(00:00:50) New study claims Theia and Earth were once neighbours
(00:06:16) Lucy’s mission to Jupiter’s trojan asteroids
(00:15:26) Starliner’s next mission to be limited to cargo only
(00:17:57) The Science Report
(00:23:17) Alex on Tech: Dooms Day clock countdown to Digital ID
In this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into the intriguing origins of our Moon and the latest developments in space exploration.
Theia: The Lost Planet Behind the Moon's Birth
A groundbreaking study reveals that Theia, the small planet believed to have collided with Earth to form the Moon, originated from the inner solar system. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute and the University of Chicago have analyzed isotopic compositions of Earth and Moon rocks, suggesting that Theia was likely composed of materials found closer to the Sun than Earth's orbit. This discovery sheds light on the nature of this celestial body and its dramatic impact on our planet's history.
Lucy Mission Update: Journey to Jupiter's Trojans
NASA's Lucy spacecraft, launched in October 2021, is on an ambitious 12-year mission to explore Jupiter's Trojan asteroids. These ancient remnants from the solar system's formation are crucial for understanding planetary development. Lucy will visit seven asteroids, including both leading and trailing Trojan swarms, providing unprecedented insights into the early solar system. Principal Investigator Hal Levison emphasizes that the mission will revolutionize our understanding of planetary formation and the origins of volatiles and organics on terrestrial planets.
Starliner Mission Limited to Cargo
In a significant setback, NASA has announced that Boeing's Starliner spacecraft will only carry cargo on its next mission to the International Space Station. This decision follows a series of technical issues that plagued Starliner's previous flights. With the total number of planned missions reduced from six to four, NASA aims to ensure safety and reliability before allowing crewed flights again.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
✍️ Episode References
Journal of Science
NASA Reports
Max Planck Institute Studies
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-your-guide-to-space-astronomy--2458531/support.
00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 Stuart Gary: This is space Time Series 28, episode
00:00:02 --> 00:00:05 142 for broadcast on the 3rd of December,
00:00:05 --> 00:00:08 2025. Coming up on Space Time,
00:00:08 --> 00:00:11 A new study has found that the small planet
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 that collided with the Earth to create our
00:00:13 --> 00:00:15 moon also originated from the inner solar
00:00:15 --> 00:00:18 system. An update on, um, Lucy's mission to
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 Jupiter's Trojan asteroids. And NASA
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 rules that Starliner's next mission to the
00:00:23 --> 00:00:25 International Space Station will be limited
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 to cargo only. All that and more
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 coming up on Space Time.
00:00:32 --> 00:00:34 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary
00:00:34 --> 00:00:35 Gary.
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 Stuart Gary: A new study has found that the small planet
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 that collided with the Earth to create our
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 moon also originated from the inner solar
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 system. About four and a half billion years
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 ago, the most momentous event in the history
00:01:03 --> 00:01:06 of our planet occurred. A huge celestial
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 body about the size of the planet Mars, which
00:01:08 --> 00:01:11 astronomers have now named Theia, collided
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 with the young proto Earth, uh, creating a
00:01:13 --> 00:01:16 vast magma ocean which eventually coalesced,
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 differentiated, and then solidified to form
00:01:18 --> 00:01:21 the Earth as we know it today. Meanwhile,
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 some of the debris ejected from that impact
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 was flung up into orbit, eventually
00:01:25 --> 00:01:28 coalescing to form the Moon. Exactly
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 how that collision unfolded and what
00:01:30 --> 00:01:33 precisely happened afterwards has not been
00:01:33 --> 00:01:36 conclusively clarified. What is certain,
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 however, is that the size, composition and
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 orbit of the Earth changed as a result, and
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 that the impact marked the birth of our
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 constant companion in space, the Moon.
00:01:46 --> 00:01:48 But there are lots of questions yet to be
00:01:48 --> 00:01:51 answered. What kind of body was this Theia
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 that so dramatically altered the course of
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 our planet's development? How big was Theia
00:01:56 --> 00:01:57 really? We think it was about a third, uh,
00:01:57 --> 00:02:00 the size of the Earth. What was it made of?
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 And from which part of the solar system did
00:02:02 --> 00:02:05 it come crashing into the Earth? The problem
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 is, finding answers to these questions is
00:02:07 --> 00:02:10 difficult. After all, Theia was completely
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 destroyed in that collision. Nevertheless,
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 faint traces of it can still be found today
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 in the composition of the Earth and Moon.
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 Now, a report in the journal Science by
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 researchers at the Max Planck Institute and
00:02:22 --> 00:02:25 the University of Chicago have worked out a
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 possible list of ingredients that may have
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30 made up Theia, and thus helps to point us
00:02:30 --> 00:02:33 in the direction of its place of origin. You
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 see, the ratio of certain metal isotopes
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 present in a body can be especially
00:02:37 --> 00:02:40 revealing. Isotopes are variants of the
00:02:40 --> 00:02:41 same element that differ only in the number
00:02:41 --> 00:02:44 of neutrons in their atomic nucleus, and thus
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 in their mass. In the early solar system,
00:02:46 --> 00:02:49 the isotopes of certain given elements were
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 unlikely to be evenly distributed. At the
00:02:52 --> 00:02:54 outer edge of the solar system, for example,
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 isotopes occurred at a slightly different
00:02:56 --> 00:02:59 ratio than what they did near the Sun. So
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 information about the origin of a body's
00:03:01 --> 00:03:03 original building blocks is thus stored in
00:03:03 --> 00:03:06 its isotopic composition. To reach their
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 conclusions in this study, the authors
00:03:08 --> 00:03:10 determined the ratio of different iron
00:03:10 --> 00:03:12 isotopes in Earth and Moon rocks with
00:03:12 --> 00:03:15 unprecedented precision. They examined
00:03:15 --> 00:03:18 15 terrestrial rocks and six lunar rock
00:03:18 --> 00:03:19 samples, which were brought back by the
00:03:19 --> 00:03:22 Apollo missions. Earlier measurements of the
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 isotope ratios of chromium, calcium,
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 titanium and zirconium had already shown that
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 the Earth and Moon are indistinguishable in
00:03:29 --> 00:03:32 terms of their composition. So that clearly
00:03:32 --> 00:03:33 doesn't allow for any direct conclusions
00:03:33 --> 00:03:36 about Theia. There are simply too many
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 possible collision scenarios. Most
00:03:38 --> 00:03:41 models assume that the Moon was formed almost
00:03:41 --> 00:03:44 exclusively from ejected material which was
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 flung off from Theia. But it's also possible
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 that it consists primarily of material from
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51 the early Earth's mantle, or that the rocks
00:03:51 --> 00:03:52 from the Earth and Theia, uh, were mixed
00:03:53 --> 00:03:54 together. Now, uh, in order to learn more
00:03:54 --> 00:03:57 about Theia, the authors applied a kind of
00:03:57 --> 00:04:00 reverse engineering for planets. Based on
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 the matching isotope ratios in today's
00:04:02 --> 00:04:05 terrestrial lunar rocks. They looked at which
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 compositions and sizes of Theia and which
00:04:07 --> 00:04:10 composition of the early Earth could have led
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 to the two bodies current compositions. In
00:04:12 --> 00:04:15 their investigations, the authors looked not
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 only at iron isotopes, but also at those of
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 chromium, molybdenum, and zirconium.
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 The different elements give access to
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 different phases of planetary formation.
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 Long before the devastating encounter with
00:04:26 --> 00:04:29 Theia, a kind of sorting process had already
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 taken place inside the early Earth with the
00:04:31 --> 00:04:34 formation of the planet's iron core. Some
00:04:34 --> 00:04:36 elements, such as iron and molybdenum,
00:04:36 --> 00:04:39 accumulated there, so afterwards they
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 were largely absent from the rocky mantle
00:04:41 --> 00:04:44 above. The iron found in Earth's mantle
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 today could therefore only have arrived after
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 the core had formed. It may have come from
00:04:48 --> 00:04:51 Theia. Other elements, such as zirconium,
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 which didn't sink to the core, document the
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 entire history of our planet's formation.
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 Of the mathematically possible compositions
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 of Theia and the early Earth that result from
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 the calculations, some can be ruled out as
00:05:02 --> 00:05:05 implausible. While the composition of the
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 early Earth can be represented predominantly
00:05:07 --> 00:05:10 as a mixture of known meteorite classes, this
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 isn't the case with theia. Uh, different
00:05:12 --> 00:05:15 meteorite classes originate from different
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 areas of the outer solar system. They
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 therefore serve as references for the
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 building material that was available during
00:05:21 --> 00:05:24 the formation of both the early Earth and
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 Theia. In the case of theia, however,
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 previously unknown material may also have
00:05:28 --> 00:05:31 been involved, and the authors believe that
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 this material's origin lies closer to the sun
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 than the orbit of the Earth. The
00:05:36 --> 00:05:39 calculations therefore suggest that THEIA
00:05:39 --> 00:05:42 itself must have originated closer to the sun
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 than Earth's orbit. This is space
00:05:44 --> 00:05:47 time. Still to come, an update on um,
00:05:47 --> 00:05:50 Lucy's mission to Jupiter's Trojan asteroids.
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 And NASA rules that the trouble plagued
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 starliner's next mission to the International
00:05:54 --> 00:05:57 Space Station will be limited to cargo only.
00:05:57 --> 00:06:00 All that and more still to come on um, space
00:06:00 --> 00:06:00 time.
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 One of the many exciting missions Currently
00:06:18 --> 00:06:21 underway is NASA's Lucy spacecraft which
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 is on its way to study Jupiter's Trojan
00:06:23 --> 00:06:26 asteroids. Lucy was launched back in October
00:06:26 --> 00:06:29 2021. It's on a 12 year
00:06:29 --> 00:06:32 mission to study the Trojans, two clusters of
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 asteroids that share the gas giant's orbit
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 around the sun. Trojans are families of
00:06:36 --> 00:06:39 asteroids kept in gravitationally stable
00:06:39 --> 00:06:42 bound groups at the Lagrangian L4 and L5
00:06:42 --> 00:06:45 positions located 60 degrees ahead and
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 60 degrees behind Jupiter's orbit around the
00:06:47 --> 00:06:50 Sun. Lagrangian points are
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 named in honour of the Italian French
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange, who was
00:06:54 --> 00:06:57 working on the general three body problem in
00:06:57 --> 00:07:00 orbital mechanics. Lagrangian points are,
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 uh, places in space where the gravitational
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 pull of two bodies, such as in this case
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 between the sun and Jupiter, uh, tend to
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 cancel each other out, thereby allowing
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 smaller objects such as asteroids or
00:07:10 --> 00:07:13 spacecraft to remain there for extended
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 periods of time. There are five
00:07:15 --> 00:07:18 Lagrangian points known as L1, 2,
00:07:18 --> 00:07:20 3, 4 and 5. Now uh, L1,
00:07:20 --> 00:07:23 2 and 3 are all along a line connecting the
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 two bodies. Let's say it's the Earth and the
00:07:25 --> 00:07:28 Sun. In that case, L1 is between the
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 Earth and the sun is often used by spacecraft
00:07:31 --> 00:07:32 needing an uninterrupted view of the sun,
00:07:33 --> 00:07:34 such as the Solar and heliospheric
00:07:34 --> 00:07:37 Observatory satellite SOHO. Uh, the L2
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 position is on the opposite side of the Earth
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 to the Sun. It's home, um, to spacecraft like
00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 the Webb Space Telescope because it's ideal
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 for astronomy as spacecraft are still close
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 enough to communicate with the Earth and can
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 keep the Sun, Earth and Moon behind them,
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 allowing them to gain solar power while still
00:07:52 --> 00:07:55 providing a clear dark view of deep space
00:07:55 --> 00:07:58 for their telescopes. The L3 position
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 is on the opposite side of the sun to where
00:08:00 --> 00:08:03 the earth is. Because L3 is always
00:08:03 --> 00:08:05 hidden from the Earth by the sun, it's become
00:08:05 --> 00:08:08 popular in science fiction as the location
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 for any hypothetical second Earths.
00:08:10 --> 00:08:13 But it's the L4 and L5 positions which
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 provide stable orbits around 60 degrees in
00:08:15 --> 00:08:18 front of and 60 degrees behind Earth's orbit
00:08:18 --> 00:08:21 around the Sun. And it's at these locations
00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 where Trojan asteroids, such as those
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 orbiting with Jupiter are commonly found.
00:08:26 --> 00:08:28 Jupiter's Trojans are, uh, distributed into
00:08:28 --> 00:08:31 two elongated curved regions around these
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 Lagrangian points, with an average
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 semicircular axis of around 5.2
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 astronomical units. An astronomical unit is
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 the average distance between the Earth and
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 the Sun, 150 million kilometers, or
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 8.3 light minutes. The first
00:08:45 --> 00:08:48 Jovian Trojan, discovered, 588 Achilles,
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 was spotted in 1906 by German astronomer
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 Max Wolf. So far, uh, more than
00:08:53 --> 00:08:56 15 Jovian Trojans have been
00:08:56 --> 00:08:59 detected. Now, by convention, they're each
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 named from Greek mythology after a figure of
00:09:01 --> 00:09:04 the Trojan wars, hence the name Trojan.
00:09:04 --> 00:09:07 It later became convention to name Jupiter's
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 L4 trojan asteroids after Greek characters
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 and the L5 asteroids after trojan
00:09:12 --> 00:09:15 characters. Astronomers estimate there are
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 more than a million Jovian Trojans larger
00:09:17 --> 00:09:20 than a kilometer in size. Now, that's about
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 the same as the number of asteroids larger
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 than a kilometer in the main asteroid belt
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 between Mars and Jupiter. Many Jovian
00:09:27 --> 00:09:30 Trojans appear to be dark bodies with reddish
00:09:30 --> 00:09:33 featureless spectra. No firm evidence
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 of the presence of water or any other
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 specific compound on their surfaces has ever
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 been obtained. But it is thought that they
00:09:39 --> 00:09:42 are coated in tholenes, organic polymers
00:09:42 --> 00:09:45 formed by the Sun's radiation. The Jovian
00:09:45 --> 00:09:47 Trojans are thought to have been captured
00:09:47 --> 00:09:49 into their orbits during the early stages of
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 the solar system's formation, or at the most,
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 slightly later during the Late Heavy
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 Bombardment, during the migration of the
00:09:55 --> 00:09:58 giant planets. Mind you, Jupiter isn't
00:09:58 --> 00:10:01 alone to have Trojan asteroids. They've been
00:10:01 --> 00:10:02 found orbiting many of the other planets in
00:10:02 --> 00:10:05 our solar system as well, including Mars,
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 Neptune, Uranus and even the Earth.
00:10:07 --> 00:10:10 No spacecraft has ever visited a Jovian
00:10:10 --> 00:10:13 Trojan. And that's where the Lucy mission
00:10:13 --> 00:10:15 comes in. Lucy is covering some six and a
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 half billion kilometres, visiting a record
00:10:17 --> 00:10:20 breaking seven asteroids, one in the main
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 asteroid belt and six Trojans. The
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 mission's principal investigator, Harold
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 Levison from the Southwest Research Institute
00:10:26 --> 00:10:29 in Boulder, Colorado, says Trojans are
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 leftovers from the early days of our solar
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 system. Effectively, they're fossils of
00:10:33 --> 00:10:36 planetary formation and therefore hold vital
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 clues about deciphering the solar system's
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 early history. He says. Like Lucy,
00:10:41 --> 00:10:44 the human ancestor fossil after which it's
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 named, the Lucy spacecraft will revolutionize
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 science's understanding of the solar system's
00:10:48 --> 00:10:51 origins. The mission will provide an
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 unparalleled glimpse of the formation of the
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 solar system, helping astronomers better
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 understand the source of volatiles and
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 organics on terrestrial planets, as well as
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 the evolution of the planetary system as a
00:11:01 --> 00:11:04 whole. This Report from NASA
00:11:04 --> 00:11:05 TV we are.
00:11:05 --> 00:11:08 NASA TV: Going to an amazing variety of objects with
00:11:08 --> 00:11:09 this mission.
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: The Lucy mission is going to fly past seven
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 asteroids in 12 years with one
00:11:14 --> 00:11:15 spacecraft.
00:11:15 --> 00:11:18 NASA TV: And, um, it's really almost pure luck
00:11:18 --> 00:11:21 that allowed us to get as many rich targets
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 as we are. Literally the planets were
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 aligning to allow us to do this
00:11:26 --> 00:11:26 mission.
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: The Lucy mission is named after the Lucy
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 fossil, the Australopithecus fossil that was
00:11:32 --> 00:11:35 discovered in the 1970s in Ethiopia.
00:11:35 --> 00:11:38 And just like the Lucy fossil transformed our
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 understanding of hominid evolution, the Lucy
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 mission will transform our understanding of
00:11:43 --> 00:11:44 solar system evolution.
00:11:44 --> 00:11:46 NASA TV: Trojan asteroids are an interesting
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 population of small bodies that are left over
00:11:49 --> 00:11:52 from the formation of the planets. And they
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 lead or follow Jupiter in its
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 orbit by roughly 60 degrees.
00:11:57 --> 00:11:59 If you just look at the gravitational
00:11:59 --> 00:12:02 attraction of the sun and Jupiter and put
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 something exactly 60 degrees in front of
00:12:04 --> 00:12:07 Jupiter, it's stable forever. So as
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 a result, these objects are really the
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 leftovers of planet formation. The stuff that
00:12:12 --> 00:12:15 went into growing Jupiter and Saturn
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 are now trapped in these
00:12:18 --> 00:12:18 locations.
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: The very first asteroid we get to is a main
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 belt asteroid named Donaldjohanson Johansen.
00:12:23 --> 00:12:26 We named that asteroid in honor of the
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 researcher who found the Lucy fossil.
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 We used that asteroid to, ah, do a rehearsal
00:12:31 --> 00:12:33 on our spacecraft to make sure everything is
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 working properly so that when we get to the
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 Trojan asteroids, we're ready to go.
00:12:37 --> 00:12:40 NASA TV: We're visiting both of the Trojan swarms. In
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 the first orbit, we're going into the leading
00:12:42 --> 00:12:45 swarm and we're going to encounter four
00:12:45 --> 00:12:46 Trojan targets.
00:12:46 --> 00:12:49 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: Ear Babies, Palame, Lucas and Oris.
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 And from this we're going to sample the
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 diversity in sizes and colors and
00:12:53 --> 00:12:56 compositions. The first two flybys happen
00:12:56 --> 00:12:59 just about 30 days apart. So it's going to be
00:12:59 --> 00:13:02 a pretty busy kickoff to the season of
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 exploring the asteroids in the L4 swarm. And
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 then we'll fly past Earth again and out to
00:13:08 --> 00:13:09 the L5 swarm.
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 NASA TV: The final object we're visiting, which I must
00:13:12 --> 00:13:15 admit is my final favorite, is a binary
00:13:15 --> 00:13:15 object.
00:13:15 --> 00:13:18 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: So that's two Trojans that orbit a common
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 center of mass. It's called Patroclus and
00:13:20 --> 00:13:21 Menoetius.
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 NASA TV: These objects are nearly identical in size
00:13:24 --> 00:13:25 that orbit one another.
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: From the Lucy mission, we're going to study
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 the diversity of our targets because that
00:13:30 --> 00:13:32 tells us something about their origin and
00:13:32 --> 00:13:33 where they came from.
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 NASA TV: The interesting thing about small bodies in
00:13:35 --> 00:13:38 general is they are the leftovers of planet
00:13:38 --> 00:13:40 formation. M if you look at the eight planets
00:13:40 --> 00:13:42 that we know about, for example, they are
00:13:42 --> 00:13:44 highly processed because of internal
00:13:44 --> 00:13:47 processing. These asteroids are objects
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 that really haven't changed much
00:13:50 --> 00:13:52 from when the planets assembled themselves.
00:13:52 --> 00:13:55 And as a result, by studying them,
00:13:55 --> 00:13:58 we can figure out the physical conditions
00:13:58 --> 00:14:01 of the early solar system as well as how the
00:14:01 --> 00:14:04 planets grew and how they move
00:14:04 --> 00:14:05 moved around early on.
00:14:05 --> 00:14:08 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: All of that will help us form a detailed
00:14:08 --> 00:14:11 picture of what these objects really look
00:14:11 --> 00:14:14 like. Because right now our best images
00:14:14 --> 00:14:17 are just a point of light. Even using
00:14:17 --> 00:14:20 the Hubble Space Telescope or adaptive optics
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 on large ground based telescopes, we
00:14:22 --> 00:14:25 can't see surface details. And it's going to
00:14:25 --> 00:14:28 take the LUCY mission to go to these targets
00:14:28 --> 00:14:30 and see what they're really made of and what
00:14:30 --> 00:14:31 they look like.
00:14:31 --> 00:14:31 Stuart Gary: Foreign.
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 From NASA tv we heard from LUCY Principal
00:14:41 --> 00:14:44 Investigator Hal Levison and LUCY Deputy
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 Principal Investigator Kathy Olkin, both uh,
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 from the Southwest Research Institute in
00:14:48 --> 00:14:50 Boulder, Colorado.
00:14:50 --> 00:14:53 This is space time still to come.
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 NASA says Boeing's trouble plagued Starliner
00:14:55 --> 00:14:58 spacecraft won't be carrying any astronauts
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 on its next flight to the International Space
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 Station. And later in the science report,
00:15:02 --> 00:15:05 neurologists have identified the five major
00:15:05 --> 00:15:07 epochs of brain structure over the course of
00:15:07 --> 00:15:10 a human lifetime. All that and more still to
00:15:10 --> 00:15:12 come on space time.
00:15:27 --> 00:15:30 NASA says Boeing's trouble plagued Starliner
00:15:30 --> 00:15:32 spacecraft won't be carrying any astronauts
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 on its next flight to the International Space
00:15:34 --> 00:15:37 Station. Instead, the mission will be
00:15:37 --> 00:15:40 limited to cargo and supplies only. The
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 decision comes eight months after the first
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 and only manned Starliner flight saw the
00:15:44 --> 00:15:47 capsule return to Earth empty, with its crew
00:15:47 --> 00:15:48 left stranded on the International Space
00:15:48 --> 00:15:51 Station for more than nine months. That
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 followed a series of issues with the
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 vehicle's propulsion and orbital maneuvering
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 systems, as well as its helium pressurization
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 system. And it's not the first time
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 Starliner suffered issues. Faulty
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 computer programming prevented the first
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 Starliner mission to the space station from
00:16:06 --> 00:16:09 even reaching its target. And more faulty
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 computer programming, which luckily was
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 corrected in time, would have caused the
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 Starliner to be destroyed during its re
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 entry. There have been other problems with
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 corrosion in the spacecraft's propulsion
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 system as well. Issues with the strength of
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 the parachute webbing, the concerns over the
00:16:23 --> 00:16:26 safety of insulation on the spacecraft's
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 wiring harness, and problems with
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 environmental controls inside the
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 spacecraft's cabin. For Starliner, it's
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 been a case of one problem after another
00:16:35 --> 00:16:38 and it seems NASA's had enough. As well as
00:16:38 --> 00:16:40 limiting its next flight to cargo only,
00:16:40 --> 00:16:42 NASA's also slashed the total number of
00:16:42 --> 00:16:45 Starliner missions down from 6 to 4.
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 As for Starliner's next flight, that's the
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 cargo mission. It's currently slated for
00:16:49 --> 00:16:52 April next year. If that goes well, then a
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 manned mission could happen towards the end
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 of the year. The remaining two flights will
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 also carry crew to the International Space
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 Station until the orbiting outpost is
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 decommissioned in 2030.
00:17:03 --> 00:17:06 Starliner was one of two spacecraft selected
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 by NASA back in 2014 as part of the agency's
00:17:09 --> 00:17:10 commercial crew program to transport
00:17:11 --> 00:17:12 astronauts to and um, from m the space
00:17:12 --> 00:17:15 station. But unlike the other successful
00:17:15 --> 00:17:18 applicant, SpaceX's Dragon spacecraft, which
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 has performed flawlessly, Boeing's Starliner
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 has suffered from continuous failures and
00:17:22 --> 00:17:25 quality control blunders. It's been a
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 costly disaster for Boeing.
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 SpaceX launched its first mannedragon mission
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 to the space station for NASA in 2020.
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 It's now completed 12 crew change missions,
00:17:35 --> 00:17:37 as well as several private missions into
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 orbit. This is
00:17:39 --> 00:17:49 spacetime
00:17:50 --> 00:17:50 Foreign.
00:17:57 --> 00:17:59 Look at some of the other stories making use
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 in Science this week with the Science report.
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 Neuroscientists have identified five major
00:18:04 --> 00:18:07 epochs of brain structure over the course of
00:18:07 --> 00:18:10 a human lifetime. The findings, reported in
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 the journal Nature Communications, show how
00:18:12 --> 00:18:15 human brains rewire themselves to support
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 different ways of thinking as people grow,
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 mature, and ultimately decline.
00:18:20 --> 00:18:23 A study led by Cambridge University compared
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 the brains of 3 people between
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 0 and 90 years of age. Using MRI
00:18:28 --> 00:18:31 scans, which map neural connections by
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 tracking how water molecules move through
00:18:33 --> 00:18:36 brain tissue. They found the brain structure
00:18:36 --> 00:18:38 for an average human life is split up into
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 four pivotal turning points between birth and
00:18:40 --> 00:18:43 death. It seems childhood brain topology
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 runs from birth until a turning point at
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 around age 9. That's when it transitions to
00:18:48 --> 00:18:51 an adolescent phase. That's an era that lasts
00:18:51 --> 00:18:54 up until the age of around 32 on average.
00:18:54 --> 00:18:57 The brain's neural wiring then shifts into a
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 more adult mode. This is the longest era,
00:18:59 --> 00:19:02 which can last over three decades. A third
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 turning point, around the age of 66, marks
00:19:04 --> 00:19:07 the start of an early aging phase of brain
00:19:07 --> 00:19:10 architecture. And finally, the late aging
00:19:10 --> 00:19:13 brain takes shape around the age of 83
00:19:13 --> 00:19:16 years old. So what's going on
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 inside the noggin? Well, during the early
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 childhood phase, the brain undergoes network
00:19:20 --> 00:19:23 consolidation as a wealth of synapses that's
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 the connections between neurons overproduced
00:19:25 --> 00:19:27 in a baby's brain are whittled down, with
00:19:27 --> 00:19:30 only the more active ones surviving across
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 the whole human brain connections rewire in
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 the same pattern from birth until about nine
00:19:34 --> 00:19:37 years of age. Meanwhile, grey and white
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 matter grow rapidly in volume, so that
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 cortical thickness, that's the distance
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 between the outer gray matter and the inner
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 white matter, reaches a peak, and cortical
00:19:45 --> 00:19:47 folding, that's the characteristic ridges on
00:19:47 --> 00:19:50 the outer brain stabilizes by the first
00:19:50 --> 00:19:53 turning point at around the age of nine, the
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 brain is experiencing a step change in
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 cognitive capacity as well as an increased
00:19:57 --> 00:20:00 risk of mental health disorders. The second
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 epoch of the brain, that's the adolescent
00:20:02 --> 00:20:05 era, sees white matter continue to grow in
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 volume. So organization of the brain's
00:20:07 --> 00:20:09 communications network is increasingly
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 refined as measured by the diffusion of water
00:20:11 --> 00:20:14 in the scans. This error is defined by
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 the efficiency of connections both within
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 specific regions as well as rapid
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 communication right across the whole brain,
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 which is related to enhanced cognitive
00:20:22 --> 00:20:25 performance. Neural efficiency is well
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 connected by short pathways and the
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 adolescent era is the only one in which this
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 efficiency is increasing. The authors say
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 these developments of the brain peak in the
00:20:33 --> 00:20:36 early 30s, which is the strongest topological
00:20:36 --> 00:20:39 turning point for the entire lifespan. At
00:20:39 --> 00:20:42 age 32, the longest era, that of adulthood,
00:20:42 --> 00:20:45 begins, Brain architecture stabilizes
00:20:45 --> 00:20:47 compared to previous phases with no major
00:20:47 --> 00:20:49 turning points for 30 years and corresponds
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 with a plateau uh in intelligence and
00:20:51 --> 00:20:54 personality. They also found segregation is
00:20:54 --> 00:20:56 more noticeable during this epoch as
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 different regions of the brain slowly start
00:20:58 --> 00:21:01 to become more compartmentalized. The turning
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 point at age 66 sees reduced
00:21:03 --> 00:21:06 connectivity as white matter starts to
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 degenerate. The last turning point comes
00:21:08 --> 00:21:11 around the age of 83 when the brain structure
00:21:11 --> 00:21:14 shifts from global to local regions as neural
00:21:14 --> 00:21:15 connectivity declines.
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 A long term study has shown that water
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 fluoridation doesn't have any negative
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 effects on brain development. In fact, the
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 findings reported in the journal Science
00:21:25 --> 00:21:28 Advances actually found a slight boost in
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 cognition in children. Previous studies
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 looked at exposure to very high levels of
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 fluoride far uh beyond recommended standards.
00:21:34 --> 00:21:37 So the authors of this new research wanted to
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 study levels representative of what would
00:21:39 --> 00:21:42 usually find in their tap water. They looked
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 at language and math test results from around
00:21:44 --> 00:21:47 58 United States high school kids in
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 1980 and the water fluoridation levels they
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 would have experienced since conception.
00:21:52 --> 00:21:54 After accounting for other factors, they
00:21:54 --> 00:21:56 found kids continuously exposed to at least
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 0.7 milligrams per liter of water fluoride
00:21:58 --> 00:22:01 had better test results followed by those
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 exposed to similar levels for just part of
00:22:03 --> 00:22:06 their childhood. China's
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 People Liberation army has reported the
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 successful test of a new type of non nuclear
00:22:10 --> 00:22:13 hydrogen bomb. A report in the Chinese
00:22:13 --> 00:22:15 Language Journal of Projectiles, Rockets,
00:22:15 --> 00:22:17 Missiles and Guidance claims the new weapon
00:22:17 --> 00:22:20 generates a white hot fireball that can last
00:22:20 --> 00:22:23 15 times longer than a TNT blast.
00:22:23 --> 00:22:26 The 2 kilogram device uses magnesium
00:22:26 --> 00:22:28 hydride, a magnesium based solid state
00:22:28 --> 00:22:30 hydrogen material which generated a fireball
00:22:30 --> 00:22:33 of over 1000 degrees Celsius.
00:22:33 --> 00:22:35 This material stores considerably more
00:22:35 --> 00:22:37 hydrogen than a pressurized tank and was
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 originally developed to bring the gas to off
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 grid areas where it could then be used to
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 power fuel cells for clean electricity and
00:22:43 --> 00:22:46 heat. When activated by conventional
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 explosives, the magnesium hydride bomb
00:22:48 --> 00:22:51 underwent rapid thermal decomposition,
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 releasing hydrogen gas that ignited into a
00:22:53 --> 00:22:56 sustained, rapidly spreading inferno. The
00:22:56 --> 00:22:59 chain reaction begins when detonation shock
00:22:59 --> 00:23:02 waves fracture magnesium hydride into micron
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 scale particles, exposing fresh surfaces
00:23:05 --> 00:23:07 under constrained detonation peak
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 overpressure reached 428.43
00:23:09 --> 00:23:12 kPa at 2 metres, about 40%
00:23:12 --> 00:23:14 that of TNT's blast force, but with a far
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 greater heat projection range.
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 Well, the doomsday countdown to digital ID
00:23:20 --> 00:23:23 is now on. This time next week,
00:23:23 --> 00:23:26 Australia's controversial new social media
00:23:26 --> 00:23:28 bans for children under the age of 16 will
00:23:28 --> 00:23:31 come into effect. The world first legislation
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 is being marketed as a way to protect kids
00:23:33 --> 00:23:36 from bullying, but it doesn't stop kids
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 using left wing social media platforms like
00:23:38 --> 00:23:41 bluesky or for that matter, chat rooms in
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 many of the most popular computer games.
00:23:44 --> 00:23:47 In reality, it's a thinly disguised Trojan
00:23:47 --> 00:23:50 horse designed to force all Australian adults
00:23:50 --> 00:23:53 to adopt a digital ID as if they want to
00:23:53 --> 00:23:54 retain access to their own social media
00:23:54 --> 00:23:57 accounts. It's a way around the public's
00:23:57 --> 00:24:00 objection to the defeated Australia Card ID
00:24:00 --> 00:24:03 scheme of the 1980s, which was overwhelmingly
00:24:03 --> 00:24:06 rejected by the people. So why
00:24:06 --> 00:24:08 the fear mongering? Well, digital ID
00:24:08 --> 00:24:11 will allow faceless bureaucrats, security
00:24:11 --> 00:24:13 organizations and politicians to develop a,
00:24:13 --> 00:24:15 uh, Big Brother style digital link,
00:24:15 --> 00:24:17 connecting everything, monitoring everything
00:24:17 --> 00:24:20 you do, where you go, what you look at and
00:24:20 --> 00:24:23 even what you say, in the process providing
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 fact based insights into what you're
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 thinking. Then there's the issue of security
00:24:27 --> 00:24:30 and how easily your digital ID and all it
00:24:30 --> 00:24:32 contains about you can be hacked. Your
00:24:32 --> 00:24:35 digital ID will be the Australian answer to
00:24:35 --> 00:24:38 Beijing's social credit scheme, where those
00:24:38 --> 00:24:40 not considered worthy by China's Communist
00:24:40 --> 00:24:42 Party face restrictions in where they can
00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 live, where they can go, what they have
00:24:44 --> 00:24:47 access to, how they can travel and where
00:24:47 --> 00:24:50 their children can go to school. Australians
00:24:50 --> 00:24:52 saw the first hints of what's to come during
00:24:52 --> 00:24:54 the COVID pandemic, when voluntary digital ID
00:24:54 --> 00:24:56 schemes were repeatedly used by police to
00:24:56 --> 00:24:59 track people's movements. Technology editor
00:24:59 --> 00:25:02 Alex Zahara Vroit from TechAdvice Life says,
00:25:02 --> 00:25:05 In simple terms, this new digital ID scheme
00:25:05 --> 00:25:08 will be a key step in the erosion of people's
00:25:08 --> 00:25:10 rights. It's only one small slice,
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 but step by step those rights will
00:25:13 --> 00:25:16 disappear and it all starts next week.
00:25:16 --> 00:25:18 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: Look, there seems to be this concerted effort
00:25:18 --> 00:25:21 globally to want to set up digital id and
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 this clearly is something that will remove
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 anonymity from the Internet. Everything you
00:25:25 --> 00:25:26 do will be tracked. And it's all being done
00:25:26 --> 00:25:29 under the guise of won't somebody protect the
00:25:29 --> 00:25:31 children? And, you know, Roblox, for example,
00:25:31 --> 00:25:33 has algorithms. You've got to take a photo of
00:25:33 --> 00:25:34 your face and they're looking at the various
00:25:34 --> 00:25:36 things you've been doing in the system. But
00:25:36 --> 00:25:38 ultimately we're relying upon algorithms to
00:25:38 --> 00:25:40 figure these things out. And the only real
00:25:40 --> 00:25:42 way of doing it is to get some sort of an ID
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 from a parent, from, you know, a passport,
00:25:44 --> 00:25:46 something to prove that you are of a certain
00:25:46 --> 00:25:48 age. But again, this is going to remove
00:25:48 --> 00:25:51 anonymity from the Internet and everything
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 that you will do will be tracked. And so
00:25:53 --> 00:25:56 there is a movement now to not comply with
00:25:56 --> 00:25:58 digital id, but this is happening globally.
00:25:58 --> 00:26:00 Around the world. Governments are all coming
00:26:00 --> 00:26:03 together to put these social media bans in
00:26:03 --> 00:26:04 place. Malaysia is doing it, the UK wants
00:26:04 --> 00:26:07 digital ID. And I, uh, don't know if VPNs are
00:26:07 --> 00:26:08 going to be enough. There needs to be a
00:26:08 --> 00:26:11 pushback from the public to say no. And even
00:26:11 --> 00:26:12 in Australia we have a couple of young kids
00:26:12 --> 00:26:14 who are taking the government to the High
00:26:14 --> 00:26:17 court to have the digital ID system blocked.
00:26:17 --> 00:26:19 So this seems to be a watershed moment in,
00:26:19 --> 00:26:21 um, the, uh, modern civilisation.
00:26:21 --> 00:26:24 Stuart Gary: Is this really part of a surreptitious
00:26:24 --> 00:26:26 effort by governments to just gain control
00:26:27 --> 00:26:29 over everything you have access to all the
00:26:29 --> 00:26:30 information you get?
00:26:30 --> 00:26:32 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: Well, look, it certainly seems that way. I
00:26:32 --> 00:26:33 mean, everything that the governments have
00:26:33 --> 00:26:35 been trying to do, even in Australia we had
00:26:35 --> 00:26:38 conservative and socialist governments and
00:26:38 --> 00:26:40 they tried all sorts of firewalls and they
00:26:40 --> 00:26:42 tried various things to try and control
00:26:42 --> 00:26:42 people.
00:26:43 --> 00:26:45 Stuart Gary: Yeah, we had the attempt of an Australia card
00:26:45 --> 00:26:48 years ago and, uh, the citizenry
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 resoundedly said no to that. But it doesn't
00:26:50 --> 00:26:52 stop the bureaucrats or the politicians from
00:26:52 --> 00:26:54 wanting to implement that. We had a situation
00:26:55 --> 00:26:57 where we had special ID for Covid that
00:26:57 --> 00:26:59 simply gave the police a chance to, to track
00:26:59 --> 00:27:00 everyone's movements.
00:27:00 --> 00:27:03 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: Yeah, yeah. Papers, please. As we saw in, uh,
00:27:03 --> 00:27:06 Nazi Germany. Look, the problem is that the
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08 unelected deep state globally wants control.
00:27:08 --> 00:27:10 They want to stay in power, they want to do
00:27:10 --> 00:27:12 the things they have been accused of doing,
00:27:12 --> 00:27:14 um, and maintain power and debase the
00:27:14 --> 00:27:16 currency and do all these things that some
00:27:16 --> 00:27:18 claim are conspiracies. But it's clear that
00:27:18 --> 00:27:20 if you can maintain your position of power
00:27:20 --> 00:27:22 and you can worm your way through the system,
00:27:22 --> 00:27:24 why wouldn't you do it? And we've seen that
00:27:24 --> 00:27:26 time and again throughout history and in the
00:27:26 --> 00:27:28 21st century with all of the digital
00:27:28 --> 00:27:30 technologies now at the disposal of big tech.
00:27:30 --> 00:27:32 But Also government. Well, we're seeing them
00:27:32 --> 00:27:34 work together and trying to hold people down.
00:27:34 --> 00:27:36 I mean, thank goodness for the United States
00:27:36 --> 00:27:38 and their First Amendment. The deep space is
00:27:38 --> 00:27:41 fighting back. And it's up to us as
00:27:41 --> 00:27:43 citizens, global citizens, to say no. We
00:27:43 --> 00:27:46 don't want unelected people to usurp
00:27:46 --> 00:27:48 our privacy.
00:27:48 --> 00:27:51 Stuart Gary: We're sort of seeing human rights disappear
00:27:51 --> 00:27:52 one by one. And it's not that they're being
00:27:52 --> 00:27:55 taken from us. The citizenry are gladly
00:27:55 --> 00:27:57 giving them up, it seems, for an easier life.
00:27:57 --> 00:27:59 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: Benjamin Franklin said that if you give up a
00:27:59 --> 00:28:01 little liberty for a little security, then
00:28:01 --> 00:28:04 you deserve neither. And this is where
00:28:04 --> 00:28:07 people abdicating their responsibilities
00:28:07 --> 00:28:10 as human beings to Big Brother is the fast
00:28:10 --> 00:28:12 track to dystopia. I mean, that's why we had
00:28:12 --> 00:28:14 Animal Farm. That's why we had 1984 from
00:28:14 --> 00:28:15 George Orwell. That's why we've had so many
00:28:15 --> 00:28:18 movies and TV shows about dystopia, because
00:28:18 --> 00:28:20 people are worried. I mean, these are
00:28:20 --> 00:28:22 warnings to ourselves to not let this sort of
00:28:22 --> 00:28:24 thing happen to us. We live at a time where,
00:28:24 --> 00:28:27 as Ronald Reagan said, freedom and liberty is
00:28:27 --> 00:28:29 not passed down through the bloodline, but
00:28:29 --> 00:28:31 must be fought for and protected by every
00:28:31 --> 00:28:34 generation. And, uh, we stand at the point
00:28:34 --> 00:28:36 at which the future generations of this
00:28:36 --> 00:28:38 planet could be living under dystopia. Let's
00:28:38 --> 00:28:39 hope that that doesn't happen.
00:28:39 --> 00:28:41 Stuart Gary: That's Alex Zaharov-Reutt Roy from TechAdvice
00:28:41 --> 00:28:44 Live. And just in case you think advanced
00:28:44 --> 00:28:46 algorithms will circumvent all the problems
00:28:46 --> 00:28:49 of digital IDs, think again. Remember,
00:28:49 --> 00:28:51 these are the same sophisticated algorithms
00:28:51 --> 00:28:53 which keep flagging our space time posts,
00:28:53 --> 00:28:56 displaying astronomical images of exoplanets
00:28:56 --> 00:28:58 as possible pornography. I mean,
00:28:58 --> 00:29:01 granted, it is space porn, but that's not
00:29:01 --> 00:29:03 what the algorithms are thinking. This is
00:29:03 --> 00:29:04 space time.
00:29:19 --> 00:29:22 And that's the show for now. Space Time
00:29:22 --> 00:29:24 is available every Monday, Wednesday and
00:29:24 --> 00:29:27 Friday through bytes.com, soundcloud,
00:29:27 --> 00:29:30 YouTube Music, your favorite podcast download
00:29:30 --> 00:29:31 provider, and from
00:29:31 --> 00:29:33 spacetimewithstuartgarry.com
00:29:33 --> 00:29:35 spacetime's also broadcast through the
00:29:35 --> 00:29:38 National Science foundation on Science Zone
00:29:38 --> 00:29:41 Radio and on both iHeartradio and TuneIn
00:29:41 --> 00:29:43 radio. And you can help to support our show
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00:29:51 --> 00:29:53 access to triple episode commercial free
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00:30:02 --> 00:30:05 spacetimewithstuartgarry.com for full
00:30:05 --> 00:30:05 details.
00:30:06 --> 00:30:08 Alex Zaharov-Reutt: You've been listening to Space Time with
00:30:08 --> 00:30:10 Stuart Gary Gary. This has been another
00:30:10 --> 00:30:13 quality podcast production from bytes.com.