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This is Space Time series 26 episode, 100 and 31 for
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broadcast on the first of November 2023. Coming up on
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Space Time solving the mystery of the Martian Corps protecting
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the Europa Clipper mission from Jupiter's immense radiation
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belts and India preparing for its first manned mission into
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space. All that and more coming up on Space Time.
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Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary.
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A new study of data by NASA's Mars Insight land emission has
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concluded that the Martian liquid metallic core is both
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smaller and denser than previously thought and also that
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it's surrounded by a layer of molten rock.
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The findings are reported in the journal nature are based on a
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fresh analysis of Mars quakes recorded by insight combined
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with computer simulations, the analysis shows that the average
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density of the Martian core is significantly lower than that of
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pure liquid iron.
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The new observations also show that the Martian Corp is
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somewhere around 1650 to 1700 kilometers in radius which is
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about 50 per cent of the planet 's overall radius and well down
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from the 1800 to 1850 kilometers previously estimated NASA's Mars
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inside land has spent four years on the red planet's surface
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recording tremors with its seismometer before finally
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ending its mission in December last year.
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Now, a new analysis of the recorded Mars quakes combined
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with the new computer simulations is painting a very
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different picture of the planet 's interior. The key discovery
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is that sandwiched between Mars' liquid Ron alloy core and its
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solid silicate mantle lies a layer of liquid silicate magma
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about 150 kilometers thick.
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Now, the Earth doesn't have an equivalent completely molten
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silicate layer like that. The New Martian discovery resolves a
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mystery that researchers have until now been unable to
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explain. See an analysis of Mars quakes has shown that the
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average density of the Martian core had to be significantly
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lower than that of pure liquid iron Earth core.
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For example, consists of about 90 per cent iron by mass. Light
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elements such as sulfur, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen make up the
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remaining 10 per cent. But initial estimates for the
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density of the Martian core showed that it was composed of a
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much larger share of lighter elements around 20 per cent by
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mass.
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And that's not really possible. It's not based on our current
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understanding of planetary formation scenarios. If the
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Martian core is smaller than previously thought, but still
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had the same mass. It follows that its density is greater and
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that it therefore contains fewer light elements according to the
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new calculations.
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The proportion of light elements dropped to between nine and 14
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per cent by mass. Now, that's still somewhat low but no longer
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inexplicable in the context of typical planetary formation
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scenarios.
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The fact that the Martian core contains a significant amount of
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light elements indicates that it must have formed very early,
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possibly when the nascent sun was still surrounded by its
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protoplanetary disc from which the light elements could have
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accumulated into the Martian core. The initial Martian core
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calculations had all been based on tremors that had occurred in
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close proximity to the inside lander.
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However, in August and September 2021 the seismometer registered
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two quakes on opposite sides of Mars. One of them was caused by
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a meteorite impact that produced seismic waves that traversed the
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core. And this allowed scientists to illuminate and
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study the core. In the case of the earlier Mars quakes.
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By contrast, the waves were all reflected at the core mantle
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boundary, providing no real information about the deepest
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interior of the red planet. As a result of these new
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observations, the authors were able to determine the density
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and seismic wave speed of the fluid core up to a depth of
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about 1000 kilometers supercomputer simulations were
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then employed to infer the composition of the core.
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However, when the authors compared the calculated profiles
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with their measurements based on the inside seismic data, they
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found that the probable core composition simply didn't work
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at the core mantle boundary for example, the iron alloy would
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have contained much more carbon than the core's interior.
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After a lot of head scratching, they eventually realized that
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this region previously considered to be part of the
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outer liquid iron core wasn't part of the core at all.
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But instead it was the very deepest part of the mantle proof
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came when the authors found that the density and seismic wave
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speed measured and computed in the outermost 150 kilometers of
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the core was consistent with those of liquid silicates. The
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same material that the Martian mantle is composed of rather
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than liquid iron.
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Further analysis of earlier Mars quakes using the new simulation
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data then confirm the results. This is Space Time still to come
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protecting NASA's Europa Clipper mission from Jupiter's intense
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radiation belts and India preparing for its first manned
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mission into space. All that and more coming up on Space Time.
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Engineers have just completed the final piece of armor
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designed to protect NASA's Europa Clipper mission
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spacecraft from the intense radiation bombardment. It's
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going to suffer during its mission to explore the Jovian
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Iceman. Europa. Europa's icy crust is thought to cover a
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massive global subsurface ocean containing more water than all
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the seas on Earth combined.
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It's an environment which scientists speculate could be
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habitable. You see massive gravitational tides caused by
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Jupiter and nearby moons are stretching and squeezing tiny
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Europa generating heat and keeping the ocean's liquid under
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an icy shell. Scientists speculate that hydrothermal
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springs could exist on Europa's sea floor, similar to the
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hydrothermal vents found along Earth's mid ocean ridges.
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Now here on Earth, these mid ocean ridge vents provide
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nutrients for an ecosystem teeming with life but isolated
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well below the surface. There's no photosynthesis down there,
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but there is chemosynthesis. It 's an ecosystem that exists
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completely independent of life at the surface. In fact, some
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scientists speculate it may be here where life on Earth
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actually began.
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NASA's Europa Clipper mission which will launch in a year from
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now will try to determine if the same thing could be happening or
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could have happened in the distant seas of Europa. But to
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explore the mysterious ice encrusted world of Europa, the
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mission will need to endure constant bombardment by
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radiation and a stream of high energy particles surrounding
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Jupiter.
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In fact, next to the sun, Jupiter, the largest planet in
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our solar system also has the most punishing radiation
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environment in the solar system. Jupiter's gigantic magnetic
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field is some 20 times stronger than Earth's and it
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spins rapidly in time with the planet's 10 hour rotational
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period.
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This field captures and accelerates charged particles
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from Jupiter's space environment, creating powerful
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radiation belts. And so like NASA's Juno mission, which is
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currently exploring Jupiter's composition and evolution.
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Europa Clipper will also need to protect itself from all that
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radiation. And like Juno, it'll do so in two ways.
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Firstly, by flying an orbital trajectory which tries to avoid
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as much of the Jovian radiation belts as possible. See when the
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spacecraft arrives at Jupiter in 2030 Europa Clipper simply won't
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park in orbit around Europa. Instead it'll make a series of
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wide ranging orbits around Jupiter, moving well away from
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the planet and its harsh radiation environment for as
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long as possible.
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These highly elongated looping orbits will then swoop down
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around Europa spending as little time in the danger zone as
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possible and it will do this nearly 50 times to gather enough
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scientific data. Now, the second part of the radiation protection
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process again like Juno involves placing the probe's delicate
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electronics in a special armor plated sealed vault.
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And Europa Clipper engineers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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in Pasadena, California have just sealed that vault with the
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electronics inside Europa Clipper. Deputy Flight System
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engineer Kendra Short from JPL says closing the vault is a
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major milestone in the mission.
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It means everything's in there that has to be in there and it's
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all functioning properly. The one centimeter thick aluminum
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vault houses the sophisticated electronics for the spacecraft
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suite of science instruments.
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The alternative shielding each set of electronic components
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individually would have added not just cost but also immense
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weight spacecraft JP Planetary scientist, Tom Nordheim says the
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Jovian radiation belts so intense that scientists believe
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it modifies the surface of Europa causing a visible color
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change. In fact, the radiation on the surface of Europa really
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is a major geologic modification process.
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Nordheim says Europa's reddish brown color is caused by
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consistent radiation processing once Europa Clipper arrives at
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its destination, nor I will zero in on the frozen world's chaotic
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terrain areas. Places where blocks of surface material
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appear to have broken apart, rotated and moved into new
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positions. In many cases, preserving pre existing linear
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fractures and patterns.
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Some areas of Europa's surface show evidence of material
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transport from the sub surface using plumes and cryo volcanism.
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Nordheim says scientists need to understand the context of how
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radiation modified that material radiation can alter the chemical
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makeup of material because Euro its oceans are locked inside an
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envelope of ice.
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Any possible life forms that might exist in those seas
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wouldn't be able to directly rely on sunlight for energy as
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plants do here on Earth instead like the ecosystems around Earth
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's mid ocean ridges. They'd need alternative energy sources such
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as heat and chemical energy.
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But radiation raining down on Europa surface could also help
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provide such a resource by creating oxidants such as oxygen
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and hydrogen peroxide. As the radiation interacts with the
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surface ice layer. Over time, these oxidants might be
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transported from the surface down to the oceans below through
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this chaotic terrain. So in this way, scientists could use the
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European surface as a winner on its sub surface.
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Europa Clipper's main science goals are to determine whether
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there are places below the moon 's icy surface that could
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support life, determining the thickness of the moon's icy
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shell, its surface interactions with the ocean below and to
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investigate its composition and characterize its geology. This
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report from NASA TV.
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NASA's Europa Clipper will explore an icy moon of Jupiter
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to see if there are conditions that could support life. Let's
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head into the spacecraft assembly facility behind me to
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see how the mission is coming together.
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I'm Raquel Vin Nueva here today with Jordan Evans and Trina Ray
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before we can head inside. There is one more step we need to
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take.
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We have to gown up. We have to protect the spacecraft from us.
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All the particles that might fall off of us. So to cover our
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hair, we have to not wear makeup, no perfume. The Europa
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Clipper mission is a spacecraft that we're sending out to the
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Jupiter system. It's got to orbit Jupiter but fly by the
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moon Europa and it's a moon that is, we think has an ocean
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underneath and we want to investigate.
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That we'll be in this room until we ship to the Kennedy Space
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Center for our launch campaign in the late spring of next year
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2024. During that time, it will make a couple of trips out of
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this building for testing.
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We have so many questions about Europa. We have an icy crust
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with an ocean underneath and the water that's in that ocean has
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been sort of, you know, churning and stewing for like 4 billion
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years and So we've got a lot of questions to try to answer about
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the interior or about the geology or about the
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composition.
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To answer those scientific questions. Obviously, we have to
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get to Europa first. So one of the key elements of the
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spacecraft design is being able to bolt the spacecraft onto the
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rocket that will give us the energy we need to get to
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Jupiter. And then once we're at Jupiter, being able to electric
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power and accommodate our very large solar panels and our very
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large high gain antenna to send that science data back to Earth.
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And all of that has to be done with materials that are safe for
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the immense radiation environment at Europa starting
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at the far end, that's the interface of the launch vehicle.
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That's where we bolt Europa Clipper to the falcon heavy
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rocket.
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And from there inside there are propulsion tanks from sensitive
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communications electronics where our large high gain antenna
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mount, there's some paper on the outside and those are actually
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patterns for the sewing that's required on our thermal
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blankets, thermal blankets with the right optical properties to
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maintain the temperatures of the vehicle as well as provide
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protection for micro Meteors, Trina.
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Can you kind of tell us more about the instruments?
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We don't have all of our instruments on board yet. But
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what we do have are three of our cameras. We have cameras that
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operate in the visible. We have cameras that operate in the
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infrared cameras that operate in the ultraviolet, those all look
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at Europa at the same time just in different wavelengths.
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But then we also have a thermal imager. So think of that as like
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the like the night vision goggles, right? So what you're
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looking for there is a thermal signature. So imagine you have
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this ocean that's churning away and it makes the ice right above
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it a little bit warm. And so the thermal imager will be able to
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tell you that.
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And in the spacecraft up close, I just want to know what does
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this mission mean to the both of you.
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It represents the hundreds of thousands, the millions of hours
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of the dedicated engineers and technicians and scientists.
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I treasure my job every day. I come to work and I'm like we're
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going to do our part, we're going to answer these questions,
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but we're going to ask the next questions for the next
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generation to be inspired and to build their spacecraft.
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And go this Space Time. Still to come in, India continues with
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preparations to launch its first manned mission into space. And
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later in the science report, a new study warns that future
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increases in ice shelf melting in the West Antarctic are now
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potentially unavoidable all that and more still to come on Space
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Time.
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I kind of India has carried out a successful test flight of a
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mock up of its new manned capsule which will ultimately
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transport the subcontinent's first astronauts into orbit in
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2025 the 10 minute test vehicle demonstration one mission by the
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Indian Space Research Organization ero involved
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launching a crew module mock up from the Shikata Space Center on
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the bay of Bengal Coast aboard a GSLV L 40 rocket and then
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bringing it back to Earth testing the spacecraft's crew
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escape system, the mock up Gagnon or Skycraft capsule
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separated from the launch vehicle just as planned and then
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safely splashed down under parachutes into the sea before
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being picked up by the Indian Navy and returned to land.
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The launch had been delayed by several hours due to weather
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conditions and a glitch with the rocket's main engines. Israel
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expects to conduct some 20 test flights of the new spacecraft,
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one carrying a robot before the first Cuban flights are
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undertaken in two years time. That first manned flight will be
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a three day orbital mission carrying a crew of three.
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India's also announced plans to have orbits own space station by
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2035 and place a man on the moon by 2040. This is Space Time and
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time now to take another brief look at some of the other
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stories making news in science this week with the science
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report, a new study warns that future increases in ice shelf
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melting in the West Antarctic are now potentially unavoidable.
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The findings reported in the journal nature climate change
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mean the melt will cause sea levels to rise. The researchers
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looked at a computer simulation of the interactions between ice
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and oceans under various emission scenarios.
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They say it's now likely that ocean warming in the region is
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already locked in at about triple historic rates. The
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findings mean that some degree of sea level rise is also now
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locked in. But more research is needed to fully understand
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exactly how much the West Antarctic ice sheet will
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contribute, see the ice sheets already floating on water.
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So the displacement shouldn't make much difference. But as the
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ice sheet melts, it allows more glacial ice from land to flow
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down into the sea, the authors say the West Antarctic ice sheet
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is the largest but not the early contributor to sea level rise.
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And other ice sheets may respond differently to climate change.
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Vegetarianism, maybe partly related to your genes. According
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to a new international study of more than 33 genomes, the
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study indicated 34 genes potentially are involved with
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vegetarianism. The findings are reported in the journal one
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compared genomes from 5000, 324 strict vegetarians to 329
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non vegetarians and identified 34 genes that may contribute to
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choosing to have a vegetarian diet.
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The authors found that several of these genes have important
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functions in lipid metabolism and brain function. This raises
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the possibility that differences in how the body processes,
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lipids and the resulting effects on the human brain may influence
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whether someone's willing or even able to choose a vegetarian
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diet.
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A new study has shown that the now arid zone of the Eastern
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Mediterranean was once a region of green savannahs and
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grasslands that provided an ideal passage for modern early
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human movements out of Africa. The findings reported in the
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journal science advances supports the growing consensus
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for a well watered Jordan Rift Valley that funneled human
00:19:01
migration into Western Asia and Northern Arabia.
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The present harsh environment of the Levant in Arabia are the key
00:19:09
regions through which early hominids. The genus Homo
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including Homo sapiens had to pass through when leaving Africa
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and moving to Eurasia between 129 and 71 years ago.
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Scientists successfully integrated the chronometer data
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along with paleo climatic records to examine this
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corridor.
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The record is associated with the formation of the paleo
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wetlands which is associated with stone tools that have been
00:19:35
found in the area. Some dating back some 84 years, new
00:19:42
super smart A I Chips by Qualcomm Optus shows how to make
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your house smarter and the iconic ipod turns 22 with the
00:19:50
details on those stories and more, we're joined by technology
00:19:53
editor Alex Sarov Reut from tech advice. Do live.
00:19:57
Yeah, they're talking about how the A I component is 98 per cent
00:20:00
faster with 40 per cent more efficiency. If you ask it, for
00:20:03
example, to make an image using stable diffusion where you just
00:20:06
type in something in text and get it to then create a
00:20:09
photograph or an oil painting or some sort of image that would
00:20:12
have taken 15 seconds to create the image with last year's chip.
00:20:16
This year's chip is a fraction of a second to that, you can
00:20:19
actually have a large language model running 10 billion
00:20:22
parameters running directly on the phone itself. So instead of
00:20:25
needing a data center, as is the case with chat GPT, you'd be
00:20:29
able to have your device running these large language models to
00:20:32
answer pretty much any question.
00:20:34
And you can sort of think of it in terms of the hitchhiker's
00:20:36
Guide to the Galaxy, the book, the electronic book that Douglas
00:20:39
Adams wrote about, you know, he prophesized in his excellent
00:20:42
science fiction story.
00:20:43
And in the past, we would have imagined that that would have
00:20:45
simply been been like a database, like a giant phone
00:20:48
book of information, like an encyclopedia. But with these
00:20:51
large language models, you can actually have the A I reason and
00:20:55
come up with examples of how to do things just because it's got
00:20:58
so much information inside of it.
00:20:59
And by the same token, Qualcomm has also been working very hard
00:21:02
to make a chip that runs in a computer that can run Windows,
00:21:05
that has the same sort of advantages that Apple launched
00:21:08
with its M SERIES chips where it 's taken a smartphone chip or a
00:21:11
tablet chip. And it's super powered. It, Qualcomm was saying
00:21:14
that it vent that its chip.
00:21:16
The Snapdragon X Series is faster and more power efficient
00:21:21
than the Apple M Two max, which is one of the more powerful
00:21:24
chips, not as good as the M Two ultra, but still pretty powerful
00:21:26
chip. And also it is more powerful than the current Intel
00:21:30
13th generation top of the line chip with 70% lower energy
00:21:34
usage. Now the catch here is that what Qualcomm says?
00:21:37
And what it delivers is something we're all yet to see
00:21:39
its previous powered chips for running the desktop version of
00:21:42
Windows under power didn't, couldn't match what the Intel or
00:21:47
AMD chips were doing, but they're promising a lot. The
00:21:49
only other catch is that it's not going to be available until
00:21:52
the middle of 2024 and Apple is coming out with their scary fast
00:21:56
event.
00:21:57
That's the name of it. And it looks as though it hasn't been
00:21:59
confirmed yet, but it looks as though they're going to launch M
00:22:01
three blast processors. They had the M one and the M Two and this
00:22:05
will make whatever Qualcomm has got be once again, a generation
00:22:09
behind are.
00:22:10
Hoping to turn whole house smart with their latest offerings.
00:22:13
What are they up to?
00:22:14
Yeah, they say that 8.9 million homes in Australia already have
00:22:17
some sort of smart home technology inside. But what
00:22:19
they're trying to do is get people to learn about smart home
00:22:23
technologies to use them and to benefit from them.
00:22:26
And so this could be where you've got somebody who's
00:22:28
sitting at home and the doorbell rings and they're watching Apple
00:22:30
TV, and bang in the top right hand corner, you see a picture
00:22:33
of who's there and you can get live captions of what they're
00:22:35
saying. You can use the smart switches, you can have
00:22:37
appliances in your kitchen all over the.
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Knowing what I've been munching on. Quite frankly.
00:22:44
Well, look, it's up to you which smart technologies you use, but
00:22:48
not only are they able to sell them to you, whether you're an
00:22:50
Optus customer or not, but they also have the O team o obviously
00:22:54
being the O for Optus, this is a push to get people understanding
00:22:57
and using smart home technology.
00:22:59
I realized how old I was when I saw that the ipod has just
00:23:04
turned 22.
00:23:04
Yes, 22 years in October 2001 when the first ipod was launched
00:23:10
with the click wheel. And in fact, at the time, it was a
00:23:12
physically moving wheel. Yeah, it wasn't until later that that
00:23:15
it became touch sensitive, but that little player could put
00:23:19
1000 songs in your pocket.
00:23:20
And look, there were other MP3 players around at the time, they
00:23:24
needed the equivalent of SD cards at the time. And there was
00:23:27
one from creative with a company that was well known for the
00:23:30
sound blaster sound card. Its not that you hear much about
00:23:32
that anymore, but they had a, a CD, a warp man sized device
00:23:37
which had a hard disk and which could transfer songs wirelessly.
00:23:41
And one of the reviews on Reddit was saying, oh lame, you know,
00:23:43
less space than a nomad. No wireless, you know, lame, lame.
00:23:47
But it's what propelled Apple into the multi trillion dollar
00:23:51
company that it is today.
00:23:52
Took them away from just being known as a computer company and
00:23:55
being known as a consumer electronic company. And it's the
00:23:59
grandfather to all the iphones and ipods and tablets and the
00:24:04
max of have today that are using what were originally the same
00:24:08
sort of chips that were in those ipods and Wallace is on the
00:24:11
website this week, Amazon is making it easier to use pass
00:24:14
keys.
00:24:15
There's news about the Australian streaming market.
00:24:18
Apple's event that's coming up very soon with a new Macs NVIDIA
00:24:21
getting into the chip making business artists figuring out
00:24:24
how they can protect themselves from A I and plenty more. So
00:24:27
please come to Tech dot life and check it out.
00:24:30
That's Alex Sahar of Roy from tech advice dot live.
00:24:49
And that's the show for now. SpaceTime is available every
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