SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 24
*Warping SpaceTime: The Fast-Spinning Black Hole at the Milky Way's Heart
NASA's Chandra X-ray Space Telescope and the Very Large Array have observed the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at our galaxy's center, spinning at a velocity that distorts the fabric of space itself. This fascinating discovery offers new insights into the behavior of these cosmic giants and the potential future dynamics of our Milky Way.
*Nuclear Fusion Breakthrough: A Step Closer to Unlimited Clean Energy
The Joint European Torus (JET) has set a new world record for nuclear fusion power output, achieving a significant milestone in the quest for a clean and inexhaustible energy source. This success marks a pivotal moment in the development of fusion as a practical alternative to fossil fuels.
*Australia's Arnhem Space Centre Unveils New Assembly Building Designs
Equatorial Launch Australia reveals the final designs for the horizontal vehicle integration facility at the Arnhemland Space Centre. Tailored to accommodate a variety of rockets, the state-of-the-art buildings will play a pivotal role in the nation's burgeoning space industry.
*NASA's Lunar Navigation Breakthrough
The upcoming Odysseus lunar lander mission will test a revolutionary autonomous navigation system, potentially transforming how we explore the Moon's surface and beyond. This new technology promises to enhance the precision of lunar missions and support a sustainable presence on the Moon.
Join us on SpaceTime as we delve into these cosmic developments and more, navigating the vast expanse of our universe's mysteries.
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This is space time series 27 episode 24 for broadcast on the
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23rd of February 2024. Coming up on space time, the black hole
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warping space time at the center of the Milky Way, a nuclear
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fusion reactor sets a new world power record. And Australia's
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Arnhem Space Centre shows off its new vehicle assembly
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building designs. All that and more. Coming up on space time.
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Welcome to space time with Stuart Gary.
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A new study has found that Sagittarius a star, the
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supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy
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is spinning so fast. It's quite literally warping the space time
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surrounding it into the shape of a rugby football.
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The new findings were reported in the monthly notices of the
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Royal Astronomical Society are based on new observations by
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NASA's Chandra X Ray Space Telescope and the National
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Science Foundation's very large array radio telescope in New
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Mexico Sagittarius. A star is located some 27 light years
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away. It marks the center of our Milky Way Galaxy and it contains
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as much mass as 4.3 million suns.
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Black holes are often described as places of infinite density in
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zero volume. Because of this astronomers only know of two
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fundamental properties that they possess their mass and their
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spin. In other words, how big they are and how quickly they
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rotate and determining either of these two values tells us a lot
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about a black hole in its behavior.
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Now, astronomers have used a new method based on X ray and radio
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observations to determine how quickly Sagittarius a star is
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spinning based on how material is flowing towards and away from
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the black hole. See material doesn't fall straight into a
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black hole.
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It first forms an accretion disk around the black hole where it's
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pummeled and stretched and crushed and squeezed, eventually
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passing a point of no return called the event horizon. Once
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beyond this event horizon material falls forever into the
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black hole singularity. That's because the gravitational pull
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of the black hole means escape velocity would exceed the speed
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of light.
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And since nothing can travel faster than the speed of light,
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nothing not even light can escape a black hole. Hence the
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name, the new data shows that Satya a star is spinning with an
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angular velocity. That is the number of revolutions per
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second. That's about 60 per cent, the maximum possible value
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limit.
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That's the limit set by material not being able to travel faster
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than the speed of light. In the past astronomers have made
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several estimates of Sagittarius a star's rotational speed using
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different techniques and the results have been quite varied
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ranging from it's not spinning at all to its spinning almost at
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the speed of light.
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This study's lead author, Ruth Dally from Penn State University
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says the new findings may help settle the ongoing question of
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how fast the galaxy's supermassive black hole is
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spinning because the results indicate that it is spinning
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very rapidly, which is very interesting because it has far
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reaching implications.
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You see a rotating black hole pulls space time and nearby
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matter around with it as it spins, it's a process called
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frame dragging. And the space time around the spinning black
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hole is also squashed down. Looking down on a black hole
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from above along the barrel of any jets, it produces space time
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would appear to be circular in shape.
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But looking at the spinning black hole from the side space
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time will be shaped more like a rugby football and the faster
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the spin, the flatter, the football, a black hole spin also
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acts as an important source of energy. Spinning.
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Supermassive black holes can produce coated outflows that is
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narrow beams of material such as jets or quasars when their spin
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energy is extracted. But this requires that there should be at
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least some matter in the vicinity of the black hole.
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Now, because of the very limited fuel surrounding Sagittarius as
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star, our particular supermassive black hole at the
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center of the galaxy has always been relatively quiet, at least
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in recent millennia with relatively weak jets as a
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result. This new study however, shows that this situation could
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change if the amount of material in the vicinity of the black
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hole increases.
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What it means is that in future, if the properties of the matter
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and the magnetic field strength close to the black hole change
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part of the enormous energy, the black hole spin could drive far
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more powerful outflows. Now, this source of material could
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come from gas or stars.
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And there are both orbiting close to the black hole jets
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powered and collum by a galaxy spinning black hole can
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profoundly affect the gas supply for the entire galaxy. And that
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would affect how quickly stars can form the right amount of
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quasar blast could cause molecular gas and dust clouds to
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collapse forming new stars.
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But quasars that are too powerful could blast gas out of
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the galaxy thereby robbing the Milky Way of the material that
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needs to form new stars. And the fRMI bubbles seen in x rays and
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gamma rays around the milky ways. Black hole shows that
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Sagittarius a star has been very active in the past to determine
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the spin of Sagittarius a star.
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The authors use an empirically based theoretical model referred
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to as the outflow method. It details the relationship between
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the spin of the black hole in its mass, the properties of
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matter near the black hole and the outflow properties. The
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coined outflow produces the radio waves while the disc of
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gas surrounding the black hole is responsible for the X ray
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emissions.
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Using this method. The authors combine data from Chandra and
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the VLA with an independent estimate of the black hole's
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mass from other telescopes to constrain the black hole spin.
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Although it's quiet right now, this work shows that in the
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future set to there is a star will give an incredibly powerful
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kick to surrounding material.
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Now, this could happen in 1000 or a million years from now. It
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could happen tomorrow. This space time still to come. A new
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world record for nuclear fusion power and NASA to demonstrate a
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new autonomous navigation system on the Moon. All that and more
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still to come on space time.
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Physicists in Britain have smashed the world record for
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energy output using a nuclear fusion reactor bringing us a
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step closer to unlimited clean energy. The experiment of the
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joint European Taurus or JET, which is one of the world's
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largest and most powerful fusion reactors fused heavy isotopes of
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hydrogen called deuterium and tritium to produce helium
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together with vast amounts of energy.
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In what was JET's final deuterium tritium experiments.
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High fusion power was consistently produced for five
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seconds resulting in a groundbreaking record of 69 mega
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joules using a mere 0.2 mg of fuel. Nuclear fusion is the same
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process that powers the sun. Scientists see it as a clean
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limitless method of energy production out of seawater that
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will ultimately put an end to global warming and climate
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change.
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See current nuclear power stations use nuclear fission in
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which uranium atoms are split apart, releasing tremendous
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amounts of energy that heats water and makes steam. And that
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spins turbines to generate electricity. Right now, more
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than 10 per cent of the world's electricity is currently
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produced by nuclear power plants, unlike fission which
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releases radioactive waste as a by-product nuclear fusion is
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clean and limitless.
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And it's widely considered to be inherently safe since the
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process isn't based on a chain reaction. As is the case with
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nuclear fission JET is a token ma A design which uses powerful
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magnetic fields to confine a plasma inside a doughnut shaped
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reactor called a Taurus. Beyond setting new records for power
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production, the experiment also achieved things never done
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before.
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Deepening science's understanding of fusion physics.
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It demonstrated how to soften the intense heat flowing from
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plasma to the exhaust and it showed how you can get the
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plasma edge into a stable state, preventing bursts of energy from
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reaching the wall. Both these techniques are intended to
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protect the integrity of the walls of future machines.
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And it's the first time that scientists have been able to
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test these scenarios in the deum tring environment. This space
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time still to come. NASA to demonstrate autonomous
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navigation systems on the Moon and equatorial launch Australia
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has released the final designs of its new horizontal vehicle
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assembly buildings which will be built at the New Arnhem Space
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Center east of Darwin. All that and more still to come on space
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time.
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NASA is planning to test a new navigation system that will
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fundamentally change how humans rovers and spacecraft
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independently track their precise location on the Moon and
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insist lunar space demonstrating autonomous navigation.
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The lunar node one experiment is a radio beacon designed to
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support precise geolocation and navigation observations for
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Landers surface infrastructure and astronauts digitally
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confirming their position on the Moon relative to other craft as
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well as ground stations and rovers on the move.
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These radio beacons can also be used in space helping with
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orbital maneuvers and guiding Landers to un target touchdowns
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on the lunar surface navigational systems. Engineer
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and principal investigator Evan Anzalone from NASA's Marshall
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Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama says the new
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beacons system will be like getting verification from a
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lighthouse on the shore rather than waiting for word to come
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from the home port.
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You left days earlier, the new system is designed to operate as
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part of a broader navigation infrastructure which will be
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anchored by a series of satellites in lunar orbit. Think
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of it as a Moon version of GPS.
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Currently, navigation beyond earth is heavily reliant on
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point to point services provided by NASA's Deep Space
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Communications Network. An international array of giant
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radio antennas in Barstow California, Madrid Spain and
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near Canberra in Australia.
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They transmit positioning data to interplanetary spacecraft to
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keep them on course. These measurements are typically
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relayed back to earth and then processed on the ground to
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deliver the Information back to the traveling vehicle. But when
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seconds count during orbital maneuvers or among explorers
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traversing uncharted areas of the lunar surface, the new lunar
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node, one concept will offer timely improvements.
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The cube set sized experiment is one of six payloads included in
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the NASA delivery manifest aboard the Odysseus Lunar Lander
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which launched last week aboard a falcon nine rocket from the
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Cape Canaveral Space Force Base in Florida.
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The lander is slated to touch down at the Mali a impact crater
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300 kilometers from the Moon's south pole. Odysseus relies on
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network computer navigation software known as the multi
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spacecraft autonomous positioning system or maps upon
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lunar touchdown.
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The Ln One team will conduct a full systems, check out and then
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begin continuous operations for a period of 10 days. NASA's Deep
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space network will receive its transmissions, capturing
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telemetry Doppler tracking and other data and then relaying
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that back to earth. This report from NASA TV.
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Lunar node one is meant to be a demonstration of how it can use
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various navigation technologies to figure out where you are in
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and around the Moon. Some of the technologies here have begun as
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initial investment and technology developments when I
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first started here about 10 years ago.
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So it's been amazing to be able to see this technology grow from
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a paper study, software demonstrations all the way up to
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a payload that are actually gonna be demonstrated technology
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from the lunar surface. Our focus is on developing the
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nailing technologies to help vehicles and assign payloads
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navigate on know where they're at and know what time it is on
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the Moon.
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So part of our payload is de multiple approaches towards
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arranging both through a radiometric and also time based
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delay measurements in order to help vehicles understand how far
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away they are from some known location. That way they can help
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inform where they're at to guide their operations and navigate on
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the surface of the Moon.
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The lunar node one mass simulator, we use this build to
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test out our vibrational mode, put on a shake table and also do
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fit checks with the lander itself. Inside of our payload,
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we have multiple electronics boards that fit within this
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chassis that is a little bit about a half of you in size.
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There are external connectors where we have our data and power
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to the lander itself. And within here we have multiple boards
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that do the power, our data control, our pjs, all those kind
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of electronic pieces are in here as well as a small S span radio
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that attaches up underneath top radiator in our contributors
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heat and then to talk to the antenna.
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And in that report from NASA TV, we heard from Evan Anzalone
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Navigation Systems engineer and principal investigator at NASA's
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Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. This is
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space time still to come. Equatorial launch.
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Australia releases the final designs for its new vehicle
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assembly facilities which will be built at the Space Center
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east of Darwin. And later in the science report, we know that all
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dogs go to heaven but which ones live the longest here on earth?
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All that and more still to come on space time.
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Equatorial launch. Australia has released the final designs of
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its new horizontal vehicle integration facility buildings
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which will be constructed at the Arnhem Land Space Center east of
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Darwin. The buildings will be designed to handle a variety of
00:14:31
different launch vehicle types sizes and technologies.
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Current plans are expected to see up to seven separate rocket
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companies using the launch complex for both orbital and sub
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orbital missions. And so the new vehicle assembly buildings will
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need to be able to accommodate all different types of
00:14:48
spacecraft.
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Current plans will see the assembly buildings being at
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least 40 m long, 26 m wide and 12 m in height incorporating a
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range of features specific to different space missions.
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The each feature a large rocket assembly area, a high clearance
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iso eight clean room for vertical payload integration, a
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full space overhead gantry crane, a large indoor workshop
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space and a multi port wall membrane for direct access to
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the launch pad equipment. The buildings will also boast
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substantial insulation with H VAC climate control and cyclone
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rating to withstand the harsh northern territory environment.
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This latest announcement follows the release back in December of
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the final launch pad designs for the new complex.
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Current idea is that each space launch complex will include up
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to two launch pads serviced by a single vehicle assembly building
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this space time and time now to take another brief look at some
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of the other stories making news in science this week with a
00:16:01
science report, it's been revealed that a 63 year old man
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has been in remission from HIV for five years.
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Now. After he received a stem cell transplant to treat his
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leukemia, the patient needed a stem cell transplant to treat
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the cancer. So the team looked for a donor with a mutation in
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the gene known as CCR five. This mutation has been shown to be
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related to resistance to HIV infection.
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A report in the New England Journal Of Medicine claims this
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case has now shown that older patients who are undergoing stem
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cell transplants for the treatment of cancer can also be
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cured of HIV. One infection.
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The human immunodeficiency virus HIV is an infection that attacks
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the body's immune system causing acquired immunodeficiency
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syndrome or aids. The World Health Organization estimates
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that up to 52 million people have now been killed by AIDS
00:16:54
with another 40 million currently living with HIV.
00:16:59
A new study warns that Australian birds living on
00:17:02
islands are among the species most at risk of extinction. The
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findings reported in the journal emu Austral ornithology are
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based on a first of its kind study by scientists with the
00:17:13
Australian National University.
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Australia has over 750 native bird species. But researchers
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warn that many of them are now facing an uncertain future. And
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the numbers are very sad. By 2028 species were already
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considered extinct and 10 per cent more were threatened with
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extinction.
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Ok. We all know that all dogs go to heaven, but which ones live
00:17:38
the longest here on earth? Well, a new study published in the
00:17:42
journal scientific reports has found that small long nosed dogs
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like whippets and miniature dachshunds have the highest life
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expectancy. While male flat face dogs such as English bulldogs
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have the lowest.
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The team pored over data from 584 individual dogs from 18
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different British sources including breed registries, vets
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pet insurance companies and clubs and classified all dogs as
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one of 155 pure breeds or a cross breed. After sniffing out
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various characteristics such as nose length, head shape and
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size.
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They found small long nosed breeds had the highest life
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expectancy living around 13.3 years or medium flat faced
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breeds had the lowest at just 9.1 years for good boys and 9.6
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years for good girls. Interestingly, the team also
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found that pure breeds had a higher average life expectancy
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than cross breeds.
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12.7 years compared to 12 years, while female dogs had a slightly
00:18:41
higher medium life expectancy than males, 12.7 years compared
00:18:46
to 12.4 a group, stating people who claim to be able to talk to
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the dead through psychic channeling say they've been
00:18:54
unable to find any definitive support for their claim,
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paranormal abilities, no surprises there.
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However, instead of dismissing their paranormal claims, the
00:19:04
study's authors say channeling is likely to be very complex a
00:19:08
phenomenon that deserves far more serious study. Tim Mendham
00:19:12
from Australian Skeptics says that's like assuming the claims
00:19:15
are real and then trying to cherry pick the data to find
00:19:18
something that matches the claims regardless of the real
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reasons behind it.
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This story is full of red flags. Ok? For a start psychic
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channeling is sort of an offshoot or a subset of people
00:19:30
who talk to the dead psychics who talk to the dead, but any
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channelers are bringing through themselves often ancient spirits
00:19:37
or people or whatever.
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But anyway, this recent study on psychic two red flags right
00:19:42
away. One of the main author of this study is actually from the
00:19:46
Institute Of Noetic Sciences.
00:19:49
And the No Ethics Science Institute is something that's
00:19:51
been set up to look at the paranormal, look at sort of all
00:19:54
sorts of strange psychic phenomena, etc from the
00:19:57
principle that these are believers, the set up actually
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by Edgar Mitchell and the sixth man to walk on the Moon,
00:20:02
something like that.
00:20:03
He had a big conversion about everything. Actually, he became
00:20:06
a very great proponent of usos and all sorts of paranormal.
00:20:10
Anyway, that's one issue. Oh, right. Ok.
00:20:12
The source of the author, then the next thing about the thing
00:20:15
is it's been published in what's called a journal of scientific
00:20:18
Information, which is described as an open access platinum peer
00:20:22
reviewed journal that is devoted to Maverick or frontier science
00:20:25
topics, peer reviewed.
00:20:27
I don't know how well peer reviewed it is because they
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claim it's peer reviewed. I'm looking at the website right now
00:20:32
and it's hard to see sort of hammered peer review because you
00:20:35
don't know who peer reviewed an article supposedly or even how
00:20:37
well it's done well.
00:20:38
These are his mates at the pub, I guess.
00:20:41
Things like that. This is a story, an article research
00:20:44
project that looked at a number of channels, not many to try and
00:20:47
find out how well their prognostications, their readings
00:20:51
of the other world compare when they're channeling and when
00:20:53
they're not channeling. And I don't know how you tell the
00:20:55
difference just when they're sitting there chatting to you
00:20:57
perhaps.
00:20:57
And then when they're talking with the spirits going through
00:20:59
them, they often talk in strange voices because that's the spirit
00:21:01
's voice. And so what happens is that they looked at these
00:21:04
different things and they really couldn't find a lot of
00:21:06
differences, they couldn't find any actual proof that these
00:21:09
people were doing what they say they can do that.
00:21:11
It was a channel was a screw talking through them. But
00:21:14
nonetheless, they say this is a subject worthy of more
00:21:16
investigation. They say that it 's a complex issue. It's worthy
00:21:20
of looking at even though we didn't find anything that's
00:21:22
probably influenced by many as yet unknown factors that should
00:21:26
reveal much about the limits of brain functioning and human
00:21:29
consciousness, which is not the words of an open minded.
00:21:32
I'm yet to be convinced. Researcher, they're talking
00:21:35
about brain functioning, human consciousness and unknown
00:21:37
factors. The trouble is nowhere. Do they say? Are they people
00:21:41
fakes? Right. They might say these people are misguided or
00:21:45
they think they believe it.
00:21:46
There's no evidence that what they do is true and there's no
00:21:49
discussion as to whether they're actually fakes. And that would
00:21:51
be the common assumption by really open minded researchers
00:21:55
is that first of all, you've got to look at to see if these
00:21:57
people are genuine channels, which is a strange concept. And
00:22:00
then you have to look at what they're saying accurately.
00:22:02
How could anyone prove that they're talking to the dead?
00:22:05
Exactly.
00:22:06
Right. Well, if they're talking to the dead can actually say
00:22:08
something meaningful. Where is the money hidden?
00:22:13
Yeah, I mean, no one who actually contacts the dead, not
00:22:15
the channelers who just gets in touch with dead spirits and at a
00:22:18
meeting and then relays the Information to the relatives. No
00:22:21
one says I've got uncle John and I hated you all your life. It's
00:22:24
always sort of nice and sort of soft and sort of cuddly sort of
00:22:28
words.
00:22:28
The skeptics have investigated channels for many years and
00:22:30
really from a logical point of view, there isn't any and from a
00:22:33
technical point of view to see what they actually say, it's
00:22:35
always their aim, these researchers have gone in with
00:22:37
the basis that they obviously believe that are real and they
00:22:40
just haven't found the evidence yet, but that's the wrong way
00:22:43
around.
00:22:43
You've got to look for the evidence to see if they're real
00:22:45
rather than assume they're real and then try and find the
00:22:47
evidence to prove it. They keep talking about this doesn't match
00:22:50
our hypothesis.
00:22:51
It's not science. Ok. But it's masquerading of science and this
00:22:53
journal that looks at a Maverick journal that looks at the sort
00:22:57
of fringe areas of pseudoscience and the fact that they come from
00:23:00
an organization which promotes pseudoscience is not a good
00:23:03
grounding.
00:23:04
That's Tim Menem from Australian Skeptics.
00:23:22
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