defies Expectations
Astronomers are baffled by the discovery of Pearl SDG, a quiescent dwarf galaxy that exists against the odds, isolated and star-formation-free. Detected by NASA's Webb Space Telescope, this galaxy challenges our understanding of galactic evolution and could redefine scientific theories on how galaxies form.
*Virgin Galactic's Space Tourism Hits Another Snag
Virgin Galactic's space tourism ambitions hit turbulence as an alignment pin issue on its WhiteKnightTwo mothership leads to a temporary grounding of operations. The incident, occurring during the Galactic Six mission, raises questions about the future of commercial space travel.
*Odysseus' Lunar Odyssey: NASA's Next Leap to the Moon
NASA gears up for the launch of the Odysseus lunar lander, part of the intuitive machines IM-1 mission. This historic flight, aboard a Falcon 9 rocket, aims to be the first privately built spacecraft to touch down on the moon, marking a significant milestone in lunar exploration.
*Cygnus' Cosmic Cargo Delivery
A Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft docks with the ISS, delivering over 3.7 metric tons of supplies and scientific gear. Among the cargo is a surgical robot and a 3D printer, both set to revolutionize how astronauts live and work in space.
Join us as we delve into these celestial stories and more on SpaceTime with Stuart Gary.
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00:00:00
This is space time series 27 episode 20 for broadcast on the
00:00:04
14th of February 2024. Coming up on SpaceTime, the discovery of a
00:00:09
galaxy that shouldn't exist Virgin Galactic grounded again.
00:00:14
And NASA is targeting today for the launch of the Odysseus lunar
00:00:18
Lander to the moon. All that and more coming up on space time.
00:00:24
Welcome to space time with Stuart Gary.
00:00:44
Astronomers using NASA's web space telescope have discovered
00:00:47
a dwarf galaxy that shouldn't exist. The serendipitous
00:00:51
observation reported in the Astrophysical journal letters is
00:00:54
strange because this galaxy isn't interacting with nearby
00:00:57
Galaxies and it isn't forming any new stars. The galaxy is
00:01:01
cataloged as Pearl SDG and it's relatively close located some 98
00:01:06
light years away.
00:01:07
Galaxies are bound together by gravity and they're made up of
00:01:10
stars and planets with vast clouds of gas and dust as well
00:01:13
as lots of unknown dark matter and dwarf Galaxies are the most
00:01:17
abundant Galaxies in the universe and are by definition
00:01:21
small with low luminosity.
00:01:23
They usually have fewer than 100 million stars compared to
00:01:26
somewhere like the Milky way which has some 200 billion
00:01:29
recent dwarf galaxy observations of the large abundance of ultra
00:01:33
diffuse Galaxies beyond the reach of previous large
00:01:35
spectroscopic surveys suggest that our understanding of dwarf
00:01:39
galaxy populations may be incomplete.
00:01:42
The study's lead author Tim Charlton from the Arizona State
00:01:45
University says he was looking initially at a cluster of
00:01:48
Galaxies as part of the Web Pearl project. He says the dwarf
00:01:52
galaxy wasn't the target, however, it just happened to
00:01:54
appear in some of the imaging and his team were intrigued
00:01:58
because Pearl SDG was an interesting case of an isolated
00:02:01
quiescent galaxy that didn't have the usual characteristics
00:02:05
of a dwarf galaxy.
00:02:06
So all of the archival imaging data observing at ultraviolet
00:02:10
optical and infrared wavelengths was all pulled together to study
00:02:14
the colors of Pearl SDG, see newly formed stars have specific
00:02:18
color signatures. So the absence of such signatures was used to
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show that Pearl SDG wasn't forming new stars.
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Carlton says these types of isolated quiescent dwarf
00:02:29
Galaxies haven't really been seen before, except in a very
00:02:32
few isolated cases. In fact, they're not really expected to
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exist given science's current understanding of galaxy
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evolution. So the fact that we see this object and it's so
00:02:42
close will help scientists develop new theories on galaxy
00:02:45
formation.
00:02:46
Until now, astronomer's understanding of galaxy
00:02:49
evolution showed isolated Galaxies that continue to form
00:02:52
young stars would do so as a result of interacting with a
00:02:55
more massive companion galaxy. But this galactic merger
00:02:59
hypothesis for galaxy evolution doesn't apply to Pearl SDG So
00:03:04
Pearl SDG actually represents an old stellar population, not
00:03:08
forming many new stars.
00:03:09
And keeping to itself in a further surprise, the stars in
00:03:13
this galaxy all appeared to be very bright in Webb's infrared
00:03:16
wavelengths making them easy to isolate, which itself is unusual
00:03:20
for a galaxy at this distance.
00:03:22
The discovery of Pearl SDG suggests the possibility that
00:03:26
many isolated quiescent Galaxies are out there waiting to be
00:03:29
identified. And luckily the James Webb Space telescope has
00:03:33
the tools to do so. This space time still to come. Virgin
00:03:38
Galactic grounded again. And NASA is targeting today for the
00:03:43
launch of the Odysseus lunar Lander to the moon. All that and
00:03:46
more still to come on space time.
00:04:04
Virgin Galactic has been forced to ground its space tourism
00:04:07
operations after an alignment pen detached from its white
00:04:10
knight two mothership during the Galactic Six mission. Virgin
00:04:14
says the safety of the mission was not impacted by the event
00:04:17
and the discovery of the missing part was detected later during
00:04:20
routine ground checks.
00:04:22
The company then reported the issue to the Federal Aviation
00:04:25
administration and grounded operations pending a full
00:04:28
investigation. The alignment pin is designed to ensure that the
00:04:31
spaceships aligned to the mothership when mating the
00:04:34
vehicles together on the ground during pre flight procedures.
00:04:37
Unity's wind rocket plane is mounted on a special pylon below
00:04:41
the central wing spar between the white knight to mothership's
00:04:44
twin bodied fuselage. This alignment pen also helps
00:04:48
transfer dragon other forces from the space plane to the
00:04:51
pylon.
00:04:52
The four engined white knight two then takes off horizontally
00:04:56
from a conventional runway carrying the space plane beneath
00:04:59
it up to an altitude of about 14 kilometers 45 ft. Here, the
00:05:04
spacecraft is released or drop launched then lights up its
00:05:07
hybrid rocket engine and accelerates vertically towards
00:05:10
the edge of space.
00:05:11
Reaching an altitude of around 88 kilometers before gliding
00:05:14
back to earth for a conventional runway landing. Virgin Galactic
00:05:18
has been offering commercial space tourism missions to the
00:05:21
edge of space since August last year. Virgin says it'll provide
00:05:25
further updates at the completion of the joint FAA
00:05:28
review and will confirm the flight window for its galactic
00:05:31
07 mission which was slated for the second quarter of this year.
00:05:35
We'll keep you informed this space time still to come. NASA
00:05:41
is targeting today for the launch of the Odysseus lunar
00:05:44
Lander to the moon and a Cygnus cargo ship arrives at the
00:05:47
International Space Station all that and more still to come on
00:05:51
space time.
00:06:07
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show.
00:08:40
You're listening to space time with Stuart Garry.
00:08:45
NASA is targeting today for the launch of its next scientific
00:08:48
mission to the moon. The intuitive machine's I AM one
00:08:52
mission were launched to the lunar South Pole region aboard a
00:08:54
Falcon nine rocket from the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in
00:08:58
Florida. The flight will carry the company's new robotic
00:09:01
nervous sea Lander Odysseus.
00:09:04
It'll attempt to become the first privately built spacecraft
00:09:07
to successfully land on the lunar surface. The mission is
00:09:11
part of NASA's commercial lunar payload services initiative
00:09:14
which is designed to bring down the cost of scientific
00:09:17
investigations and technology demonstrations going to the moon
00:09:20
and to make them more routine in the lead up to the Artemis Man
00:09:23
missions which while delayed are still slated for later this
00:09:27
decade.
00:09:28
Among the NASA provided research payloads flying aboard the IM
00:09:32
One mission will be RSUS the radio wave observation at the
00:09:36
lunar surface of the photo electron sheath span instrument
00:09:39
package.
00:09:40
It's designed to observe the moon's surface environment in
00:09:43
radio frequencies. This will determine how both natural and
00:09:46
human generated noise activity near the surface of the moon
00:09:50
interacts with and in fact could interfere with science being
00:09:53
conducted there. Rolls instrument project head, Nat Gul
00:09:57
Swami from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt.
00:10:00
Maryland says the project uses 4 2.5 m long antennas to observe
00:10:05
whatever radio emissions are present on the moon. The main
00:10:08
purpose will be to account for the variety of radiation
00:10:11
generated by cosmic phenomena as well as human activity on earth.
00:10:15
Each of which produces its own dynamic spectral patterns.
00:10:19
These include natural radio emissions coming from the earth
00:10:22
associated with auroral activity as well as emissions from
00:10:25
Jupiter and the sun and even from the rest of the Milky way
00:10:27
galaxy. Another source of radio interference will be the lunar
00:10:31
Lander itself by identifying all these existing different types
00:10:35
of interference.
00:10:36
Scientists will be able to sift through the noise. In order to
00:10:39
hone in on the real data, the four ross antennas are mounted
00:10:43
at two different heights, meaning that once they begin
00:10:45
taking measurements, they'll be able to provide information on
00:10:48
variations in the cloud of negatively charged electrons
00:10:52
being blasted from the lunar surface by sunlight and how it
00:10:55
changes between different altitudes.
00:10:57
This way, scientists will be able to measure the electrons
00:11:00
density based upon their distance from the surface. K.
00:11:03
Swami says this information will be essential when it comes time
00:11:07
to design and build future lunar observatories.
00:11:09
I'm here to talk to you about an exciting radio telescope that is
00:11:13
going to be placed on the moon. It is called Roy stands for
00:11:18
radio wave observations from the lunar surface of the photo
00:11:22
electron sheet. It's a mouthful but actually, it's a very simple
00:11:25
instrument and it's going to detect all kinds of radio
00:11:29
emission that is falling on the moon right now.
00:11:34
It is close to solar maximum. So the sun is producing a lot of
00:11:37
coronal mass ejections and radio emissions associated with them.
00:11:41
And we can detect these radio burst from the sun. Jupiter can
00:11:44
produce radio emission in this wavelength that we are
00:11:47
interested in and we can observe Jupiter.
00:11:49
Even the Milky way galaxy produces low level of radio
00:11:53
emission. We can detect those radio emissions. We also produce
00:11:57
a lot of radio emission by man made transmitters from earth.
00:12:00
And these radio interference can reach the moon characterization
00:12:04
of the radio environment of the moon is very important.
00:12:06
It has not been completely done. And therefore roses will be able
00:12:10
to contribute in identifying various sorts of radio emissions
00:12:14
on the sun. If we are setting up an observatory on the moon, we
00:12:17
should know what kind of radio interference we get there.
00:12:19
That's Nate Gopal Swami from NASA's Goddard Space Flight
00:12:22
Center in Greenville Maryland. And this space time still to
00:12:27
come. A Cygnus cargo ship docks with the International Space
00:12:31
Station. And later in the science report higher levels of
00:12:34
air pollution and an increased risk of death have been linked
00:12:38
to cardiovascular disease. All that and more still to come on
00:12:42
space time.
00:12:58
A Northrop Grumman Cygnus cargo ship carrying some 3726 kg of
00:13:03
equipment and supplies has successfully docked to the
00:13:06
International Space Station. The NG 20 mission had launched two
00:13:10
days earlier space launch complex 40 at the Cape Canaveral
00:13:13
Space Force base in Florida aboard a Falcon nine rocket.
00:13:17
Northrop Grumman subcontracted SpaceX at its Falcon nine for
00:13:21
the launch service as they continue to develop the new
00:13:23
Antares 300 series rocket which will replace their previous 200
00:13:27
series which used Russian supplied rocket engines on their
00:13:30
first stage boosters. The need for a replacement comes in the
00:13:34
wake of the ban by the West on the use of Russian technology
00:13:37
following Moscow's invasion of Ukraine.
00:13:40
It's the first of three planned Cygnus missions using Falcon
00:13:43
nine s before the new American built rocket engines are
00:13:46
available following the launch main engine cut off and stage
00:13:49
separation.
00:13:50
The Falcon nine core stage flipped over, undertook a boot
00:13:53
back burn and flew itself back to one of the landing pads at
00:13:56
Cape Canaveral where it performed the perfect touchdown.
00:13:59
Meanwhile, the second stage and the Cygnus continued to climb to
00:14:03
orbit included in the manifest for the orbiting outpost is new
00:14:07
equipment to test 3d printing technologies in space.
00:14:10
See 3d printing will be really useful on long duration space
00:14:14
flight to replace damaged equipment or to manufacture new
00:14:17
components as needed. Also aboard was a new surgical robot
00:14:21
which has been set up to test its performance in orbit. Other
00:14:25
supplies include 139 kg of scientific experiments and
00:14:29
equipment.
00:14:30
1131 kg of space station hardware, 16 kg of space walking
00:14:36
equipment, 1129 kg of fresh food water and crew supplies and 67
00:14:42
kg of computer resources. Cygnus will stay attached to the space
00:14:46
station for up to six months, providing additional space for
00:14:49
crew and booster services to increase the space station's
00:14:52
orbital altitude as needed.
00:14:54
See the space station normally orbits at an altitude of
00:14:57
somewhere between 424 100 kilometers. But atmospheric drag
00:15:03
caused by the rarified atmosphere at that altitude
00:15:05
causes orbital decay. And that means occasional boosts need to
00:15:09
be undertaken in order to retain a cruising altitude. These used
00:15:12
to be carried out regularly by space shuttle visits.
00:15:15
But following the demise of the space shuttle program 13 years
00:15:18
ago, Russian progress, cargo ships have been undertaking the
00:15:21
function. Now following the Kremlin's invasion of Ukraine,
00:15:25
the United States wants to take a bigger role in maintaining
00:15:28
flight operations, support the orbiting outpost this space time
00:15:45
and time.
00:15:46
Now to take another brief look at some of the other stories
00:15:48
making news in science. This week with the science report, an
00:15:52
analysis of data from 183 World Health Organization member
00:15:56
states has found a clear link between higher levels of air
00:15:59
pollution and an increased risk of death from cardiovascular
00:16:03
diseases.
00:16:04
A report in the journal Chronic Diseases and translational
00:16:07
medicine found the link was stronger in low income countries
00:16:10
with 70 deaths per 100 people compared to just 16
00:16:13
deaths per 100 in wealthier nations. It seems the major
00:16:18
issue in low income countries was the use of polluting fuels
00:16:20
and stoves in the home for cooking.
00:16:23
The authors say this accounted for more than twice as many
00:16:26
deaths from stroke as outdoor air pollution with 39 deaths per
00:16:29
100 people. The findings highlight the health risks of
00:16:34
air pollution and the need to consider it an additional
00:16:36
lifestyle changes and disease management. In order to curb
00:16:39
deaths from heart related diseases.
00:16:43
Scientists have broken a new record in precision
00:16:45
manufacturing as part of their quest to fabricate new silicon
00:16:49
chips for use in future. Quantum computers. The teams show that
00:16:53
phosphorus ions can be implanted into silicon crystal with 99.95
00:16:58
per cent confidence while at the same time being precisely
00:17:02
located where you want them to be within the chip.
00:17:05
A report in the journal Advanced Condom Technologies claims the
00:17:08
achievement is significant because the manufacturing method
00:17:10
based on iron implantation is the same as that already used to
00:17:14
make the binary bits in conventional computers.
00:17:17
It therefore offers both flexible and scalable ways to
00:17:20
fabricate donor qubits for quantum computers without having
00:17:23
to re invent the wheel A I language models allegedly apply
00:17:28
strict ethical codes when making decisions.
00:17:31
But it seems there are exceptions. A report in the
00:17:35
journal of the Royal Society Open Science say researchers
00:17:38
asked large language models such as Chat GPT 3.5 Lima two and PM
00:17:43
two, a series of moral questions and found they generally made
00:17:47
decisions that align closely with human moral principles such
00:17:51
as saving a human over belongings and sparing females
00:17:54
over males.
00:17:55
However, some such as li I deviated, taking a more neutral
00:18:00
stance on the lives of criminals versus non offenders.
00:18:02
For example, as A I becomes increasingly ingrained in every
00:18:06
aspect of our lives knowing how they make decisions is
00:18:09
important, especially decision making related to transport, for
00:18:13
example, where safety trade off decisions are constantly being
00:18:17
made.
00:18:19
Apple's New Vision pro augmented reality headsets are now out on
00:18:22
the market and everyday people are starting to buy and use them
00:18:26
with the details of how it's changing our lives. We're joined
00:18:29
by technology editor Alex Sahara Reut from tech advice dot live.
00:18:33
They've been seen everywhere. People have been on the subway
00:18:36
swiping and moving things in thin air. They're seeing things
00:18:39
in their field of view in the space around them, which is a
00:18:42
little bit like Johnny, the Moni or Minority report that age
00:18:45
where you put on the headset and you're interacting with the
00:18:48
world in front of you with things that only you can see has
00:18:51
arrived.
00:18:51
And so what someone has done, for example, is that they're at
00:18:53
home, they've got a to set up from their Mac, they can resize
00:18:57
it at will, they can have email messages from their iphone and
00:19:00
ipad.
00:19:00
Now there have been people walking through malls walking
00:19:03
down the street and they're waving wildly in front of them,
00:19:05
moving things around them which are moving as they are moving,
00:19:08
people have been driving Tesla cars tapping at things in mid
00:19:11
air looking quite strange. People are filming them as the,
00:19:15
as the car is driving autonomously down the street
00:19:17
and.
00:19:17
They, then there's the dude at the basketball game who looks
00:19:21
like he is conducting an orchestra.
00:19:23
Exactly. And these people who are watching sports games in
00:19:25
front of their field of view, they have the sports game on the
00:19:28
side is all the stats on the right hand side is the replays.
00:19:30
I mean, they're getting a better set of information than actually
00:19:33
being live at the game itself and they can just by tapping and
00:19:36
dragging with their hand, they can resize the image in front of
00:19:39
them.
00:19:39
I mean, the age of having a fixed screen of only 13 or 15
00:19:42
inches in front of you is over. Now the age of having augmented
00:19:46
reality with actual information in front of you that is
00:19:49
contextual and moving around and you can have all these screens
00:19:51
in front of you that you compete through and you can turn them
00:19:54
off and turn them back on.
00:19:55
But this is version one, this is more or less a developer kit
00:19:58
which is being sold to the public and it is generating
00:20:00
enormous excitement. Clearly, version two, version three,
00:20:03
version four, you'll go from the 3.5 to $5000 3000 us dollars,
00:20:08
they'll come down to sub 1000 if inflation doesn't ruin
00:20:11
everything for all of us and they will get smaller and
00:20:13
smaller until they look like a pair of glasses.
00:20:15
But at the moment, people are wearing them eating, they're
00:20:17
wearing them everywhere. Very exciting. They're meant to sell
00:20:20
300 50 this year next year is meant to be three times that
00:20:24
the year after that, it's meant to be, you know, even larger
00:20:26
numbers. And this is the iphone moment all over again, but
00:20:29
vastly more profound, vastly more advanced, vastly more
00:20:32
customisable, vastly more sci fi.
00:20:34
I remember when cell phones first became the big deal. Yes,
00:20:37
I'm that old. And I remember seeing a dude standing on the
00:20:41
sidewalk talking on his cell phone and we all looked at him
00:20:46
from, we were in the newsroom at the ABC where I was working at
00:20:48
the time and we all looked at.
00:20:50
What a what a crazy. Yeah. Yeah.
00:20:53
And now you wouldn't think twice about it pretty soon.
00:20:55
At least if you're living in the city you won't be able to walk
00:20:58
down the street or go to a shop or interact with a store. I
00:21:00
mean, it might take 10 years. It might take 20 years, but
00:21:02
probably it's gonna be five years. You won't be able to
00:21:04
interact in the digital world without having one of these
00:21:07
headsets.
00:21:07
If you don't have one, it'll be like everyone else has a mobile
00:21:10
phone and you don't, everyone else can be contacted, but you
00:21:12
can't, but it'll be vastly more profound.
00:21:14
I mean, you go to a shop and a cafe, you sort of say, show me
00:21:17
the menu and the menu will be there, everything will be there
00:21:19
is changing human life in a way that it's difficult to
00:21:22
comprehend until you see it does this mean the end of the cell
00:21:26
phone just like we had a period of time where cds and cassettes
00:21:30
and records still existed that cds have been replaced by
00:21:34
streaming.
00:21:34
I mean, people still use them, but it's going to replace them
00:21:37
eventually. But at the moment, no, at the moment, it's going to
00:21:40
be quite some time, especially given the fact that vision pro
00:21:42
headset is much more expensive, you know, 10 times more
00:21:44
expensive than your typical mid range or mid to low range.
00:21:47
I mean, not everyone's buying 3000 iphones, but the price of
00:21:51
those headsets will come down and eventually this will be the
00:21:54
new mobile phone, but it'll take some years, at least for that to
00:21:57
happen.
00:21:57
You've got a new gig on TNT. How 's it going?
00:21:59
Well, I've got four episodes of my TV. Show up. Now, if you've
00:22:01
got to Tech Dot Live, you can watch the interviews that I'm
00:22:04
doing. And if you go to TNT radio dot Live, you can see all
00:22:07
the shows there from myself and other people and it's going
00:22:09
great. I'm really loving it. And I'm very grateful to be doing TV
00:22:12
and radio art with you.
00:22:13
That's Alex Aaro Roy from tech advice. Do live and that's the
00:22:32
show for now. SpaceTime is available every Monday,
00:22:36
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