00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 24
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 24th of February
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on SpaceTime the odds
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 narrowing for an Earth impact by the
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 city killer asteroid looking at the
00:00:13 --> 00:00:16 origins of the moon's Grand Canyons and
00:00:16 --> 00:00:19 NASA's stranded Starliner astronauts
00:00:19 --> 00:00:22 coming home earlier than thought all
00:00:22 --> 00:00:25 that and more coming up on
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:28 --> 00:00:38 steuart Gary
00:00:38 --> 00:00:45 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:48 Nessa says there's now a 3.1% chance of
00:00:48 --> 00:00:51 asteroid 2024 yr4 slamming into the
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 Earth on December the 22nd
00:00:54 --> 00:00:58 20132 that translates to odds of 1 in32
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 up from the 1 in 43 or 2.3% chance of an
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 impact earlier this month and roughly
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 three times greater than the original
00:01:05 --> 00:01:08 estimate of one in 83 or 1.2% first
00:01:08 --> 00:01:12 calculated 4 weeks ago the 40 to 90 M
00:01:12 --> 00:01:13 wide asteroid is now the most
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 threatening space rock this big ever
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 recorded by modern forecasting
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 astronomers have estimated its size
00:01:20 --> 00:01:24 based on its brightness 2024 yr4 is on
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 an elongated elliptical orbit around the
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 sun it's currently moving away from the
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 earth making it more difficult to track
00:01:31 --> 00:01:34 but it will be back in December 2028
00:01:34 --> 00:01:35 where scientists will get a good look at
00:01:35 --> 00:01:38 it and be able to finalize its orbit and
00:01:38 --> 00:01:40 trajectory the last time an asteroid
00:01:40 --> 00:01:42 more than 30 m wide posed such a
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 significant risk to Earth was apus back
00:01:44 --> 00:01:48 in 2004 when it briefly had a 2.7%
00:01:48 --> 00:01:51 chance of Earth impact in 2029 a
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 possibility later ruled out by
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 additional observations 2024 yr4 was
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 first detected on December the 27th last
00:01:59 --> 00:02:00 year by the old source observatory in
00:02:00 --> 00:02:03 Chile the international asteroid warning
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 Network issued an alarm on January the
00:02:05 --> 00:02:08 29th after the impact probability cross
00:02:08 --> 00:02:11 the 1% barrier the agency says if that
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 risk Rises to over 10% it'll issue a
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 formal warning leading to a
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 recommendation for all United Nation
00:02:17 --> 00:02:18 members who have territories in the
00:02:19 --> 00:02:20 potential Impact Zone to start
00:02:20 --> 00:02:21 terrestrial
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 preparedness the potential Earth impact
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 site lies along an arc running from the
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 central eastern Pacific Ocean across
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 Northern South America in the Atlantic
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 Ocean and equatorial Africa before
00:02:32 --> 00:02:35 finally ending in Northern India
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 Professor Fred judan from the school of
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 Earth and planetary Sciences at curtain
00:02:39 --> 00:02:40 University says that while the odds of
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 an impact are still incredibly low the
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 threat is not so small that it can be
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 easily ignored well I think the latest
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 news is really about the increase of
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 probability that it's going to smash on
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 Earth and uh it's still very very low I
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 think I've read a news somewhere that
00:02:56 --> 00:02:59 there's even a 0.3% chance it would
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 impact the moon so it's even lower we
00:03:01 --> 00:03:03 don't know whether it's a rocky body or
00:03:03 --> 00:03:05 a rubble pile I guess one of the
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 interesting things is issues of
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 planetary defense now we've had the dart
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 Mission by NASA so we know a little bit
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 about planetary defense from an asteroid
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 don't we yeah so that that mission was
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 absolutely excellent I mean it really
00:03:17 --> 00:03:21 showed us that by Smashing probe into
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 asteroid we can push them but it also
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 show us that we don't push them a lot
00:03:27 --> 00:03:30 right so it takes time to really push an
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 asteroid out of the way because the
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 probe the weight of the probe is fairly
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 low and the mass of the asteroid is
00:03:36 --> 00:03:39 really high so you need to smash mini
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 probe if you want to deflect a beginner
00:03:41 --> 00:03:45 asteroid now in the case of yr4 it's fa
00:03:45 --> 00:03:49 small it's between 40 m and 90 M that
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 doesn't seem very big but that could
00:03:51 --> 00:03:54 level easily a city so that's something
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 to consider pushing it away destroying
00:03:56 --> 00:03:59 all this safety measure that people are
00:03:59 --> 00:04:01 considering and you mentioned the
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 structure and this structure is
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 absolutely important the structure the
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 nature of the asteroid it's very
00:04:07 --> 00:04:10 important to know what we can do to
00:04:11 --> 00:04:12 prevent an impact let me give you an
00:04:12 --> 00:04:15 example if it's a hard Rocky body and
00:04:15 --> 00:04:19 you try to impact a big enough object or
00:04:19 --> 00:04:22 even data nuclear bomb there's a huge
00:04:22 --> 00:04:23 chance that it's going to fragment now
00:04:23 --> 00:04:26 if it's a rubble pile asterid some study
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 we did at curtain really show that if
00:04:28 --> 00:04:31 you detonate a nuclear B not at the
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 surface but near the surface then it
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 would withstand the sh and be pushed
00:04:35 --> 00:04:38 away and maybe this kind of measure this
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 kind of approach is more efficient for
00:04:41 --> 00:04:44 deflecting and steroid very quickly than
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 impacting probe over time because in the
00:04:47 --> 00:04:50 case of yr4 it's going to come back in
00:04:50 --> 00:04:54 2028 and then again in 2032 and that's
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 when it could potentially impact so
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 that's a really short amount of time to
00:04:59 --> 00:05:01 be able to push it out of the way that's
00:05:01 --> 00:05:03 why it's important to consider all the
00:05:03 --> 00:05:05 technique we can use to deflect this
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 Aster yeah I remember we did an
00:05:07 --> 00:05:10 experiment like this on a small scale we
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 had a boulder and we had a rubble pile
00:05:12 --> 00:05:15 and we fired a 223 rifle into each of
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 them and hit the Boulder and it moved
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 the boulder but when the bullet hit the
00:05:19 --> 00:05:22 rubble pile it just went right through
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 and the rubble pile stayed where it was
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 it didn't really move the rubble pile
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 this is absolutely correct I mean that
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 that that's something to to really keep
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 in mind is like well if you detonate a
00:05:32 --> 00:05:35 device at the surface you would fragment
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 the big one and then I don't know what
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 it would do to the rubble Pile in space
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 but the shock wave from something that
00:05:41 --> 00:05:44 is detonated sufficiently far away you
00:05:44 --> 00:05:45 know those people they make the
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 calculation not too close not too far
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 very brilliant engineering and if you do
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 that then the verble pile will be easily
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 pushed away without theoretically
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 fragmenting it because obviously if you
00:05:58 --> 00:06:01 fragment the asteroid you transform a
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 single ball into many many pieces it's
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 like instead of a bullet yeah instead of
00:06:06 --> 00:06:09 a bullet now you got a shotgun spread so
00:06:09 --> 00:06:12 if it was supposed to be the ocean and
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 now you fragment it and now it's going
00:06:14 --> 00:06:17 to rain on every cities on Earth uh well
00:06:17 --> 00:06:20 I mean you know not every along the fly
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 path yeah yeah yeah along the fly path
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 exactly then people are not going to be
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 really happy you know less damage but
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 still a lot of damage whereas before
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 they would have been nothing for this
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 particular City so there's really
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 ethical concern like that to consider
00:06:34 --> 00:06:37 let's assume it's a solid body that's
00:06:37 --> 00:06:38 not going to wear burst that's going to
00:06:38 --> 00:06:39 cut through the atmosphere it's going to
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 go all the way to the surface what sort
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 of damage would something that's say 90
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 M across do on the planet well that's
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 why we call it the city killer not the
00:06:47 --> 00:06:50 country killer or or the Planet Killer
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 because it's it's fairly small actually
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 if people want to imagine what it would
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 do it's like detonating a powerful
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 nuclear bomb it it's the same an impact
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 is an explosion it's not really like
00:07:02 --> 00:07:05 digging a hole it's just an explosion
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 and well unfortunately you know in our
00:07:07 --> 00:07:10 history of humankind we detonate a lot
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 of weapon as a test everywhere on the
00:07:12 --> 00:07:14 planet and uh you know depending where
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 it's done it just leave a hole in the
00:07:16 --> 00:07:17 ground and the hole it would live it
00:07:17 --> 00:07:20 would be the size of Arizona crater the
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 baringer crater which is about 1 kilm
00:07:22 --> 00:07:25 wide so that's not that big however a
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 city would be completely leveled so here
00:07:27 --> 00:07:30 I I live in purse and we have roughly 2
00:07:30 --> 00:07:33 million inhabitant and the city would be
00:07:33 --> 00:07:34 completely destroyed now would have been
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 a bit of warning before so people can
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 evacuate but still it's really not nice
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 to lose a beautiful city like this if
00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 you want but considering the bigger
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 implication not much I mean you know
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 it's not like you got to have a nuclear
00:07:48 --> 00:07:49 winter or anything like that plus
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 something that people need to consider
00:07:51 --> 00:07:55 Earth is covered by about 70% water so
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 you get 70% chance he going to land on
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 the ocean and the land is about 2%
00:08:00 --> 00:08:03 inhabited in term of of cities I mean
00:08:03 --> 00:08:05 you know of course there's people living
00:08:05 --> 00:08:07 in Bush and stuff like that but in the
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 term of city it's about 2% coverage so
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 that's not there's very low Chance is
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 going to impact on a city much more like
00:08:13 --> 00:08:14 in the outback or something like that
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 well not that it's on the flat plan but
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 like you you know related to Australia
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 so the chance is really small and I
00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 would say for scientists you know we we
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 almost would hope that it would impact
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 so we could study how things happen
00:08:27 --> 00:08:28 because there's going to be so little
00:08:28 --> 00:08:30 consequence but again in middle of the
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 ocean it's safe in the outback it's safe
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 unfortunately if it's on a city that's
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 really not good news and that's why we
00:08:37 --> 00:08:40 need to learn to deflect Aster maybe not
00:08:40 --> 00:08:42 for this particular case but you know
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 for the training purpose not waiting the
00:08:45 --> 00:08:47 absolute that minute to know how to do
00:08:47 --> 00:08:51 something and our first test is you know
00:08:51 --> 00:08:52 is our first practice that's not
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 reasonable I would think so using this
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 opportunity maybe trying to deflect this
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 one that would be interesting and I
00:09:00 --> 00:09:03 think uh I might be wrong but I think I
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 read online that China is interested by
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 the prospect of doing that having their
00:09:07 --> 00:09:11 own dart Mission using another asteroid
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 and maybe this one as well so we'll see
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 how it goes the other option of course
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 is that it is the rubble pile and that
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 makes me think more of the tangus like
00:09:19 --> 00:09:22 event I know what you're saying uh like
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 like a big explosion in the sky it's
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 still like tangus or chela blinks chela
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 blinks was really small it was a small
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 was a 10 m in diameter but still you
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 know broke a lot of Windows and things
00:09:34 --> 00:09:36 like that but impact a St like that
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 explosion it's really a exponential
00:09:38 --> 00:09:42 scale so 90 m is not nine times more
00:09:42 --> 00:09:45 powerful is so many more time powerful
00:09:45 --> 00:09:48 like I said you know yes 500 time
00:09:48 --> 00:09:49 yoshima or something like that so that
00:09:49 --> 00:09:52 that's really decent Rubble pile or not
00:09:52 --> 00:09:54 I think that would be the same thing if
00:09:54 --> 00:09:57 the explosion touch the ground okay it's
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 one thing but if it explodes in midair
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 with the power of nuclear bomb that has
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 exactly the same effect on a city that
00:10:03 --> 00:10:06 still Level it the same way so Rubble
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 pile or not it's more for how we going
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 to deflect it which is important rather
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 than how it's going to impact on Earth
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 in my opinion that's Professor Fred
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 Jordan from the school of Earth and
00:10:16 --> 00:10:19 planetary Sciences at curtain University
00:10:19 --> 00:10:22 and this SpaceTime still to come looking
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 at the origins of the moon's Grand
00:10:24 --> 00:10:27 Canyons and nessa's Stranded astronauts
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 now likely to come home a little bit
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 early ier than last planned all that and
00:10:31 --> 00:10:37 more still to come on
00:10:37 --> 00:10:48 [Music]
00:10:48 --> 00:10:51 SpaceTime a new study has concluded that
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 two gigantic Canyons on the moon were
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 most likely carved out by streams of
00:10:55 --> 00:10:58 impacting asteroids over a space of just
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 10 minutes the new findings reported in
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 the journal Nature Communications are
00:11:02 --> 00:11:05 providing fresh insights into an area of
00:11:05 --> 00:11:06 the Moon which will be crucial in
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 upcoming lunar missions the Schrodinger
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 impact Basin with an estimated age of
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 3.81 billion years is located in the
00:11:14 --> 00:11:18 outer margin of the moon's 2 km
00:11:18 --> 00:11:21 diameter South Pole atken Basin that's
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 one of the largest impact basins in the
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 solar system the Schrodinger Basin
00:11:25 --> 00:11:27 itself is surrounded by canyons and
00:11:27 --> 00:11:30 Ravines created by by streaks of Rocky
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 debris known as ejector rays that were
00:11:32 --> 00:11:35 flung out during an impact event two
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 spectacular canyons in the complex are
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 valis Schrodinger and valis plank these
00:11:40 --> 00:11:42 massive canyons are comparable in size
00:11:42 --> 00:11:44 to North America's Grand Canyon with
00:11:44 --> 00:11:47 Schrodinger measuring some 270 km long
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 and 2.7 km deep while plank is even
00:11:50 --> 00:11:55 larger at 280 km long and 3.5 km deep
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 however the exact nature of their
00:11:57 --> 00:11:59 formation had always been unclear on
00:11:59 --> 00:12:01 until now the new research is based on
00:12:01 --> 00:12:03 images of the moon's surface used to
00:12:03 --> 00:12:06 generate new topographic maps which were
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 then used to calculate flow directions
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 and speed of the debris ejected during
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 the canyon forming impact event and
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 these data could then be used to model
00:12:14 --> 00:12:17 how the ejector rays were formed the
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 study's authors proposed that these
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 lunar Grand Canyons were carved out of
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 the lunar crust in less than 10 minutes
00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 by ejector traveling at speeds of
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 between 0.95 and 1.28 km
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 m/s they calculate that the energy
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 needed to create these massive Canyons
00:12:34 --> 00:12:36 would have been over 130 times the
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 energy of all the current Global
00:12:38 --> 00:12:41 inventory of nuclear weapons rather than
00:12:41 --> 00:12:42 flying out symmetrically the work
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 suggest that the majority of the
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 excavated debris was asymmetrically
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 distributed away from the poles the
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 shrer impact Basin is close to the
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 exploration zone for the upcoming
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 Artemus man moon mission so these
00:12:55 --> 00:12:56 findings will have important
00:12:56 --> 00:12:59 implications for future Luna missions
00:12:59 --> 00:13:00 possibly offering insights into the
00:13:00 --> 00:13:03 composition of potential Landing zones
00:13:03 --> 00:13:07 this SpaceTime still to come Nas's
00:13:07 --> 00:13:09 stranded astronauts Cy Williams and
00:13:09 --> 00:13:11 Butch Wilmore who have been stuck aboard
00:13:11 --> 00:13:13 the International Space Station since
00:13:13 --> 00:13:15 June last year could be returning home
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 earlier than currently planned and later
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 in the science report it's official
00:13:19 --> 00:13:22 linia has finally arrived in the Eastern
00:13:22 --> 00:13:25 Pacific Ocean all that and more still to
00:13:25 --> 00:13:39 come on SpaceTime
00:13:39 --> 00:13:42 [Music]
00:13:42 --> 00:13:44 Nessa astronauts Sunni Williams and
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 Butch Wilmore have been stranded aboard
00:13:46 --> 00:13:47 the International Space Station since
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 June last year could end up returning
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 home earlier than currently planned
00:13:52 --> 00:13:53 that's because SpaceX is looking at
00:13:53 --> 00:13:55 swapping the dragon capsules for its
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 next twom man missions to the orbiting
00:13:57 --> 00:14:00 Outpost the that would see the crew 10
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 Mission launch on March 12 two weeks
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 earlier than previously slated Wilmore
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 and Williams have now been stranded on
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 the space station for over 8 months on
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 what should have been an 8 to 10day
00:14:11 --> 00:14:12 mission after problems developed with
00:14:13 --> 00:14:14 the thrusters aboard their Boeing styl
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 on a spacecraft which was undertaking
00:14:16 --> 00:14:19 its first man test flight NASA were
00:14:19 --> 00:14:21 concerned about safety issues with the
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 spacecraft and Boeing eventually decided
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 to return the spacecraft to Earth
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 unmanned it ended up safely landing on
00:14:27 --> 00:14:30 the Whit Sand Missile range after the
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 new crew 10 arrives on station Wilmore
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 and Williams will return to Earth with
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 the current crew 9 team aboard their
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 dragon capture which will be fitted with
00:14:38 --> 00:14:40 two additional couches for the
00:14:40 --> 00:14:42 astronauts this is
00:14:42 --> 00:14:57 [Music]
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 spacetime and time now to take a a brief
00:14:59 --> 00:15:00 look at some of the other stories making
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 news in science this week with a science
00:15:02 --> 00:15:06 report well after 7 months of waiting L
00:15:06 --> 00:15:08 the cooler and wetter sister of El Nino
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 has finally arrived in the Eastern
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 Pacific Ocean however a report by Noah
00:15:13 --> 00:15:14 the national oceanographic and
00:15:14 --> 00:15:15 Atmospheric administration's climate
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 Prediction Center has warned that Lenin
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 may not stick around for very long with
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 the Pacific likely to return to neutral
00:15:22 --> 00:15:25 conditions either next month or in April
00:15:25 --> 00:15:27 part of the elino Southern oscillation
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 or Enzo cycle Lenin appears when
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 energized easterly Trade Winds intensify
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 the upwelling of cooler water from the
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 depths of the Eastern tropical Pacific
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 causing a large scale cooling of surface
00:15:38 --> 00:15:39 waters in the eastern and Central
00:15:39 --> 00:15:41 Pacific Ocean near the equator the
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 stronger than usual Trade Winds also
00:15:43 --> 00:15:46 push warmer equator Waters westwards
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 towards Australia and Asia and this
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 dramatic cooling of the ocean surface
00:15:50 --> 00:15:52 layers affects the Atmosphere by
00:15:52 --> 00:15:54 modifying moisture content right across
00:15:54 --> 00:15:57 the Pacific the new report has confirmed
00:15:57 --> 00:16:00 that Lin conditions are now present it
00:16:00 --> 00:16:03 measured sea surface temperature 0.7 de
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 C below average in an area of the
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 tropical Pacific known as the Nino 3.4
00:16:07 --> 00:16:10 region and the signature of Lenin is
00:16:10 --> 00:16:11 also visible in the Central and Eastern
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 Pacific Ocean as areas of lower than
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 average water levels that's because
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 cooler water contracts lowering sea
00:16:17 --> 00:16:20 levels conversely warmer water expands
00:16:20 --> 00:16:23 increasing them linia causes shifts in
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 the path of mid latitude jet streams in
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 ways that intensify rainfall in some
00:16:27 --> 00:16:30 regions and bring drought to others in
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 the Western Pacific for example rainfall
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 usually increases over Australia and
00:16:34 --> 00:16:36 Indonesia clouds and rainfall become
00:16:36 --> 00:16:38 more sporadic over the Central and
00:16:38 --> 00:16:40 Eastern Pacific Ocean which can lead to
00:16:40 --> 00:16:42 dry conditions in Brazil Argentina and
00:16:42 --> 00:16:45 other parts of South America and wter
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 conditions over Central America in North
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 America cooler and stormier conditions
00:16:49 --> 00:16:50 often sit in across the Pacific
00:16:51 --> 00:16:52 Northwest while the weather typically
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 becomes warmer and drier across the
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 Southern United States and across
00:16:56 --> 00:16:59 northern Mexico
00:16:59 --> 00:17:01 a new study warns that if you lose your
00:17:01 --> 00:17:03 sense of smell or taste in adulthood
00:17:03 --> 00:17:05 especially for saltiness and sourness
00:17:05 --> 00:17:08 you may well be a risk of dying
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 prematurely the findings reported in the
00:17:10 --> 00:17:11 Journal of the American Medical
00:17:11 --> 00:17:15 Association followed 7 people for
00:17:15 --> 00:17:18 around 6 to 7 years 662 of whom reported
00:17:18 --> 00:17:21 losing their sense of taste now during
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 the study period 1,1 of those
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 participating died resulting in a
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 background chance of dying of 14% or
00:17:28 --> 00:17:31 around one in seven people but for those
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 who lost their sense of taste the risk
00:17:33 --> 00:17:34 of dying during the study period was
00:17:34 --> 00:17:38 around 47% higher or around 1 in five
00:17:38 --> 00:17:40 the biggest increases in death risk were
00:17:40 --> 00:17:42 among those who stopped being able to
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 sense salty tastes as well as among men
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 who stopped being able to taste sourness
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 and among women who sto being able to
00:17:48 --> 00:17:51 taste bitterness and that increased risk
00:17:51 --> 00:17:53 of death was seen even among people who
00:17:53 --> 00:17:54 had lost their sense of taste but whose
00:17:54 --> 00:17:58 sense of smell had remained intact so it
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 seems although it's yet to be proven
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 that a loss in taste could serve as a
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 simple way of scanning high-risk
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 populations in order to determine who's
00:18:06 --> 00:18:09 at risk of dying prematurely now all
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 we've got to do is work out why the
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 association seems to be
00:18:13 --> 00:18:16 there paleontologists have Rewritten the
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 evolution of dinosaurs after discovering
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 fossils of the world's oldest known Mega
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 raptoid and the first evidence of
00:18:22 --> 00:18:26 karadon Sids in Australia the findings
00:18:26 --> 00:18:27 reported in the Journal of vertebrate
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 paleontology has has changed the history
00:18:29 --> 00:18:32 of theropod dinosaurs uncovering a
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 predator hierarchy unique to Cretaceous
00:18:34 --> 00:18:37 Australia the research describes five
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 therapod fossils discovered along
00:18:39 --> 00:18:40 Victorious Coastline Unearthed in the
00:18:40 --> 00:18:43 upper stres Lei group between 121.4 and
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 118 million years ago and from the umel
00:18:46 --> 00:18:49 formation on the Otway Coast between 113
00:18:49 --> 00:18:52 and 108 million years ago these fossils
00:18:52 --> 00:18:55 are offering scientists new insights
00:18:55 --> 00:18:58 into Victoria's ancient ecosystems it
00:18:58 --> 00:19:00 was a time dominated by large powerful 6
00:19:00 --> 00:19:04 to 7 m long mear Rapids smaller 2 to 4 M
00:19:04 --> 00:19:07 long karadon SIDS and small agile meter
00:19:07 --> 00:19:10 long Southern Raptors the discovery also
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 shows how Victorious Predator hierarchy
00:19:12 --> 00:19:15 diverge from South America where karadon
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 aaids reach Tyrannosaurus Rex likee
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 sizes up to 13 M toing over the mega
00:19:20 --> 00:19:23 raptoid but in Victoria the roles were
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 reversed highlighting the uniqueness of
00:19:25 --> 00:19:29 Australia's Cretaceous ecosystem
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 a fraudster who claimed to be able to
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 cure a range of illnesses using a
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 so-called slapping therapy has been
00:19:35 --> 00:19:37 jailed for 10 years in the UK after one
00:19:37 --> 00:19:40 of his patients died Tim mum from
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 Australian skeptic says the con man had
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 used the same scam in Australia where
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 another patient died sling therapy is
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 one of those treatments for disease Etc
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 which people make up oh I've got a good
00:19:50 --> 00:19:52 idea maybe we should try this there is
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 something close to it but not quite the
00:19:54 --> 00:19:55 same has been around a while called
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 tapping therapy you tap parts of the
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 body just tapping with sort of like two
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 fingers and that's supposed to help your
00:20:01 --> 00:20:02 health no evidence of that but there's
00:20:02 --> 00:20:03 the one which is a lot more serious than
00:20:04 --> 00:20:06 that it's slapping as in literally
00:20:06 --> 00:20:07 slapping the face and slapping the body
00:20:08 --> 00:20:09 hard and it's sort of developed by a
00:20:09 --> 00:20:12 Chinese fellow named honi XO and he was
00:20:12 --> 00:20:15 doing it in the UK he came to Australia
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 and was doing it there what He suggests
00:20:17 --> 00:20:18 is is that this is better than
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 medication this has a real effect he
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 says and it's better than medication and
00:20:22 --> 00:20:24 in some instances specific instances
00:20:24 --> 00:20:27 people who need insulin have been told
00:20:27 --> 00:20:28 not to take it and when you don't take
00:20:28 --> 00:20:30 insulin and you have a bad case of
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 diabetes it can have immediate or very
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 short almost instantaneous effects and
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 what happens is that if you continue not
00:20:36 --> 00:20:37 to use it it can be fatal and that's
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 exactly what happened in Australia with
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 a young lad I think was 10 years old his
00:20:41 --> 00:20:42 parents were going through the slapping
00:20:42 --> 00:20:44 I don't know if the kid was but the
00:20:44 --> 00:20:45 parents wereth and this person was
00:20:45 --> 00:20:47 suggesting don't take insulin it's bad
00:20:47 --> 00:20:49 for you the slapping will do all the
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 things you needs to do so they stopped
00:20:51 --> 00:20:52 the insulin for the kid and then pretty
00:20:52 --> 00:20:54 soon within a few days he was rushed off
00:20:54 --> 00:20:55 the hospital and he died in a most
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 agonizing horrible way you start off
00:20:57 --> 00:21:00 vomiting that coughing up bile all sorts
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 of terrible things happened so he was
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 charged in Australia he was found guilty
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 sentenced for 10 years but he got off on
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 appeal mainly because of of legal
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 technicality not because he was not
00:21:10 --> 00:21:11 guilty of slapping in the way but just
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 that saying the trial wasn't exactly as
00:21:14 --> 00:21:15 it should have been and therefore
00:21:15 --> 00:21:16 they're going to have a retrial but in
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 the meantime he had actually moved to
00:21:18 --> 00:21:19 England and was doing the same thing
00:21:20 --> 00:21:21 there and with the same result of
00:21:21 --> 00:21:22 another older woman there who was
00:21:22 --> 00:21:25 suffering from diabetes and she thought
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 he was a messenger from God which is the
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 way he portrays himself and and same
00:21:29 --> 00:21:32 problem insulin stopped and dies in in a
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 terribly agonizing way so he's moved
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 around from place to place and doing the
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 same sort of thing and now been thrown
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 in jail in the UK sounds like a silly
00:21:40 --> 00:21:41 thing seconding someone for medical
00:21:41 --> 00:21:42 reasons yeah you get a red cheek and
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 might be a bit painful to you know what
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 harm can it do well it can kill you
00:21:46 --> 00:21:51 that's Tim mum from Australian Skeptics
00:21:51 --> 00:22:04 [Music]
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