SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 146
* Supernova's Potential to End the Dark Matter Search
Astronomers are eagerly awaiting a nearby supernova that could finally solve the mystery of dark matter. A new study suggests that axions, hypothetical particles, could be discovered within seconds of a supernova's gamma-ray burst. The Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope might detect these gamma rays, offering insights into the mass of QCD axions. However, the rarity of such supernovae and the telescope's limited field of view pose challenges. Researchers are considering launching a fleet of gamma-ray telescopes, named GALAX, to ensure comprehensive coverage.
*Magnetic Tornadoes at Jupiter's Poles
A recent study reveals that Jupiter's poles are home to magnetic tornadoes that generate Earth-sized concentrations of hydrocarbon haze. These phenomena, visible only in ultraviolet light, are linked to the planet's strong magnetic fields. The findings, based on Hubble Space Telescope images, shed light on the unique atmospheric dynamics of Jupiter, contrasting with Earth's auroral processes.
* Arrival of the World's Biggest Digital Camera at NASA
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre has received the Wide Field Instrument, the largest digital camera ever built, for the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. This advanced camera will offer an unprecedented panoramic view of the universe, aiding in the study of dark energy, dark matter, and exoplanets. Scheduled for launch in 2027, Roman's capabilities will surpass those of current Space telescopes.
The Science Robert
A new study links prolonged sedentary behaviour with increased heart disease risk, even among active individuals. Research highlights the crucial ecological role of large sharks, threatened by overfishing and habitat loss. Palaeontologists use dinosaur faeces to trace the evolutionary rise of dinosaurs. Advances in lithium battery technology promise safer and longer-lasting power sources, potentially revolutionising energy storage.
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00:00 How a nearby supernova could end the search for dark matter
09:33 Magnetic vortexes at Jupiter's poles may be generating Earth sized hydrocarbon haze
13:22 The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is designed to study dark energy
17:29 More sedentary time may increase risk of heart disease and death, study finds
20:48 Next generation of safer lithium batteries may well be on their way
25:44 Space Time with Stuart Gary is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday
✍️ Episode References
Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope
[NASA Fermi](https://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/)
Physical Review Letters
[Physical Review Letters](https://journals.aps.org/prl/)
University of California, Berkeley
[UC Berkeley](https://www.berkeley.edu/)
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre
[NASA Goddard](https://www.nasa.gov/goddard)
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
[NASA Roman](https://roman.gsfc.nasa.gov/)
Hubble Space Telescope
[NASA Hubble](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html)
Cassini spacecraft
[NASA Cassini](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/)
National Reconnaissance Office
[NRO](https://www.nro.gov/)
Tech Advice
[Tech Advice](https://www.techadvice.life/)
Journal of Science
[Science Journal](https://www.sciencemag.org/)
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/24433634?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 146
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 4th of December
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on SpaceTime how a nearby
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 Supernova could end the search for Dark
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 Matter magnetic tornado stirring up the
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 haze at Jupiter's poles and the world's
00:00:17 --> 00:00:19 biggest digital camera arrives at
00:00:19 --> 00:00:22 nessa's Godard all that and more coming
00:00:22 --> 00:00:24 up on
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:27 --> 00:00:29 Stuart Gary
00:00:29 --> 00:00:36 [Music]
00:00:44 --> 00:00:46 astronomers are waiting for a neby
00:00:46 --> 00:00:48 supernova that could finally end the
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 search for the universe's mysterious
00:00:50 --> 00:00:53 dark matter the nature of dark matter
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 has eluded astronomers for more than 90
00:00:55 --> 00:00:57 years ever since the realization that
00:00:57 --> 00:01:00 85% of all the matter in the universe
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 wasn't visible throughout telescopes the
00:01:02 --> 00:01:05 most likely Dark Matter candidate today
00:01:05 --> 00:01:08 a tiny subatomic particles hypothetical
00:01:08 --> 00:01:11 particles known as axons and researchers
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 around the world are desperately trying
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 to find them now a new report in the
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 journal physical review letters argues
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 that these axons could be discovered
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 within seconds of the detection of gamma
00:01:21 --> 00:01:24 rays from a nearby supern explosion you
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 see according to the theory axons if
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 they exist would be produced in copious
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 quantities during the first 10 seconds
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 following a core collapse Supernova
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 explosion involving a massive star
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 turning into a neutron star and those
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 axons would then Escape but be
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 transformed into high energy gamma rays
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 by the star's intense magnetic
00:01:43 --> 00:01:46 field such a detection is possible today
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 only if the lone gamma ray Space
00:01:49 --> 00:01:50 Telescope in orbit above the Earth right
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 now that's the firery gamma ray Space
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 Telescope is pointing in the right
00:01:54 --> 00:01:57 direction when the Supernova happens now
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 given the telescope's field of view
00:01:59 --> 00:02:02 that's about a one in 10 chance yet a
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 single detection of gamas would be
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 enough to pinpoint the mass of the Axion
00:02:06 --> 00:02:09 and in particular the so-called qcd
00:02:09 --> 00:02:12 Axion thereby eliminating a huge range
00:02:12 --> 00:02:13 of theoretical masses including Mass
00:02:13 --> 00:02:16 ranges now being scouted and experiments
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 on Earth on the other hand the lack of a
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 detection would eliminate a large range
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 of potential masses for the axon in the
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 process making most current Dark Matter
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 searches irrelevant the problem is that
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 for gamma ray to be bright enough to be
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 detected the Supernova would need to be
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 really close by that means within our
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 own Milky Way galaxy or one of its
00:02:36 --> 00:02:39 nearby satellite galaxies and stars
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 there only explode on average once every
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 few decades in fact the last time one of
00:02:43 --> 00:02:46 these nearby Supernova happened was
00:02:46 --> 00:02:49 1987a in the large melenic Cloud
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 amazingly at that time the now defun
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 Gamay telescope the solar maximum
00:02:53 --> 00:02:56 mission was pointing in the supernova's
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 direction but it wasn't sensitive enough
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 to be able to detect the predicted
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 intensity of those gamar Rays the
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 study's lead author Benjamin safy from
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 the University of California Berkeley
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 says that if we were to see a supernova
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 like 1987a with a modern gamma telescope
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 we should be able to detect or rule out
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 this qcd Axion across much of its
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 parameter space and all that would
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 happen within the first 10 seconds
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 problem is astronomers are really
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 nervous because when this long overdue
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 Supernova does pop off in the nearby
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 Universe they won't be ready to see any
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 gamma Ras produced by accident
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 so scientists are now talking with
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 colleagues who build Gamay telescopes to
00:03:34 --> 00:03:37 judge the feasibility of launching one
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 or really a flood of such telescopes to
00:03:39 --> 00:03:42 cover 100% of the sky 24/7 thereby being
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 assured of catching any Gamay burst
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 they've even proposed a name for their
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 full Sky Gamay satellite constellation
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 the galactic Axion instrument for
00:03:50 --> 00:03:54 Supernova or galaxis for short sey says
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 all of his team members on this project
00:03:56 --> 00:03:57 are pretty stressed out because there's
00:03:58 --> 00:03:59 always the chance of there being the
00:03:59 --> 00:04:01 next Supernova before they have the
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 right instrumentation to study it and it
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 would be a real shame if a supernova
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 went off tomorrow and they missed the
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 opportunity to detect the axons because
00:04:09 --> 00:04:10 there might not be another one for
00:04:10 --> 00:04:13 another 50 years Searchers for Dark
00:04:13 --> 00:04:16 Matter originally focused on faint
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 massive compact Halo objects or machos
00:04:18 --> 00:04:20 theoretically sprinkled throughout our
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 universe and the cosmos but when that
00:04:22 --> 00:04:25 didn't materialize physicists began to
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 look for elementary subatomic particles
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 which theoretically are all around us
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 and should be detectable in EarthBound
00:04:31 --> 00:04:34 Laboratories but these so-called weakly
00:04:34 --> 00:04:36 interacting massive objects or wimps
00:04:36 --> 00:04:39 also failed to show up that's why the
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 current best candidate for dark matter
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 is the Axion a particle that fits nicely
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 within the standard model of particle
00:04:45 --> 00:04:46 physics and solves several other
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 outstanding puzzles in physics as well
00:04:49 --> 00:04:52 Axion also fall neatly out of string
00:04:52 --> 00:04:53 theory the hypothesis about the
00:04:53 --> 00:04:56 underlying geometry of the universe and
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 they might even be able to unify gravity
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 which explains interaction on the cosmic
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 scale through relativity Theory and the
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 theory of quantum mechanics which
00:05:04 --> 00:05:07 describes the subatomic Universe the
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 strongest candidate for an Axion is a
00:05:09 --> 00:05:12 so-called qcd Axion named after the
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 reigning theory on the strong nuclear
00:05:14 --> 00:05:15 force Quantum
00:05:15 --> 00:05:18 chromodynamics now qcd axons would
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 theoretically interact with all matter
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 though weakly through the four forces of
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 nature gravity electromagnetism the
00:05:25 --> 00:05:26 strong nuclear force which holds atoms
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 together and the weak nuclear force
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 which explains the break up of atoms
00:05:30 --> 00:05:33 through processes like radioactive decay
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 one consequence of all that is that in a
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 strong magnetic field an Axion should
00:05:37 --> 00:05:38 occasionally turn into an
00:05:38 --> 00:05:41 electromagnetic wave or Photon now we
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 should also point out that the Axion is
00:05:43 --> 00:05:44 distinctly different from another
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 lightweight weakly interacting particle
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 the neutrino which only interacts
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 through gravity and the weak nuclear
00:05:50 --> 00:05:51 force and totally ignores the
00:05:51 --> 00:05:54 electromagnetic force lab experiments
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 impling compact cavities which are sort
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 of similar to a chining fork should
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 resonate and amplify the the faint
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 electromagnetic field or Photon produced
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 if a low mass Axion transforms in the
00:06:04 --> 00:06:07 presence of a strong magnetic field now
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 alternatively astrophysicists have
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 proposed looking for axons produced
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 inside neutron stars immediately after a
00:06:13 --> 00:06:16 core collapse Supernova like
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 1987a until now however they focused
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 primarily on detecting gamma rays from
00:06:20 --> 00:06:23 these Axion slow transformation into
00:06:23 --> 00:06:24 photons in the magnetic fields of
00:06:24 --> 00:06:27 galaxies safian colleagues realized
00:06:27 --> 00:06:28 however this process isn't very
00:06:29 --> 00:06:30 efficient at producing gamma rays at
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 least not enough of them to be detected
00:06:32 --> 00:06:35 from Earth so instead they're exploring
00:06:35 --> 00:06:37 the production of gamma rays by axons in
00:06:37 --> 00:06:39 the strong magnetic fields around the
00:06:39 --> 00:06:42 very star which generates the axons
00:06:42 --> 00:06:44 supercomputer simulation showed that
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 this process creates a burst of gamma
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 rays that is dependent on the mass of
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 the Axion and this burst should occur
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 simultaneously with a burst of neutrinos
00:06:53 --> 00:06:56 from inside the hot neutron star but the
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 burst of Axion only lasts to meere 10
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 seconds after the ne neuton star forms
00:07:01 --> 00:07:02 after that the production rate drops
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 dramatically and that's hours before the
00:07:04 --> 00:07:07 outer layers of the star explode neutron
00:07:07 --> 00:07:08 stars have a lot of things going for
00:07:08 --> 00:07:11 them they're extremely hot objects they
00:07:11 --> 00:07:14 also H strong magnetic fields in fact
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 the strongest magnetic fields in our
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 universe are found around neutron stars
00:07:18 --> 00:07:20 known as magnar which have magnetic
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 fields tens of billions of times
00:07:22 --> 00:07:23 stronger than anything that can be
00:07:23 --> 00:07:26 produced in laboratory and that would
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 help convert these axons into observable
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 signals two years ago seftian colleagues
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 put the best upper limit on the mass of
00:07:33 --> 00:07:36 the qcd Axion at around 16 million
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 electron volts and that's about 32 times
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 less than the mass of an electron that
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 was based on the cooling rate of neutron
00:07:43 --> 00:07:45 stars which would cool faster if axons
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 were produced alongside neutrinos inside
00:07:47 --> 00:07:50 these hot compact bodies the new study
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 not only describes the production of
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 gamma ray following core collapse of a
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 neutron star but also uses the non-
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 detection of gamma rays from the 1987a
00:07:58 --> 00:08:01 supern to put the best constraints shed
00:08:01 --> 00:08:03 on the massive Axion likee particles
00:08:03 --> 00:08:06 which differ from qcd Axion in that they
00:08:06 --> 00:08:07 don't interact through the strong
00:08:07 --> 00:08:10 nuclear force they predict that a gamma
00:08:10 --> 00:08:11 ray detection would allow them to
00:08:11 --> 00:08:14 identify the qcd axion's mass if it's
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 above 50 microelectron vaults or about
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 110 billionth the mass of an electron
00:08:19 --> 00:08:20 and it would take just a single
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 detection to refocus existing
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 experiments to confirm the mass of the
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 axon while a flet of dedicated Gamay
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 telescopes Remains the best option for
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 detecting gamma ray from a nearby
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 Supernova a lucky break with fery would
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 be even better sefy says the best case
00:08:36 --> 00:08:39 scenario for axons is fery catching a
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 supernova it's just that the chances of
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 that occurring are really small but if
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 fery saw it scientists would be able to
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 measure its mass they'd be able to
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 measure its interacting strength they'd
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 be able to determine everything they
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 need to know about the Axion and they'd
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 be incredibly confident in the signal
00:08:56 --> 00:08:57 and what it means because there's no
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 ordinary matter which could create
00:08:59 --> 00:09:03 create such an event here's hoping this
00:09:03 --> 00:09:06 SpaceTime still to come magnetic tornado
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 stirring up the haze of Jupiter's poles
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 and the biggest digital camera ever made
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 arrives at NASA's Godard space flight
00:09:13 --> 00:09:16 center all that and more still to come
00:09:16 --> 00:09:19 on SpaceTime
00:09:19 --> 00:09:33 [Music]
00:09:33 --> 00:09:34 a new study has shown unusual
00:09:35 --> 00:09:36 magnetically driven vortexes at
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 Jupiter's poles which may be generating
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 earth-sized concentrations of
00:09:40 --> 00:09:44 hydrocarbon Haze while Jupiter's Great
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 Red Spot has been a constant feature of
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 the Jovian landscape for centuries now
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 astronomers have discovered equally
00:09:50 --> 00:09:51 large spots at the planet's North and
00:09:51 --> 00:09:54 South poles that appear to be seemingly
00:09:54 --> 00:09:57 random these earth-sized ovals which are
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 only visible at ultraviolet wavelengths
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 are embedded in layers of stratospheric
00:10:01 --> 00:10:04 haze that cap the planet's poles the
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 dark ovals when seen are almost always
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 located just below the bright auroral
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 zones at each pole which are akin to
00:10:10 --> 00:10:11 Earth's Northern and Southern Lights the
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 Aurora Borealis and Aurora stalis a
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 report in the journal Nature astronomy
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 claims that these spots absorb more
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 ultraviolet radiation than the
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 surrounding areas and that's what's
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 making them appear dark on images from
00:10:24 --> 00:10:27 NASA's Hubble Space Telescope in early
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 images of the gas giant taken by hub
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 between 2015 and 2022 a dark ultraviolet
00:10:32 --> 00:10:35 radiation oval appeared 75% of the time
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 at the South Pole while similar dark
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 ovals appeared in one in eight images
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 taken of the North Pole these
00:10:41 --> 00:10:44 ultraviolet ovals are hinting at unusual
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 processes taking place in Jupiter's
00:10:46 --> 00:10:47 strong magnetic field which propagates
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 down to the poles and deeper into the
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 atmosphere far deeper than the magnetic
00:10:51 --> 00:10:54 processors producing Aurora on Earth
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 dark ultraviolet overs were first
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 detected by Hubble in the late 1990s at
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 the North and South Poles of Jupiter and
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 subsequently the North Pole by the
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 Cassini spacecraft which flew by Jupiter
00:11:04 --> 00:11:07 in the year 2000 but back then they drew
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 little attention but when University of
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 California Berkeley undergraduate Troy
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 subta conducted a systematic study of
00:11:14 --> 00:11:15 recent images obtained by Hubble he
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 found there were a common feature at the
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 South Pole counting eight Southern
00:11:19 --> 00:11:23 ultraviolet dark ovals between 1994 and
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 2022 most Hubble images have been
00:11:25 --> 00:11:27 captured as part of the outer planet
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 atmosphere's Legacy or opal project
00:11:29 --> 00:11:31 directed by NASA's God out space flight
00:11:31 --> 00:11:34 center in green Bel Maryland using
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 Hubble opal astronomers make yearly
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 observations of Jupiter Saturn Uranus
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 and Neptune in order to better
00:11:40 --> 00:11:41 understand their atmospheric Dynamics
00:11:41 --> 00:11:44 and evolution over time suburan
00:11:44 --> 00:11:46 colleagues theorized that the dark ovals
00:11:46 --> 00:11:48 are likely stirred from above by a
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 Vortex created when the planet's
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 magnetic field lines experienced
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 fraction in two very distinct locations
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 in the ionosphere where astronomers have
00:11:57 --> 00:11:58 previously detected spinning motions
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 using ground based telescopes and in the
00:12:00 --> 00:12:03 sheet of hot ionized plasma around
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 Jupiter which is shed by its volcanic
00:12:05 --> 00:12:08 moon IO The Vortex spins fastest in the
00:12:08 --> 00:12:11 ionosphere progressively weakening as it
00:12:11 --> 00:12:14 reaches each deeper layer like a tornado
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 touching down on Dusty ground the
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 deepest extent of the vortex stirs up
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 the hazy atmosphere to create dense
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 spots now it's not clear if the mixing
00:12:22 --> 00:12:25 dredges up more haze from below or
00:12:25 --> 00:12:26 whether it's actually generating new
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 Haze based on the observations the
00:12:29 --> 00:12:30 authors suspect that these ovals have
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 formed over the course of roughly a
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 month or so but they dissipate in Just 2
00:12:34 --> 00:12:37 weeks and the haze in the dark ovals is
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 50 times thicker than the typical
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 concentration that suggests it likely
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 forms due to the swirling vortex's
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 Dynamics rather than chemical reactions
00:12:45 --> 00:12:47 triggered by high energy particles in
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 the upper atmosphere the observations
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 also showed that the timing and location
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 of these energetic particles don't
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 correlate with the appearance of the
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 dark ovals what the findings do show is
00:12:58 --> 00:12:59 how atmospheric dynamic in the Solar
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 System's biggest planets differs so
00:13:02 --> 00:13:05 widely from what we know here on Earth
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 this is spacetime still to come the
00:13:08 --> 00:13:09 world's biggest digital camera arrives
00:13:09 --> 00:13:12 at Nasa Gody for installation of the
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 later in the science report
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 paleontologists studying dinosaur feces
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 to better understand how they came to
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 dominate the world all that and more
00:13:22 --> 00:13:28 still to come on SpaceTime
00:13:28 --> 00:13:40 [Music]
00:13:40 --> 00:13:42 the primary instrument fin nessa's Nancy
00:13:42 --> 00:13:45 Grace Roman Space Telescope has just
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 been delivered to the agency's Gard
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 space flight center in Green Belt
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 Maryland called the Widefield instrument
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 it's the largest and most sophisticated
00:13:53 --> 00:13:56 camera ever built it'll survey the
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 cosmos from the outskirts of our solar
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 system all the way out to the edge of
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 the observable universe some 13.8
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 billion light years away the camera's
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 large field of view sharp resolution and
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 sensitivity from visible to near
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 infrared wavelengths will give the Nancy
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 Grace Roman Observatory an unrivaled
00:14:13 --> 00:14:16 deep panoramic view of the universe
00:14:16 --> 00:14:19 scanning much larger portions of the sky
00:14:19 --> 00:14:20 than astronomist can with NASA's Hubble
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 Space Telescope or for that matter with
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 the web space Observatory it'll open up
00:14:24 --> 00:14:28 new avenues of cosmic exploration see
00:14:28 --> 00:14:30 Roman is designed to study dark energy
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 that mysterious Cosmic Force thought to
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 accelerate the expansion of the universe
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 it'll also study dark matter that
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 invisible substance which only interacts
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 gravitationally with normal matter and
00:14:41 --> 00:14:44 it will explore exoplanets worlds beyond
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 our solar system now to achieve these
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 many main goals the mission will
00:14:49 --> 00:14:50 precisely measure hundreds of millions
00:14:50 --> 00:14:53 of galaxies providing a unique data set
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 for astronomers and the potential for a
00:14:55 --> 00:14:58 flood of results on a vast array of
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 science Roman is one of two Surplus
00:15:00 --> 00:15:03 Keyhole spy satellites donated to NASA
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 by the national reconnaissance office
00:15:05 --> 00:15:07 the nro didn't need them anymore because
00:15:07 --> 00:15:09 its own technology had moved on and so
00:15:09 --> 00:15:11 because Hubble was based on the same
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 Keyhole design but looked out into space
00:15:13 --> 00:15:14 rather than down towards the Earth
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 surface Keyhole does they were offered
00:15:16 --> 00:15:20 to NASA after Roman launches in May 2027
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 each of the Widefield instruments 300
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 million pixel images will capture a
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 patch of the sky bigger than the
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 apparent size of the full moon the
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 instrument its large field of view will
00:15:30 --> 00:15:32 enable astronomers to undertake research
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 that would otherwise take hundreds of
00:15:34 --> 00:15:37 years to complete using other telescopes
00:15:37 --> 00:15:39 by observing from space Roman's camera
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 will be very sensitive to infrared light
00:15:42 --> 00:15:45 from far across the cosmos this ancient
00:15:45 --> 00:15:46 Cosmic light will help scientists
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 address some of the biggest Cosmic
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 Mysteries such as How the Universe
00:15:50 --> 00:15:53 evolved to its present State this report
00:15:53 --> 00:15:56 from NASA TV the Widefield instrument is
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 the heart of the Nancy Grace Roman Space
00:15:58 --> 00:15:59 Telescope
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 it is what allows the Roman Space
00:16:01 --> 00:16:03 Telescope to take pictures with the same
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 detail as Hubble but covering an area
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 100 times larger despite this incredible
00:16:08 --> 00:16:11 power the basic design is the same as
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 telescopes around the world light enters
00:16:13 --> 00:16:17 through Roman's 2.4 M aperture and is
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 reflected and focused by the curved main
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 mirror which is also the largest mirror
00:16:21 --> 00:16:22 in the
00:16:22 --> 00:16:24 telescope this light is reflected and
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 focused Once More by the secondary
00:16:26 --> 00:16:29 mirror more elements tighten the the
00:16:29 --> 00:16:31 beam and strip it of stray light rays
00:16:31 --> 00:16:33 before it passes through the filter
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 wheel this wheel has a variety of
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 filters that allow different wavelengths
00:16:37 --> 00:16:40 of light to pass through it spins from
00:16:40 --> 00:16:41 one to another depending on what the
00:16:42 --> 00:16:45 researcher is looking for finally the
00:16:45 --> 00:16:46 focused and filtered Light reaches the
00:16:46 --> 00:16:48 focal plane where it creates an image on
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 the detectors these detectors use the
00:16:51 --> 00:16:54 photoelectric effect to convert photons
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 into an electrical signal that is then
00:16:56 --> 00:16:59 decoded into an image in Roman's case
00:16:59 --> 00:17:02 there are 18 detectors allowing it to
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 create 300 million pixel images of large
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 patches of the
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 sky the large number of detectors and
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 pixels gives Roman its wide field of
00:17:11 --> 00:17:14 view the size of the mirror and the
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 Precision of its Optics gives Roman its
00:17:16 --> 00:17:17 fine
00:17:17 --> 00:17:20 Imaging this combination of image size
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 and detail has never been possible on a
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 space-based telescope before and will
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 make the Nancy Grace Roman Space
00:17:26 --> 00:17:29 Telescope an indispensable tool in the
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 future this is
00:17:31 --> 00:17:46 [Music]
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 spacetime and time now to take another
00:17:48 --> 00:17:49 brief look at some of the other stories
00:17:49 --> 00:17:51 making news in science this week with a
00:17:51 --> 00:17:54 science report a new study claims the
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 more time spent sitting reclining or
00:17:56 --> 00:17:58 lying down during the day may increase
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 your risk of heart disease and death
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 even if you're otherwise active the
00:18:02 --> 00:18:05 findings reported in the journal JC
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 contradicted research published last
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 month which found little difference
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 between people standing or sitting for
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 the majority of their time at work the
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 new study found that more than roughly
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 10 and 1 half hours of sedentary
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 Behavior per day was linked with future
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 heart failure and death from heart
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 attacks even among people meeting other
00:18:23 --> 00:18:25 recommended levels of activity and
00:18:25 --> 00:18:27 exercise the study looked at data from
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 fitness trackers that captured movement
00:18:29 --> 00:18:31 over 7 days for
00:18:31 --> 00:18:34 8953 British people it then followed up
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 on their heart health for an average of
00:18:36 --> 00:18:39 8 years the authors found that once
00:18:39 --> 00:18:42 Century time exceeded 10.6 hours a day
00:18:42 --> 00:18:43 the risk of heart failure and death from
00:18:43 --> 00:18:45 a heart attack rot significantly which
00:18:45 --> 00:18:48 they suggest indicates a threshold for
00:18:48 --> 00:18:49 these
00:18:49 --> 00:18:52 risks now as any ecologists will tell
00:18:52 --> 00:18:54 you sharks are the vacuum cleaners of
00:18:54 --> 00:18:57 the ocean they help keep the Seas clean
00:18:57 --> 00:19:00 by consuming dead and D ding animals now
00:19:00 --> 00:19:02 a new study has shown that the Sharks
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 most affected by fishing are the same
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 ones most needed to maintain healthy
00:19:06 --> 00:19:09 oceans a report in the journal science
00:19:09 --> 00:19:11 warns that big sharks help maintain
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 balance through their eating habits and
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 their sheer sizes enough to scare away
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 prey that could overc consume sea grass
00:19:17 --> 00:19:19 and other plant life needed for healthy
00:19:19 --> 00:19:22 oceans sharks can also help shape and
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 maintain balance from bottom up that
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 means a variety of sharks and a variety
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 of sizes are needed yet there many and
00:19:29 --> 00:19:30 diverse contributions are all under
00:19:30 --> 00:19:33 threat from over fishing from climate
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 change from habitat loss from energy
00:19:35 --> 00:19:38 mining shipping activities and more all
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 of which is caused by
00:19:40 --> 00:19:44 people over 500 samples of coolites that
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 is fossilized dinosaur feces together
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 with Dino vomit have helped
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 paleontologists determine how dinosaurs
00:19:50 --> 00:19:53 came to dominate the world their report
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 in the journal Nature analyzed Dino
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 digestive material it created
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 threedimensional images of their
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 internal structure and compared this
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 with existing data in the fossil record
00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 to work out the identity feeding
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 behavior and relative size and
00:20:07 --> 00:20:09 prevalence of the creatures that produce
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 them from this paleontologists were able
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 to create food webs which track the rise
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 of dinosaurs over time they found that
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 the meat and plant eating or omnivorous
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 ancestors of early dinosaurs took over
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 from other four-legged beasts and then
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 evolved into the first carnivorous and
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 herbivorous dinosaurs towards the end of
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 the Triassic era increased volcanic
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 activity May then have led to more
00:20:31 --> 00:20:34 diverse ranges of plants to feed on that
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 allowed for the emergence of larger and
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 more diverse herbivore species and this
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 in turn led to the evolution of larger
00:20:40 --> 00:20:42 carnivorous dinosaurs from the beginning
00:20:42 --> 00:20:45 of the Jurassic period and completed the
00:20:45 --> 00:20:47 transition to Dinosaur
00:20:48 --> 00:20:49 domination well with all the lithium
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 battery fires we're hearing about of
00:20:51 --> 00:20:53 late a bit of good news is that the next
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 generation of safer lithium batteries
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 May well be on their way with the
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 details which by technology editor Alex
00:20:59 --> 00:21:02 Sahara Roy from Tech advice start life
00:21:02 --> 00:21:05 we do hear about EV and E scooter and
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 even in the old days Nokia phone
00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 batteries would more or less explode but
00:21:09 --> 00:21:10 that's because there were fake ones and
00:21:10 --> 00:21:12 the EV ones and especially the es
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 scooter ones that get bounced around you
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 know people ride them hard and with some
00:21:16 --> 00:21:17 of the EVS there are things on the road
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 that can strike the underside of a car
00:21:19 --> 00:21:22 and Pierce a battery there are now rules
00:21:22 --> 00:21:23 in in number of hotels they won't let
00:21:23 --> 00:21:26 you park in EV undercover because of the
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 fear of the lithium batteries catching a
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 li look I read that China a number of
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 cities in China had just implemented the
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 same rules and it is a genuine concern
00:21:34 --> 00:21:37 because we have had uh fires that have
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 happened in an EV that have then you
00:21:39 --> 00:21:40 know burnt a number of cars around them
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 or in the UK burnt down an entire car
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 park in one of the airports yes so there
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 is Battery Technology one of them is
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 called lithium titanate used by the
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 military and NASA for decades but it was
00:21:50 --> 00:21:52 quite expensive but this can operate at
00:21:52 --> 00:21:54 much lower at much colder and hotter
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 temperatures than lithium ion it cannot
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 have a runaway thermal re reaction like
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 lithium ion can so if it gets damaged it
00:22:01 --> 00:22:02 doesn't just start burning which is very
00:22:02 --> 00:22:05 handy in a military situation and uh one
00:22:05 --> 00:22:06 of the benefits of this technology is
00:22:06 --> 00:22:09 that it can be recharged up to 50
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 times like for many many years like more
00:22:11 --> 00:22:13 than one decade without the memory
00:22:13 --> 00:22:15 effect so normally a laptop battery
00:22:15 --> 00:22:17 lasts good couple of years and then
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 suddenly it's not giving you anywhere as
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 much battery life as it did before but
00:22:21 --> 00:22:22 with this lithium Titanite technology
00:22:23 --> 00:22:24 which is going to be commercialized by
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 tsha they're already working on getting
00:22:26 --> 00:22:29 this in the New Year into home
00:22:29 --> 00:22:30 appliances like those blowers and
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 whipper snippers and those sorts of
00:22:32 --> 00:22:33 things but these batteries will last for
00:22:33 --> 00:22:36 a decade or two and will retain the vast
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 majority of their chargeable capacity
00:22:38 --> 00:22:39 will operate in colder and hotter
00:22:39 --> 00:22:40 temperatures and the most important
00:22:40 --> 00:22:42 thing of all they recharge in about 20
00:22:42 --> 00:22:44 minutes so this is the next generation
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 of Battery Technology that we've been
00:22:46 --> 00:22:47 waiting for there's a famous saying from
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 William Gibson the author of Neuromancer
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 that says the future has already been
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 invented it just hasn't been widely
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 distributed yet and this is the case for
00:22:55 --> 00:22:58 many things I mean chat GPT version 5
00:22:58 --> 00:23:00 with artificial general intelligence is
00:23:00 --> 00:23:01 more or less supposedly working in the
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 labs in open AI but it just hasn't been
00:23:04 --> 00:23:05 delivered to the public yet the iPhone
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 was in Prototype form in 2004 3 years
00:23:08 --> 00:23:11 before it came to the public and at that
00:23:11 --> 00:23:12 time it was more of an iPad size before
00:23:12 --> 00:23:14 it was shrunken down so many of the
00:23:14 --> 00:23:15 things will take for granted in a few
00:23:16 --> 00:23:17 years are already in the labs already
00:23:17 --> 00:23:19 working they're just not ready to be
00:23:19 --> 00:23:20 commercialized at scale yet and these
00:23:20 --> 00:23:22 lithium Titanite batteries and there are
00:23:22 --> 00:23:24 other competing batteries as well solid
00:23:24 --> 00:23:25 state type technology batteries but
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 don't have any liquids at all are all
00:23:27 --> 00:23:30 being worked on with ABC I did a story
00:23:30 --> 00:23:32 on how to store your laptop when you
00:23:32 --> 00:23:33 don't use it for a while and the the
00:23:33 --> 00:23:36 idea was you'd take your lithium battery
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 pack out and keep that in a dark dry
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 Place away from the laptop and that way
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 it last for ages yeah well very hard to
00:23:42 --> 00:23:43 do that these days when the batteries
00:23:43 --> 00:23:46 are built into devices yes and that's
00:23:46 --> 00:23:47 the problem what do you do if you have a
00:23:47 --> 00:23:49 perfectly good laptop or a perfectly
00:23:49 --> 00:23:51 good cell phone for example but you
00:23:51 --> 00:23:53 can't physically take the battery out of
00:23:53 --> 00:23:55 it anymore does it become a dangerous
00:23:55 --> 00:23:57 Time Bomb ticking waiting to explode or
00:23:57 --> 00:23:59 are they relatively safe if stored in a
00:23:59 --> 00:24:01 dry Place generally speaking they're
00:24:01 --> 00:24:03 safe you're supposed to keep them at
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 sort of 50 to 80% charge don't have them
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 stored for a long time at 100% and
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 definitely do not have them stored at
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 zero or below because it can stop the
00:24:11 --> 00:24:12 battery from being able to be charged
00:24:13 --> 00:24:16 whatsoever so they are safe just that if
00:24:16 --> 00:24:18 you store them unch charge they may not
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 charge in the future that's correct so
00:24:20 --> 00:24:21 you should make sure that they have at
00:24:21 --> 00:24:23 least 50% charge and look the danger
00:24:23 --> 00:24:26 with modern devices is overcharging
00:24:26 --> 00:24:28 there was a story in the news in the
00:24:28 --> 00:24:30 last week or so of a family whose iPad
00:24:30 --> 00:24:32 was plugged in charging normally and it
00:24:32 --> 00:24:34 just exploded now Battery Technology is
00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 generally quite safe especially in
00:24:36 --> 00:24:38 phones and tablets but you never know
00:24:38 --> 00:24:40 what manufacturing defect there is I
00:24:40 --> 00:24:42 mean there was a manufacturing defect
00:24:42 --> 00:24:43 with a Samsung Note 7 it cost every
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 airline in the world to say you're not
00:24:45 --> 00:24:47 bringing those on planes and so we have
00:24:47 --> 00:24:49 had battery scares genuinely big ones in
00:24:49 --> 00:24:52 the past but if batteries were a real
00:24:52 --> 00:24:53 problem then they'd be exploding all
00:24:54 --> 00:24:55 over the place and that clearly isn't
00:24:55 --> 00:24:57 happening but we are seeing a big jump
00:24:57 --> 00:25:00 in these e scooter and EV battery fires
00:25:00 --> 00:25:02 and that's why various apartment blocks
00:25:02 --> 00:25:04 and cities in China and other places are
00:25:04 --> 00:25:06 saying look have all the EVS you want
00:25:06 --> 00:25:07 but not downstairs so we are in
00:25:07 --> 00:25:10 desperate need of Battery Technology
00:25:10 --> 00:25:12 like this lithium titanate that will not
00:25:12 --> 00:25:14 have a Runway explosion if damaged
00:25:14 --> 00:25:16 recharges in 20 minutes and lasts for a
00:25:16 --> 00:25:18 decade two or longer before needing to
00:25:18 --> 00:25:20 be replaced I mean that is like the Holy
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 Grail of Battery tech if you can
00:25:22 --> 00:25:23 recharge your battery in 20 minutes
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 whether it's your phone or a car to full
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 suddenly having the battery only last
00:25:27 --> 00:25:28 for a few hours or or a few hundred
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 kmers doesn't make any difference
00:25:30 --> 00:25:32 because you can recharge it so quickly
00:25:32 --> 00:25:34 and this is the Sci-Fi Tech that we need
00:25:34 --> 00:25:36 that we still don't have available at
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 scale but it is definitely coming and I
00:25:39 --> 00:25:40 think by the end of the decade there'll
00:25:40 --> 00:25:42 be plenty more of these batteries and
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 lithium iron will be slowly phased out
00:25:44 --> 00:25:47 that's Alex Sahara Roy from take advice.
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 life
00:25:49 --> 00:25:57 [Music]
00:26:03 --> 00:26:05 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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00:26:57 --> 00:26:58 been listening to space time with
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