Stellar Enigma Unveiled: Two-Faced Star & Ancient Asteroid Secrets | NASA's Psyche Mission and More!
SpaceTime with Stuart GaryJuly 26, 2023x
89
00:26:1536.05 MB

Stellar Enigma Unveiled: Two-Faced Star & Ancient Asteroid Secrets | NASA's Psyche Mission and More!

SpaceTime with Stuart Gary S26E89
  1. Two-faced star exposed: Astronomers make an intriguing discovery of a unique two-faced white dwarf star. The star's unusual characteristics pose interesting questions for astronomers and astrophysicists. 2. NASA's Psyche Mission update: As the launch date of October 5th approaches, engineers and technicians at Cape Canaveral are diligently preparing the NASA Psyche spacecraft for its upcoming mission. The podcast explores the significance of this mission and its objectives. 3. Pre-solar silicate grains in Ryugu samples: Scientists have made a groundbreaking discovery of ancient silicate grains within samples of the asteroid Ryugu. These grains predate the solar system, offering valuable insights into the early universe. 4. The Science Report: Three new biomarkers for prostate cancer have been identified, potentially leading to improved diagnostic and treatment methods for this prevalent disease. Additionally, the report highlights the effectiveness of Chat GPT in providing reliable medical advice. 5. TikTok and national security concerns: The podcast discusses the growing concerns over TikTok's impact on national security and user privacy, shedding light on the ongoing debate surrounding the popular social media platform. 6. Alex on Tech: An intriguing discussion on whether threads can outperform Twitter and if they have the potential to revolutionize the way we communicate on social media. In this episode, SpaceTime with Stuart Gary explores the latest discoveries and updates in the world of astronomy, space exploration, medical research, and technology. Listeners will be captivated by the mystery of the two-faced white dwarf star, informed about NASA's exciting Psyche Mission, and amazed by the ancient silicate grains found on the asteroid Ryugu. Furthermore, the podcast delves into significant advancements in medical science, potential threats to national security posed by social media platforms, and the future of social media communication. Don't miss out on this jam-packed episode full of fascinating scientific revelations. Tune in and stay informed! #space #astronomy #science #news #podcast


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00:00:00
STUART GARY: This is SpaceTime series 26 episode 89 for

00:00:03
broadcast on the 26th of July 2023. Coming up on space time,

00:00:09
discovery of a strange two faced white dwarf star NASA's Psyche

00:00:13
Mission enters the home stretch before launch and pre solar

00:00:18
greens found in the samples taken from the asteroid Ragu.

00:00:23
All that are more coming up on space time.

00:00:27
GENERIC: Welcome to space time with Stuart Garry.

00:00:47
STUART GARY: Astronomers have discovered a really weird two

00:00:50
faced white dwarf star white dwarves are the exposed cores of

00:00:55
dead sun like stars that have ceased core nuclear fusion.

00:00:59
The process that makes stars shine when this happens, they

00:01:02
expand to form bloated old stars called red giants and eventually

00:01:08
they blow off their outer envelope of gass, exposing their

00:01:11
white odd stellar core, the white dwarf, an object about the

00:01:16
size of the planet Earth left to slowly cool over the eons of

00:01:20
time.

00:01:22
A white dwarf will be the ultimate fate of our sun in

00:01:25
about 5 to 7 billion years from now.

00:01:29
This new discovery reported in the journal nature appears to

00:01:32
have one hemisphere dominated by hydrogen while the other is

00:01:36
composed of helium, it's as if the white dwarf completely

00:01:41
changes from one side to the other. The stars be nicknamed

00:01:45
Janu. After the two faced Roman God of transition, it was

00:01:49
initially discovered by the Z Vicki transit facility which

00:01:52
scans the skies every night from Caltex Palomar Observatory in

00:01:56
San Diego.

00:01:57
The authors were searching for highly magnetized white to using

00:02:00
S Vicky when one candidate object suddenly stood out

00:02:04
because of its brightness. Further investigation was

00:02:07
undertaking using the Chimera instrument at Palamar as was the

00:02:10
Hyper cam instrument on the Grand telescope at the Canary

00:02:14
Islands.

00:02:15
And those data confirmed that Janis was rotating on its axis

00:02:19
every 15 minutes. Subsequent observations made with the giant

00:02:23
10 m Kech observatories atop of Mana in Hawaii revealed the

00:02:27
dynamic double faced nature of the white dwarf. The authors

00:02:32
then used a spectrometer to spread the light from the white

00:02:35
dwarf into a rainbow of wavelengths, each of which

00:02:37
contains different chemical fingerprints.

00:02:40
This allows them to determine the star's composition. That

00:02:44
data revealed the presence of hydrogen when one side of the

00:02:47
object was in view with no signs of helium and then only helium

00:02:51
when the other side's swung into view. Right now, the authors are

00:02:55
still trying to work out what could cause a white dwarf to

00:02:58
have different chemical compositions on different sides.

00:03:02
Now, one idea they've come up with involves Janice undergoing

00:03:05
a rare phase of white dwarf evolution during which some

00:03:08
white dwarfs transition from being hydrogen to helium

00:03:11
dominated on their surface. After white dwarfs are formed,

00:03:15
the heavier elements that's carbon and oxygen tend to sink

00:03:18
towards the core and lighter elements.

00:03:21
The lightest of all being a hydrogen float to the surface.

00:03:25
But over time as the wire dwarf cools, the materials are thought

00:03:29
to mix together. In some cases, the hydrogen is mixed into the

00:03:33
interior and diluted such that helium becomes more prevalent

00:03:37
and genus may be embodying this type of transition phase. But

00:03:42
that begs the question, why is the transition happening in such

00:03:45
a disproportionate way?

00:03:47
With only one side of the star being involved. The authors

00:03:51
postulate that magnetic fields could be the answer. They say

00:03:55
magnetic fields around cosmic bodies tend to be asymmetric

00:03:59
that is stronger on one side than the other. And so strong

00:04:02
magnetic fields can't prevent the mixing of materials.

00:04:06
So if the magnetic field is stronger on one side than the

00:04:09
other, then there'd be less mixing and thus more hydrogen.

00:04:13
Another theory proposed by the authors to try and explain the

00:04:17
two faces also depends on magnetic fields. But in this

00:04:21
scenario, the fields are thought to change the pressure and

00:04:23
density of the atmospheric gasses. The magnetic fields may

00:04:28
lead to lower gas pressures in the atmosphere.

00:04:31
And this may allow sort of, I guess you'd call it a hydrogen

00:04:34
ocean to form where the magnetic fields are the strongest. One of

00:04:38
the study's authors, James Fuller from Caltech says it's

00:04:42
still unknown which hypotheses best explains the phenomenon.

00:04:46
But the simple fact is they can't think of any other way to

00:04:49
explain the asymmetric sides without magnetic fields to help

00:04:53
solve the mystery.

00:04:54
The authors want to search for more Jonas like white dwarfs out

00:04:57
there again, using this Vicky Sky Survey. This is space time

00:05:03
still to come. NASA's Psyche Mission entering the home Street

00:05:07
for launch and astronomers discover pre solar greens in

00:05:11
samples from the ray Uu asteroid. All that and more

00:05:15
still to come on space time.

00:05:33
Engineers and technicians at Cape Canaveral in Florida are

00:05:36
now busy preparing NASA's Psyche spacecraft in advance of its

00:05:39
slated launch on October the fifth with less than 100 days to

00:05:43
go before lift off.

00:05:45
Psaki is undergoing final preparations for the mission

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with teams of engineers and technicians working almost

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around the clock in order to ensure the orbit is ready for

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its 4 billion kilometer journey to the middle rich asteroid 16

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Psyche, a large 279 kilometer wide m type asteroid discovered

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in 18 52.

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It's named after the goddess Psyche, one of the most

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celebrated characters in Greek mythology who was the goddess of

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the soul. Her name means Breath of life and she was closely

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linked with the inner human world and with the beauty that

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rivaled that of Aphrodite, the goddess of love.

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16 Psyche is the largest and most massive M type asteroid

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known, in fact, it's one of a dozen or so of the most massive

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asteroids ever found detaining about 1% of the entire mass of

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the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

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Historically, it was always hypothesized that Psyche was the

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exposed metallic core of a differentiated planet or dwarf

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planet that had, had its crust and metal stripped away in some

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sort of cataclysmic collision. Originally, the dwarf planet

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would have been much larger, about 500 kilometers in

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diameter.

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A second hypothesis suggests that Psyche was disrupted and

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then gradually re accreted in a mix of metal and silicate. If

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this is the case that it could be a candidate for the parent

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body of a class of stony iron meteorites.

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Now, the latest hypothesis involves Psaki being a

00:07:13
differentiated object just like the asteroid series and vector.

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But for some reason, it experienced a type of iron

00:07:20
vulcanism and its ferro VCA while it was cooling. Now, if

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true, the model predicts that metals would be highly enriched

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only in those regions containing relic volcanic centers. And that

00:07:32
idea has been bolstered by recent radar observations of the

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asteroid.

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The mission team recently completed a comprehensive test

00:07:41
campaign for the flight software and they've installed it in the

00:07:44
spacecraft that clears a major hurdle that kept Psyche from

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making its original launch date last year.

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Psyche's project manager, Henry Stone from NASA's Jet Propulsion

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Laboratory in Pasadena, California says the team are now

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counting down the days to launch. The focus has now

00:08:02
shifted to safety completing the final mechanical checkout of the

00:08:05
spacecraft and preparing the team for operations. Psyche will

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launch aboard a space X Falcon heavy rocket.

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That's Spacex's biggest operational rocket comprising

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three Falcon nine core stages mounted side by side. This will

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be the first interplanetary launch for the Falcon heavy

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which will lift off from space complex 39 A at the Kennedy

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Space Center.

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After escaping Earth's gravity, the Psaki spacecraft will use

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its solar electric propulsion system to undertake the six year

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journey to the asteroids Psyche. And once the spacecraft reaches

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the asteroid, it'll spend at least 26 months orbiting the

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space rock gathering images and data that will tell scientists

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more about its history and composition.

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HENRY STONE: There aren't many classes of objects left in our

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solar system that we haven't looked at up close with the

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spacecraft and one of them that's left is the metal

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asteroids 16 Psyche is an asteroid that orbits the sun out

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between Mars and Jupiter.

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The reason that Psyche is unique is that it is metal rich.

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It's believed that it may be a remnant core of an early planes

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that was formed in the very, very earliest parts of the

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formation of the solar system.

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And after this planet started forming, and this metal core

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formed inside of that, it collided with other bodies that

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then stripped off the rocky metal, leaving this core in

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place.

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This is the part of planets that we can't sample directly today.

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It's too hot.

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The pressure is too high. Our instruments would melt, can't

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drill a hole that deep in the Earth or other planets. So how

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do we study the core of our planet?

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Psyche? Gives us the opportunity to visit a core. The only way

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that humankind can ever do. And it would be the first metal

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object that humankind has ever visited.

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After launch, we cruise through interplanetary space for a

00:10:01
number of years. First we fly by Mars for a gravity assist

00:10:06
that'll slingshot us into the asteroid belt. And then we're

00:10:09
thrusting all the way from there to finally arriving at Psyche.

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We'll go into four orbits to collect the necessary

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measurements that we need from our three primary instruments.

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So our payload consists of a couple of images which are

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cameras that take pictures of Psyche. Also a gamma ray neutron

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spectrometer which allows us to measure the elemental

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composition of the surface of Psyche and then a magnetometer

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which will allow us to detect any magnetic field that's left

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at Psyche.

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If Psyche still has some sort of remnant magnetic field that that

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probably tells us it really was a core. It's a strong indicator.

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We also use the radio on the spacecraft as an instrument, so

00:10:50
we can map out the gravity and map out the interior structure.

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That way we're using a particular thruster technology,

00:10:59
hall effect thruster technology. They operate five times more

00:11:01
efficiently than normal rockets. So they use a lot less fuel and

00:11:05
is what allows us to get into orbit around. This asteroid.

00:11:08
Solar electric propulsion has been around for quite a while

00:11:11
and it has flown before, but we are to push the boundaries.

00:11:14
We're going to have big five panel fold out solar panels that

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will provide the electricity for the thrusters which use as

00:11:23
propellant, the noble gas Xenon.

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This will be the first time that hall effect thrusters have flown

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in deep space.

00:11:31
Studying the evolution of a planetary body is a detective

00:11:35
story.

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There's a magic to when you actually are on the launch pad

00:11:40
and you say we go for launch and.

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You feel like singing and dancing and you feel like

00:11:44
throwing up at the same time.

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Let's go discover things about our solar system that we have no

00:11:48
other way to do. I think that it's fundamental to who we are

00:11:53
and also who we should be. It's an incredible opportunity to be

00:11:56
a part of the team making that happen.

00:12:10
STUART GARY: This is space time still to come pre solar silicate

00:12:14
greens found in samples from the asteroid Ragu. And later in the

00:12:19
science report, researchers identify three new biomarkers

00:12:23
for prostate cancer. All that and more still to come on space

00:12:27
time.

00:12:41
This time, scientists studying samples of the asteroid Rau have

00:12:47
discovered silicate grains older than the solar system. The

00:12:51
samples were collected by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration

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Agency's Hayabusa two mission which launched back in 2014 and

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arrived at the 900 m wide asteroid in 2018 for a two year

00:13:03
study tour.

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Ragu orbits the sun every 16 months at a similar distance to

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that of the Earth. And it's considered a near Earth object

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after studying the asteroids composition history and orbit

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eccentricities and collecting samples from its surface.

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Habu Itu departed Rau in 2019 and passed by the Earth the

00:13:24
following year, jettisoning a re entry capsule containing the

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collected samples which parachuted down into the warmer

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rocket range. In Outback, South Australia were as collected by

00:13:34
the scientists. A report in the journal science advances

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suggests that Rayo probably broke off from a larger parent

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body following an impact.

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As the authors examined two samples of Ragu each less than a

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millimeter in size, they identified two slivers of rock

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that looked different from the surrounding matrix. Further

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scans using muon beams revealed that these unique and

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identifiable fragments of rock or clasts were chemically

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different from the surrounding material.

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They were low in magnesium in oxygen and in silicon and they

00:14:08
had more sulfur and iron. Both clasts had evidence that they

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contained pre solar grains that could not have come from Roy's

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parent body. That's because they showed evidence of water which

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would have been destroyed by the grains.

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Now, this further suggests that these grains came from somewhere

00:14:24
else in the solar system most likely further out maybe the

00:14:28
Kipper belt. Now for that to have happened, the Australians

00:14:30
would have somehow needed to have made their way to the

00:14:33
rubble field holding Ragu and then become incorporated into

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the asteroid as it accreted by the way, that name Ragu.

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Well, it's Japanese for dragon palace, which is a magical

00:14:44
underwater fortress in Japanese folklore. In the story, a

00:14:48
fisherman travels to the palace on the back of a turtle and when

00:14:52
he returns, he carries with him a mysterious spark much like the

00:14:57
Hayabusa two returning with samples of the asteroid.

00:15:01
This is space time and to me to another brief look at some of

00:15:21
the other stories making News in science. This week with the

00:15:23
science report, scientists at the University Of South

00:15:27
Australia have identified three new biomarkers for prostate

00:15:31
cancer. The new biomarkers will help identify and differentiate

00:15:35
potentially aggressive cases of the disease which kills more

00:15:38
than 300 biological males each year.

00:15:42
When used together, they'll assist clinicians in determining

00:15:46
which patients require immediate radical treatment compared to

00:15:49
those who need close monitoring. A report in the journal cancer

00:15:54
says these biomarkers are remarkably sensitive and they're

00:15:57
very specific in accurately visualizing the progress of the

00:16:01
cancer and confirming its grade.

00:16:04
More than a million biological males are diagnosed with

00:16:07
prostate cancer worldwide. Every year, a report in the journal of

00:16:13
the American Medical Association shows that Chat GP T

00:16:17
consistently gives good evidence based advice when asked for help

00:16:21
with health problems.

00:16:22
Researchers asked Chat GP T 23 different questions around

00:16:27
addiction, violence, mental and physical health each time using

00:16:32
a help seeking format such as I'm smoking. Can you help me

00:16:36
quit? The researchers say C GP T response was evidence based for

00:16:41
21 of the questions and only made specific referrals for

00:16:44
health resources five times.

00:16:47
They say it means A I could have a role to play in answering

00:16:51
basic health questions for the public because it can give a

00:16:53
single answer instead of the various answers you'll usually

00:16:56
get from a web search and an A I working in partnership with

00:17:01
public health agencies may allow more fine tuned responses.

00:17:07
Senior TikTok executives are being forced to answer

00:17:09
uncomfortable questions. At an Australian Senate Select

00:17:12
Committee, foreign interference hearing Senator James Patterson

00:17:17
grilled the video sharing apps, senior Australian management

00:17:20
about the company's operations confirming that Beijing does

00:17:24
have access to Australian users data.

00:17:27
Senator Patterson's examination exposed how evasive TikTok's

00:17:31
senior executive's answers were and how they appeared to be

00:17:34
unable or unwilling to acknowledge some basic facts

00:17:37
about their company. Tik Tok Australia Public Policy manager,

00:17:41
Ella Woods Joyce told the hearing she didn't know where

00:17:44
her company's head office was located. In a drawn out

00:17:47
exchange.

00:17:48
Senator Patterson pressed Woods Joyce on her company's physical

00:17:52
location. Woods Joyce said TikTok's per company, Bike Dance

00:17:56
had operations around the world with more than 150 employees

00:18:00
based in 120 cities. Patterson then repeated the question

00:18:04
asking yes, but where's the headquarters? Every company has

00:18:08
headquarters?

00:18:09
He then asked, it's a Chinese founded company is its

00:18:12
headquarters in China Woods Joyce responded that there were

00:18:16
offices in China but claimed not to know where the headquarters

00:18:19
of the company was. When Senator Patterson asked where the

00:18:22
majority of the employees reside, woulds Joyce again claim

00:18:26
not to be sure.

00:18:28
Aside from all the evasive absurdities, the real point of

00:18:31
the questioning was to find out how many times China's accessed

00:18:36
the use of data of Australian citizens will Farrell from

00:18:40
TikTok's us. Data security arm claimed not to know how many but

00:18:43
would take the question on notice. He was given a deadline

00:18:47
of Friday July the 14th which he's now missed and that's

00:18:51
prompted a stern warning from the Senate.

00:18:54
The apparently evasive answers are powerful. Of course, for

00:18:57
TikTok, its software is seen as a threat to national security

00:19:01
and user privacy and it could be used to promote Pro Beijing

00:19:05
propaganda and misinformation. In fact, Australian British and

00:19:09
American authorities have all been raising privacy concerns

00:19:12
about TikTok for years.

00:19:14
They're worried about its software's ability to access

00:19:17
users private information including notes messages,

00:19:21
emails, internet history, contact lists, biometric

00:19:25
identifiers and location data concerns around TikTok were

00:19:29
highlighted again in December last year when Bike Dance

00:19:33
employees access data on journalists from buzzfeed News

00:19:36
and the Financial Times while attempting to track down the

00:19:39
source of a leaked report about the company Chinese law requires

00:19:44
all companies to provide debt into Beijing on request.

00:19:49
Well, they're both very similar but which is the best Twitter or

00:19:53
threads, both platforms that you share images, videos, gifs or is

00:19:57
that gifs and links? But threads lets you post up to 500

00:20:02
characters in a message or basic Twitter limits it to 240.

00:20:06
However, sharing gifs on threads is more difficult because they

00:20:09
first need to be put in your Fern's gallery.

00:20:12
More importantly. However, Twitter is by far the fastest

00:20:15
medium for sharing News globally and its search option for

00:20:19
trending News is by far, the best still threads is here now

00:20:24
and it's here to stay with the details. We're joined by

00:20:28
technology editor Alex Sahara Roy from tech advice. Do live

00:20:32
well.

00:20:32
ALEX ZAHAROV-REUTT: Threads is meta's answer to Twitter. It

00:20:35
already had Facebook, which is sort of more of a long form kind

00:20:38
of sharing pictures and images. And of course it had Instagram,

00:20:40
which is mainly just images, but it didn't have something that

00:20:43
was specifically like Twitter. And so threads is the answer to

00:20:47
that. Now, there's things like Mastodon and Blue Skyy and

00:20:49
Donald Trump's Truth Social, which is not available in

00:20:52
Australia.

00:20:52
There's a bunch of different Twitter like program out there.

00:20:55
But the one that's caught the public's eye the most in the

00:20:58
last 23 weeks is threads. And if you're already an Instagram

00:21:01
user, you can get a threads account with the same user name.

00:21:05
And in the first couple of weeks, it grew to about 100

00:21:07
million users. Now that does sound like a lot. But it's

00:21:10
interesting to note that Instagram has 2 billion users.

00:21:13
So this is less than five per cent. And in the last week since

00:21:16
Mark Zuckerberg actually announced that threads had

00:21:19
gotten to 100 million users. There's been no sort of mention

00:21:22
of the number of users since. And an organization called

00:21:26
Quiver Quant has pegged current threads uses about 115 million.

00:21:30
So it's only grown by about 15 million in the last couple of

00:21:33
weeks.

00:21:34
And that means that some of the shine is coming off threads a

00:21:38
little bit, but we still don't have threads in Europe where we

00:21:41
should see a lot more usage and people joining quickly. But you

00:21:45
also have the daily active users of threads from a company called

00:21:48
similar web having gone down from about 49 million to under

00:21:52
24 million. So you do have to wonder how much staying power

00:21:56
threads has.

00:21:57
I mean, there was an app called Clubhouse during the pandemic,

00:22:00
which was like listening to an audio of your friends having a

00:22:03
discussion and that kind of grew and it's kind of fallen away a

00:22:05
bit. But look, there are a bunch of new features in the IOS

00:22:08
version of the threads app. There are translations that are

00:22:11
coming. You can, according to a guy called Camro who's a

00:22:13
developer, you can follow people on the activity fee.

00:22:16
You can subscribe to unfollowed users. There's tapp rep poster

00:22:19
labels, there's a whole bunch of different things, put all the

00:22:21
details at tech advice dot like, but there's still no hashtags

00:22:25
still difficult to follow people as easily as you would like.

00:22:28
There's various things that are not there but certainly the

00:22:30
threats, people do have a lot of motivation to fix the system as

00:22:34
quickly as they can.

00:22:34
STUART GARY: Is it just a poor person's Twitter?

00:22:36
ALEX ZAHAROV-REUTT: Look to some degree at the moment. It is

00:22:39
Twitter is when a main game is happening, it's still got three

00:22:41
or 500 million users depending on which stats you listen to

00:22:44
Elon Musk himself has said that Twitter has grown by about 3.5

00:22:48
per cent a week on. So it's still just a Twitter clone as it

00:22:52
were.

00:22:52
But it does have the pedigree of coming from Instagram, which has

00:22:55
2 billion users and Facebook, which has nearly 3 billion

00:22:58
users. So it certainly can become quite a threat. And of

00:23:01
course, Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg have been sparring

00:23:05
verbally in.

00:23:06
STUART GARY: Flight taking place. I'm waiting to see

00:23:08
there's fist cuffs between the pair that they've promised us.

00:23:11
ALEX ZAHAROV-REUTT: Sure. Well, we still have to wait and see. I

00:23:13
mean, there have been pictures of Mark Zuckerberg looking very

00:23:16
ripped with some.

00:23:20
STUART GARY: Musk, the reach and the weight.

00:23:22
ALEX ZAHAROV-REUTT: Well, at the moment, they're letting their

00:23:25
social media networks do the talking but Elon Musk did say

00:23:29
that Zuck is a cuck. I don't know what that means. Well, if I

00:23:32
look up the definition, yeah, this is a weak or a servile man.

00:23:36
It's often used as a contemporaneous term for a man

00:23:39
with moderate or progressive political views.

00:23:41
STUART GARY: Musk is looking at suing threads or at least me

00:23:45
because the codes are Musk has.

00:23:47
ALEX ZAHAROV-REUTT: Threatened to sue Zuckerberg and in fact,

00:23:49
he's sent legal letters and the claims were there that there

00:23:52
were ex Twitter staff working on the thread code, but Zucker has

00:23:56
come out and said that no, there's no Twitter people

00:23:58
working on threads at all.

00:24:00
Look at the moment. It's all a bit of a side show. Grab the

00:24:02
popcorn, have a bit of fun. If a fight ever does occur, it'll be

00:24:05
global News. It will be on pay per view. It will be huge for

00:24:08
that. No, no, I think that's more bluster.

00:24:11
STUART GARY: That's Alex Zha of Route from tech advice dot life.

00:24:30
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