Gamma-Ray Burst, Exoplanets, Lunar Mission, India Space Exploration, Marine Plastic Pollution, Ancient Iberia, New Dinosaur Species, Melatonin Dosage Variability.
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This is SpaceTime series 26 episode 90 for broadcast on the
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20th of July 2023. Coming up on Space Time, the brightest gamma
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ray burst ever detected two planets appearing to be in the
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same orbit. And India launches its latest mission to the Moon.
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All that and more coming up on Space Time.
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Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Garry astronomers believe
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they may just have observed the brightest gamma ray burst ever
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detected gamma ray bursts are the most powerful explosions in
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the universe since the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, they
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Mark the core collapse supernova deaths of massive stars into
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black holes.
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This particular gamma ray burst cataloged as 22 9 A occurred
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approximately 2.4 billion light years away in the northern
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constellation of Saa. The arrow. The explosion was captured by
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the gamma ray burst monitor aboard nasa's Fermi gamma ray
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space telescope which searches the skies looking for gamma ray
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bursts.
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A report in the Astrophysical journal letters and on the pre
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press physics website, archive dot org describes GB 22 1009 A
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as one of the nearest and possibly most energetic gamma
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ray bursts ever found. One of the study's authors, Peter Vares
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from the University Of Alabama in Huntsville says the gamma ray
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burst was so extremely bright. You would only expect to see
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something like it once every 10 years.
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Rez says the team returned to tech gamma ray burst at the rate
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of about five a week and they keep their eye out for anything
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special that comes their way. And this one was so bright, the
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instrument simply couldn't keep up with a huge number of
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incoming photons. So most of verse's work actually involved
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figuring out how to reconstruct the lost counts.
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Gamma ray bursts come from random directions in the skyy.
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So the gamma ray burst monitor needs to watch as much of the
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sky as possible all the time, the instrument itself consists
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of 12 detectors made of sodium iodide designed to catch x-rays
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and low energy gamma rays and two detectors made of bismuth
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gemini for high energy gamma rays.
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When the gamma rays enter the detector, they interact with
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crystals in the instrument. And the more energetic the gamma
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ray, the more light that's produced by seeing which
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crystals light up. The gamma ray burst monitor can tell the
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direction of the burst so far firm has discovered well over
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3.5 1000 gamma ray bursts.
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But GRB 2, 2000 9 A is by far the brightest ever detected.
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Perez says this event marked the death of a star at least 30
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times more massive than the sun. And as it collapsed down to form
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a stellar mass black hole, it launched a very fast jet close
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to the speed of light.
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And that jet produced a gamma ray burst at later times during
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what's known as the afterglow gamma ray bursts become visible
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at other wavelengths ranging from radio or optical through to
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x-rays. But this event was so bright. The afterglow showed up
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in the gamma ray burst monitor which is very uncommon and the
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authors were able to follow it for almost three hours. This
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report from NASA TV.
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The gamma ray burst monitor is one of the instruments on the
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Fermi gamma ray space telescope designed to detect gamma ray
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bursts, gamma ray bursts can be observed in every corner of the
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universe emitted from the extremely energetic collapse of
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massive stars and emerging cores of dead stars.
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The gamma ray burst monitor also known as GB M is an instrument
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used to detect these bright flashes and give scientists
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information from across the universe. The GM uses a few
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simple processes to collect data. There are 12 low energy
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detectors and two higher energy detectors pointed in different
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orientations that together cover the whole sky.
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When gamma rays enter these detectors, they interact with
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crystals in the instrument. The more energetic the gamma ray,
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the more light is produced in the crystals by seeing which
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crystals light up the GB M can tell which direction the Gam
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Ravers are coming from. This process is called localization
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shining about a quadrillion times brighter than the sun.
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Gamma rays are the first light to be detected from a gamma ray
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burst. Rapid localization informs other telescopes both on
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the ground and in space where to look GB M observations of the
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brightest explosions in the universe allow scientists to
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better understand these unique sources.
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Gamma rays are the highest energy form of light. There's
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the light we see with our eyes, but there are lots of other
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types of light. Gamma rays are the most energetic form of
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light. The most powerful.
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Gamma rays are the part of what we call the electromagnetic
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spectrum, which starts in radio at very long wavelengths goes
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through optical, then through x rays and gamma rays are the very
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highest energy form of that type of radiation.
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The reason that it's important to look at the high energy gamma
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rays is that many objects the most violent and some of the
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most interesting objects in the universe emit most of their
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light in this high energy gamma ray park.
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And the only thing that can generate gamma rays are
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incredibly violent events, incredibly energetic events. And
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we're talking stars exploding and neutron stars with really
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strong magnetic fields and really exotic and strange
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objects like that.
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It's like a Christmas tree, it's shining and it's flaring and
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there are eruptions every day.
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Gamma ray burst. Being an example of something that for a
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brief instant of time outshines the entire rest of the universe.
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These are the biggest explosions in the universe.
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This is Space Time still to come two planets which appear to be
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in the same orbit. And India launches its third mission to
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the Moon. All that and more still to come on Space Time.
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Astronomers have found a distant star system containing two
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Exoplanets sharing the same orbit. Scientists made the
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discovery using Alma, the Atacama large millimeter
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submillimeter array radiator telescope in Chile. What the
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authors actually saw was a cloud of debris that appears to be
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sharing the same orbit as a planet going around a host star.
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They believe this debris could be the building blocks of a new
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planet in the process of forming or the remains of one which had
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already formed but had been destroyed. The discovery was
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made in the P DS 70 system, a very anti Tory star in the
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constellation Centaurus located some 370 light years away.
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Totori stars are a class of variable stars that are less
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than 10 million years old.
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They're found in molecular gas and dust clouds and identified
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by the optical variability and strong Chromos lines Tito stars
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are pre main sequence. They're in the process of contracting
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the four main sequence stars along the Haas track. A
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luminosity temperature relationship obeyed by infant
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stars less than three solar masses in the pre main sequence
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phase of their stellar evolution.
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It ends when a star, about half a solar mass in size or larger
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develops a radiative zone or when a smaller star commences
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nuclear fusion in its core signifying it's on the main
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sequence P DS 70 has a mass of 0.76 times that of the sun and
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is approximately 5.4 million years old.
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The star has a protoplanetary disc containing two nascent
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Jupiter like Exoplanets named P DS 70 B and C. By analyzing
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archival Alma observations of the system. The authors detected
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a cloud of debris in the P DS 70 B's orbit where Trojans would be
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expected to exist. Now, Trojans occupy the so called Lagrangian
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L Four and L five zones.
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They're two extended regions in a planet's orbit, approximately
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60 degrees ahead and 60 degrees behind the planet. A place where
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the combined gravitational pull of the planet and the star it's
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orbiting can trap material while studying these two regions of P
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DS 70 B's orbit. Astronomers detected a faint signal from one
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of them indicating that a cloud of debris with a mass roughly
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two times that of our Moon might reside there.
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The authors believe that this cloud of debris could point to
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an existing Trojan or maybe even a planet in the process of
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forming if confirmed. The discovery reported in the
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journal Astronomy And Astrophysics will be the
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strongest evidence yet confirming that two Exoplanets
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can share the one orbit.
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Now, it's important to point out this is different from binary
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planetary systems like the earth and the Moon or Pluto and
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Sharon, they orbit around a common center of gravity called
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a Barry center. In the case of Pluto and Sharon, that Barry
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center is outside of Pluto. And therefore, it's considered a
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binary system. In the case of the earth and the Moon, the
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Barry center is still inside the earth.
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And so astronomers say it's a case of the Moon orbiting the
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earth. The study's lead author Olga Bao Sale Roza from the
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Center For Astrobiology in Madrid says that two decades
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ago, it was predicted in theory that pairs of planets with
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similar masses could share the same orbit around a star as so
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called Trojans or orbital planets.
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But this is the first evidence in favor of that idea, Trojans
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rocky bodies in the same orbit as the planet are common in our
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solar system. The most famous example being the Trojan
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asteroids of Jupiter, more than 12 rocky bodies in the same
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orbit around the sun as the gas giant.
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When asteroids were first discovered in Jupiter's orbit,
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they were named after the heroes of the Trojan War, giving rise
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to the name Trojans to refer to this class of object. This is
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Space Time still to come. India launches its latest mission to
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the Moon. And later in the science report, paleontologists
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identify a new species of iguana discovered in Spain. All that
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and more still to come on Space Time.
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India has successfully launched its latest mission to the Moon.
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The Chandra Three spacecraft was launched aboard an LV Mark three
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M four rocket from the Shisha One Space center in Shia Kota on
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the bay of Bengal coast in the southern state of Ajar.
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Pradesh. The 44 m tall three stage LV, Mark three M four is
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the new name given to the Mark three version of the Indian
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Space Research Organization's heavy lift geosynchronous
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satellite launch vehicle or GSLV programs activated.
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V be open 10 9876543210 lift top.
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Here we have a majestic lift off of L three M four rocket
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carrying India's prestigious Cherian Three spacecraft as the
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rocket is soaring through the clear skies every second, moving
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closer to the accomplishment of the most important milestone in
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its mission to Moon.
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Every Indian witnessing the launch live is content with the
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feeling of watching history in the making S 200 motors
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thrusting simultaneously generating a peak thrust of
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close to 6000 kg newtons in vacuum.
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They are made of solid propellent, 204.5 tons in each
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strap on close to two tons of propellent being burnt each
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second. Apart from the strap on the core stage has also
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commenced its operation. This stage based on combination of
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hyperbolic earth stable liquids U 25 and N 24. Now the S two
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hundreds have been separated.
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The trajectory of launch vehicle is closely following the
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prediction.
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We are 220 seconds past the launch time. Current altitude is
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135 kilometers in the 200 seconds of its operation. The L
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110 stage carries the rocket up to 175.5 kilometers altitude and
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imparts a relative velocity of 4.18 kilometers per second.
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That is 250 kilometers every minute. One term stage
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performance. Normal stage ignition is authorized one turn
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cut off and that's a piece of really good news that the third
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stage has started its operation. The C 25 stage has been ignited.
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The 3900 kg Chandra and three spacecraft is the third mission
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under the Chandran program. Chandra meaning Moon in
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Sanskrit, like its Chandran two predecessor, it comprises a
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Lander named Vikram meaning Valor in Sanskrit and a rover
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named Pragyan meaning wisdom. The mission orbited the earth
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six times each time becoming more elliptical and gaining
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speed before flinging itself on a month long lunar trajectory.
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Chandra Three is expected to land near the Lunar South Pole
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on August the 23rd. Once on the surface, the rover will roll
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down the Lander and explore the surrounding terrain during an
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expected mission life span of about 14 earth days. India's
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last attempt, Chandra in two failed four years ago, crashing
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heavily under the lunar surface.
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After what was thought to have been a communications glitch
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during the landing sequence, only the United States, Russia
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and China have successfully achieved controlled landings on
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the lunar surface. In 2014, India successfully placed the
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satellite into orbit around Mars. And next year it plans on
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sending its first manned mission into earth orbit Moon.
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This familiar object in the night sky has inspired the
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imagination of astronomers and ordinary people. Aly from time
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in memorial, humans have marveled at the beauty of the
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Moon used it to count time and navigate the high seas.
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In modern times Moon, the only natural satellite of the earth
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has acquired added importance due to the belief that Moon is
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the key to our understanding of the evolution of the solar
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system in general and earth in particular, besides Moon's
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precious resources and low gravity have further endured it
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to humans.
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India, a major space faring nation has conducted a detailed
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exploration of the Moon through its Chandra program.
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The country has sent two robotic spacecraft to orbit the Moon and
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to take a repeated look at its surface. Chadian. One
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demonstrated India's ability to reach the surface of the Moon at
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a place and time of its choice. And with it, India became the
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fourth country to reach the surface of the Moon in November
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2008.
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Besides Chandra, one's conclusive discovery of water on
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the Moon in 2009, was praised as a heartbreaking discovery. The
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follow on mission Chandra too had an orbiter, a Lander called
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Vikram and a rover named Pragyan. In the past four years,
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the orbiter has repeatedly observed the lunar surface and
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even today is working satisfactorily now 3900 kg.
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Chandra Three spacecraft is being sent to the Moon with the
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objective of making yet another focused attempt to slowly land
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on the lunar surface and to explore it with the help of a
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rover following the spacecraft launched by India's most capable
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rocket LVM Three, the Chandra Three Lander carrying a rover
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within it will be carried into an orbit around the Moon by the
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propulsion module.
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A little later, the Lander will separate from that module and
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will attempt to make a soft landing in the south polar
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region of the Moon. This region is of intense interest as it has
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many permanently shadowed craters which could contain
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water eyes and precious minerals.
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Chandra Three Lander has four scientific instruments or
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payloads of which one will study the Moon quakes. While the other
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one studies as to how the surface of the Moon allows heat
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to flow through it. The third one will study the plasma
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environment near the Moon surface.
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And the fourth instrument will enable scientists to measure the
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distance between the earth and Moon very accurately. The two
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instruments on the rover help us study the composition of the
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Moon's surface using x rays and laser respectively. While the
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Lander and rover will be in direct contact with each other.
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The propulsion module circling the Moon will observe the light
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coming from earth. The only planet which we know which is
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definitely teeming with light. This observation will help in
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understanding the nature of this planet circling stars other than
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the sun. Let us wish them well in this great endeavor called
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chad tree.
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This is Space Time and time. That'll take another brief look
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at some of the other stories making news in science. This
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week. With the science report, a new study warns that seabirds
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are predominantly being exposed to dangerous Marine Plastic
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Pollution.
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Beyond the national jurisdiction of the coastal nations, they
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breed in many seabirds, especially some that are already
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considered threatened are now at higher risk of accidentally
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ingesting plastic pollution. A report in the Journal Nature
00:19:35
Communications compared marine plastic density estimates across
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the world's oceans using tracking data across 77 petrol
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species.
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They found high exposure risks in areas of the Mediterranean
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and Black Seas as well as in the high seas off the coast of the
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United States, Japan and the UK. The authors say countries need
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to work together in order to tackle the growing pollution
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problem in the high seas.
00:20:03
Scientists have found that the people of Ancient Iberia during
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the copper age some 4.5 1000 years ago were governed by a
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female rather than a male. The findings published in the
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journal scientific reports shows that the ivory lady was the big
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of the day.
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The woman in question originally assumed to have been a young
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man, but now redubbed the ivory lady was buried in a tomb filled
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with the largest collection of rare and valuable items in the
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region. These included ivory tusks, high quality flint,
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ostrich, eggshells, amber, and a rock crystal dagger. The
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findings reveal the high status which women could hold in this
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ancient society.
00:20:46
Paleontologists have identified a new species of a guidon
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duckbill dinosaur at the ta formation dig site in Spain. A
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report in the journal vertebrate paleontology says the newly
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discovered species Calva Rapida lived during the last 100
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years before the end of the Cretaceous period 66 million
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years ago, making it one of the last non avian dinosaurs to ever
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walk on the planet.
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The new genus and species were identified from a single
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fossilized meta tassel bone iguana dons could be either by
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peel or quadrupedal. There were large herbivorous hadrosaur.
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They're often grazed in huge herds and are commonly referred
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to as the cows of the age of dinosaurs.
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They colonized every continent and left a rich fossil record
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spanning the Middle Jurassic right through to the end of the
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Cretaceous. The name Calva was derived from the Catalan word
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Calvary, meaning suffering.
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Remember being at the end of the Cretaceous means you were around
00:21:47
when the big asteroid hit a new report in the journal of the
00:21:51
American Medical Association warns that inaccurate labeling
00:21:55
of melatonin is making accidental overdoses. More
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likely melatonin is used to aid your ability to fall asleep, not
00:22:03
necessarily sleep quality or your ability to stay asleep.
00:22:07
However, the American Medical Association report found
00:22:11
significant variability in the amount of the drug per dose
00:22:14
compared to what was listed on the packet. And that poses a
00:22:18
risk for kids because of their size. Tim Mendham from
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Australian Skeptics says the problem seems to be that
00:22:25
Melatonin is treated as an over the counter dietary supplement
00:22:29
rather than a medication.
00:22:31
Melatonin as it is basically is apparently safe. And a lot of
00:22:34
people take it to try and help them sleep if they're having
00:22:37
trouble getting to sleep or having a good sleep, fine. The
00:22:40
tests have shown that it might help you calm down a bit, go to
00:22:44
sleep. It won't necessarily improve your actual sleep, but
00:22:47
it might set you off on the path to nodding off.
00:22:50
The issue is because this is a herbal product and it's
00:22:53
therefore regarded as a food rather than a medicine. The
00:22:56
restrictions on it and the regulatory authorities are a bit
00:22:59
different to what might happen with the medicine. Medicine
00:23:01
would be a lot more severe, a lot more restrictive.
00:23:04
So this is sort of put out there in packages which might not be
00:23:07
always according to the best practices. And a particular
00:23:10
study found that some of these bottles of Melatonin where
00:23:13
they're also in gummies that the packaging of these things is
00:23:16
very variable. They were saying that probably 1 mg of melatonin
00:23:20
is enough to help you get to sleep.
00:23:22
There are a lot of these packages, some of them have,
00:23:25
they say they have one or just one in particular. They said
00:23:28
they had 3 mg, that's the dose, but they actually had 10 and
00:23:31
there are others of course that say they have Melatonin but have
00:23:33
nothing in them. That's not that uncommon. Actually, with a lot
00:23:35
of herbal and vitamin products, they don't actually, regulations
00:23:38
are not always up to scratch.
00:23:40
And there's a lot of abuse of those regulations suggesting
00:23:43
that especially with kids and Melatonin, I've known people who
00:23:46
use Melatonin on kids, young kids basically with toddlers.
00:23:48
And because of this variation in the dosages that you don't know
00:23:52
about, it can be quite dangerous. What happens when you
00:23:54
have too much.
00:23:55
If you take too much, you can have sort of quite ironically,
00:23:57
it can actually stop you going to sleep and it can stimulate
00:24:00
your brain, you're getting nightmares, disrupted sleep, not
00:24:03
panic attacks, but sort of close to it. And therefore it's
00:24:06
actually doing the wrong thing as far as what Melatonin is
00:24:08
supposed to do. And in some cases, it can be very serious,
00:24:11
especially as we say with kids.
00:24:12
And if you have an overdose with kids, you can hospitalize them,
00:24:16
they get a very severe reaction to it and they say that in
00:24:18
America, they know that a number of pediatric melatonin overdoses
00:24:22
reported to poison control centers and between 2012 and
00:24:25
2021 a nine year period that increased by about five fold.
00:24:29
So perhaps a lot more people using melatonin and using
00:24:31
incorrectly packaged melatonin and that most kids they get over
00:24:34
it, they might have some pain and that sort of thing or
00:24:36
whatever, but about 15 to 7 have to go to hospital to be looked
00:24:40
after. So you've got to be very careful with this stuff. I mean,
00:24:42
it's promoted as being helpful.
00:24:44
It's natural, it's innocuous, etcetera, but not necessarily
00:24:48
the case. And part of the issue is the dosage that you might be
00:24:51
taking obviously with any product. Our poison is always
00:24:54
dependent on the dosage, but it just depends on the amount. That
00:24:58
's right. Yeah. And in this particular case though, you
00:24:59
could be misunderstanding how much of the product is actually
00:25:02
what you're taking.
00:25:03
So you're being misled, you might be taking none. So it
00:25:05
becomes a placebo effect, but you might be taking too much and
00:25:07
can therefore have those negative downside. So you've got
00:25:10
to be very careful with this stuff. I don't know if you can
00:25:12
get melatonin from a reputable supplier. I don't know that.
00:25:15
You're buying at the pharmacy is reputable.
00:25:18
Not necessarily. I mean, pharmacies sell a lot of
00:25:21
homeopathic stuff. Right. And I understood that, but yes, I know
00:25:26
you would hope it would be sort of reputable stuff that's coming
00:25:28
into a pharmacy. But, I don't know.
00:25:30
I mean, I just, I don't even know how you'd necessarily sort
00:25:33
of test it and assess it but whether it works so well, I
00:25:35
guess when you take it, whether it works or not, I mean, it's
00:25:38
sworn by a lot of people and a lot of people I know, I don't
00:25:41
take it. I tend to fall asleep pretty quickly.
00:25:42
That's Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics and that's
00:26:02
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