Source:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/solar-flare-frenzy-ceres-oceanic-past-and-europa-clipper-s-epic-launch--62292137
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 122
*The Sun's Most Powerful Solar Flare in Over a Decade
The Sun has unleashed its most powerful solar flare in more than a decade, with a spectacular X9.1 class event. This massive solar flare, part of a pair that erupted just two days apart, was detected by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory. The event sparked strong G3 class geomagnetic storms, causing auroral activity to reach mid-latitudes and triggering deep shortwave radio blackouts. Solar flares, like this one, can have significant impacts on Earth's atmosphere, communications, and power grids.
*Ceres: A Former Ocean World?
New research suggests that the dwarf planet Ceres may have once been an ocean world. The study, published in Nature Astronomy, indicates that Ceres has a dirty icy crust, suggesting a past filled with muddy oceans. Computer simulations reveal that the crust may contain up to 90% ice, challenging previous assumptions of a drier Ceres. The findings are based on data from NASA’s Dawn mission, which observed surface features like volcanoes and glaciers.
*NASA's Europa Clipper Mission
NASA’s Europa Clipper mission is set for launch to explore Jupiter's ice-covered moon, Europa. The mission aims to investigate the moon's potential for life, with a suite of nine scientific instruments on board. These tools will study Europa's icy crust, subsurface ocean, and surface composition. The spacecraft will perform 49 flybys of Europa, gathering data to help scientists understand the moon’s habitability and its potential for hosting life.
00:00:00 - The sun unleashes its most powerful solar flare in more than a decade
00:00:27 - The sun has just emitted its most powerful solar flare in more than a decade
00:04:35 - New study claims dwarf planet Ceres may once have been an ocean world
00:14:34 - NASA's Europa Clipper mission is looking for life on icy moon Europa
00:19:58 - New figures show 47,000 people suffered heat related deaths across Europe last year
00:22:33 - Microsoft will release a new update for Windows 11 next month with AI features
00:25:46 - Outlook reminds you you haven't added your attachment yet
00:26:56 - Spacetime is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through various podcast providers
https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:04 this is spacetime series 27 episode 122
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 will broadcast on the 9th of October
00:00:06 --> 00:00:10 2024 coming up on SpaceTime the sun
00:00:10 --> 00:00:12 unleashes its most powerful solar flare
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 in more than a decade a new study shows
00:00:15 --> 00:00:17 that dwarf planet series may have once
00:00:17 --> 00:00:20 been an ocean world and NASA's European
00:00:20 --> 00:00:22 Clipper Mission slated for launch
00:00:22 --> 00:00:26 tomorrow all that and more coming up on
00:00:26 --> 00:00:30 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:30 --> 00:00:31 Stewart
00:00:31 --> 00:00:38 [Music]
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 Gary the sun has just emitted its most
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 powerful solar flare in more than a
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 decade it was one of a pair of solar
00:00:53 --> 00:00:56 flares that erupted just 2 days apart
00:00:56 --> 00:00:57 which were the most powerful in the
00:00:57 --> 00:01:00 current solar cycle the big was a
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 spectacular X 9.1 class event which it
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 closed to the top of the energy scale
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 and it h a coronal mass ejection
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 directly towards the Earth the powerful
00:01:10 --> 00:01:14 blast was generated by the same AR 3842
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 Sunspot Group which had earlier launched
00:01:16 --> 00:01:19 an x7.1 class flare the second strongest
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 solar flare of the current solar cycle
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 both were detected by NASA's Solar
00:01:24 --> 00:01:28 Dynamics Observatory spacecraft the x7.1
00:01:28 --> 00:01:29 class event hit the Earth on octo
00:01:29 --> 00:01:32 October the 4th is a mild Halo chronal
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 mass ejection and the more powerful
00:01:34 --> 00:01:37 x99.1 blast hit on October the 6th the
00:01:37 --> 00:01:40 Dual impact spark strong G3 class
00:01:40 --> 00:01:43 geomagnetic storms with auroral activity
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 reaching mid latitudes radiation from
00:01:46 --> 00:01:48 the flares ionized the top of Earth's
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 atmosphere causing deep shortwave radio
00:01:50 --> 00:01:53 blackouts solar flares a powerful burst
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 of energy flung out into space as
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 magnetic field lines from deep inside
00:01:57 --> 00:02:00 the Sun erupt out above the Sun surface
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 along sunspots and then snap releasing
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 energy in the process these events
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 classification as x-class flares
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 indicate that the most intense type of
00:02:09 --> 00:02:12 solar flare that's produced while the
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 numbers provide more information about
00:02:14 --> 00:02:16 their strength solar flares are
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 classified on a logarithmic scale
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 similar to earthquakes and tornadoes if
00:02:21 --> 00:02:22 the events are strong enough and these
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 two were they can drag solar plasma and
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 magnetic field into space with them
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30 that's a coronal mass ejection the space
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 weather events known as geomagnetic
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 storms can damage even destroy
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 spacecraft or at least they can shorten
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 their lives by causing the Earth's
00:02:38 --> 00:02:40 atmosphere to expand and that increases
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 atmospheric drag on the spacecraft that
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 causes orbital Decay forcing the
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 satellites to use up more of their
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 Reserve fuel in order to maintain an
00:02:48 --> 00:02:51 operational orbit geomagnetic storms can
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 also disrupt Communications and
00:02:53 --> 00:02:56 navigation systems they black out power
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 grids On The Ground by overloading
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 Transformers and they can increase
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 radiation levels for astronauts and even
00:03:02 --> 00:03:05 people in high altitude aircraft of
00:03:05 --> 00:03:06 course on the plus side they cause
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 spectacular Aurora light displays
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 usually at higher latitudes as the
00:03:11 --> 00:03:12 charged particles they bring travel
00:03:12 --> 00:03:14 along the Earth's magnetic field lines
00:03:14 --> 00:03:16 and excite atoms and molecules in the
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 atmosphere triggering the Aurora
00:03:18 --> 00:03:21 Borealis and Aurora aralis the northern
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 and southern lights our Sun's currently
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 experiencing a massive increase in solar
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 activity as it moves towards the climax
00:03:28 --> 00:03:31 of its 11 years solar cycle the current
00:03:31 --> 00:03:35 solar cycle number 25 began in 2019 and
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 should reach solar maximum that's the
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 climax of the cycle sometime in the next
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 year or so at which point the sun's
00:03:41 --> 00:03:44 magnetic poles will quite literally flip
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 polarity with the North Pole becoming
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 South and the South Pole north that
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51 won't be the end of the solar storms but
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 gradually over time they will start to
00:03:53 --> 00:03:55 decrease again until they reach solar
00:03:55 --> 00:03:59 minimum sometime around 2030 needless to
00:03:59 --> 00:04:02 say will will keep you informed this is
00:04:02 --> 00:04:05 spacetime still to come a new study
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 claims the dwarf planet series May once
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 have being in an ocean World although
00:04:09 --> 00:04:12 probably a somewhat muddy one and NASA's
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 Europa Clipper mission of the Jian ice
00:04:14 --> 00:04:17 Moon slated for launch tomorrow all that
00:04:17 --> 00:04:21 and more still to come on SpaceTime
00:04:21 --> 00:04:35 [Music]
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 a new study claims the dwarf planet
00:04:37 --> 00:04:40 series May once have been an ocean world
00:04:40 --> 00:04:43 that slowly morphed into a giant muddy
00:04:43 --> 00:04:47 icy orb since it's the discovery in 1801
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 astronomers and planetary scientists
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 have ped the makeup of this distant
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 Frozen World which is the largest spot
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 in the main asteroid built between Mars
00:04:55 --> 00:04:59 and Jupiter the 950 km wide dwarf planet
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 has surface features like volcanoes
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 landslides and Glaciers and a heavily
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 battered and dimpled surface covered
00:05:06 --> 00:05:09 with impact graters and that suggests
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 the W hasn't been resurfaced in recent
00:05:11 --> 00:05:13 history and therefore it could have been
00:05:13 --> 00:05:17 very icy in the past however a new study
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 reported in the journal Nature astronomy
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 suggests that Series has a rather dirty
00:05:21 --> 00:05:24 icy crust meaning it may once have been
00:05:24 --> 00:05:28 an ocean world if a somewhat muddy one
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 the findings are based on computer
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 simulations which examined how crators
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 on series deformed over billions of
00:05:34 --> 00:05:37 years one of the studies authors Mike
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 Sor from puru University says there
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 appears to have been lots of water ice
00:05:41 --> 00:05:44 near sir surface and that it appears to
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 get gradually less icy the deeper and
00:05:46 --> 00:05:49 deeper you go sari says people used to
00:05:49 --> 00:05:51 think that if siries was very icy the
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 creators would deform quickly over time
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 like glaciers flowing on Earth or like
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 gooey flowing honey however these new
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 simulation have shown that ice can be
00:06:01 --> 00:06:03 much stronger in conditions on series
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 than previously predicted if you mix in
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 just a little bit of solid rock the
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 team's discover is contradictory to the
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 previous belief that series was
00:06:11 --> 00:06:14 relatively dry the common assumption was
00:06:14 --> 00:06:17 series was less than 30% ice but s's
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 team now believes the surface is
00:06:19 --> 00:06:23 actually more like 90% ice s says series
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 used to be an ocean world like Europa
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 the Jovian ice Moon which contains a
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 global subsurface liquid water ocean
00:06:29 --> 00:06:32 bene its frozen crust however series had
00:06:32 --> 00:06:35 a dirty muddy ocean as that muddy ocean
00:06:36 --> 00:06:39 froze over time it created an icy crust
00:06:39 --> 00:06:40 with a little bit of Rocky material
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 trapped in it now even solids will flow
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 over long time scales and Ice flows more
00:06:46 --> 00:06:49 readily than Rock craters have deep
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 bowls which produce high stress levels
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 and then relax to a lower stress State
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 resulting in a shallower bowl thanks to
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 a solid state flow so the conclusion
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 after Nas's Dawn
00:07:00 --> 00:07:01 was that due to the lack of relaxed
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 shallow craters the crust couldn't be
00:07:03 --> 00:07:06 very icy however the new computer
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 simulations account for a new way the
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 ice can flow with only a little bit of
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 non ice material mixed in and that would
00:07:12 --> 00:07:15 allow a very icer crust to barely flow
00:07:15 --> 00:07:18 even over billions of years and in that
00:07:18 --> 00:07:20 way you could end up with an ice Rich
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 series that still matches the observed
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 lack of crater
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 relaxation to reach their conclusions
00:07:27 --> 00:07:28 the authors tested different crustal
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 structures and they simulations they
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 found that gravitational crust with a
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 high ice content near the surface that
00:07:35 --> 00:07:38 grades down to lower ice with depth was
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 the best way to limit relaxation of
00:07:40 --> 00:07:44 Syrian craters back in September 2007
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 NASA launched the dawn mission to visit
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 series and another mainbuilt asteroid
00:07:48 --> 00:07:51 called Vesta it was the first spacecraft
00:07:51 --> 00:07:54 to go into sustained orbits around two
00:07:54 --> 00:07:57 separate extraterrestrial destinations
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 Dawn arrived at Series in 2015 and
00:08:00 --> 00:08:01 remained in orbit studying the dwarf
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 planet until 2018 the authors used
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 multile observations made by Ador to
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 provide the data they needed for their
00:08:08 --> 00:08:11 simulations different surface features
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 such as pets domes and landslides all
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 suggest that the near subsurface of
00:08:15 --> 00:08:18 series contains lots of ice and
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 spectroscopic data also shows that there
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 should be ice beneath the regolith on
00:08:22 --> 00:08:25 the dwarf planet and gravity data yields
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 a density value near that of ice
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 specifically ice loaded with with
00:08:29 --> 00:08:32 impurities the authors also took a
00:08:32 --> 00:08:33 topographical profile of an actual
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 complex crater on series and used it to
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 construct the geometry for some of their
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 simulations Sor says it all points to
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 the dwarf planet having once been a
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 frozen ocean World pretty close in many
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 characteristics other than size to the
00:08:49 --> 00:08:50 planet Earth
00:08:50 --> 00:08:54 itself this is spacetime still to come
00:08:54 --> 00:08:57 NASA's Europa Clipper mission seled for
00:08:57 --> 00:09:00 launch to the Jian ice moon tomorrow and
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 later in the science report researchers
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 have for the first time mapped the
00:09:04 --> 00:09:07 entire brain of tropus the fruit fly all
00:09:07 --> 00:09:12 that and more still to come on
00:09:12 --> 00:09:24 [Music]
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 SpaceTime NASA's Europa Clipper mission
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 is sled for launch to the Jovian is moon
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 during a 21-day launch window which
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 opens tomorrow the
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 3 kg spacecraft is the largest
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 planetary Mission ever undertaken by the
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 space agency it launched from the
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 Kennedy Space Center in Florida a a
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 SpaceX Falcon heavy rocket comprising
00:09:46 --> 00:09:49 three Falcon 9 cor stages mounted side
00:09:49 --> 00:09:52 by side if all goes well the spacecraft
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 will reach the Jovian system in April
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 2030 on board will be nine science
00:09:57 --> 00:10:00 instruments designed to understand the
00:10:00 --> 00:10:03 nature of this 3 km wide Frozen
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 world and the global liquid ocean
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 beneath its icy crust the mission is
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 designed to help scientists better
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 understand the potential for life on
00:10:12 --> 00:10:15 other worlds its instruments include a
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 mapping Imaging infrared spectrometer
00:10:17 --> 00:10:20 that'll map IES salts and Organics as
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 well as warm spots on Europa that could
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 be suggesting habitability it'll also
00:10:24 --> 00:10:27 reveal how material is exchanged between
00:10:27 --> 00:10:30 the Surface ice and the ocean below
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 there's a tetracorder which will provide
00:10:32 --> 00:10:35 rapid analysis of europa's composition a
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 thermal emissions Imaging system will
00:10:37 --> 00:10:38 map the temperature and texture of
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 youropa surface looking for clues about
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 activity such as icy geyes and regions
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 where the moon suspected ocean may be
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 nearer the surface there's an
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 UltraViolet spectrograph which will
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 study europa's atmospheric and surface
00:10:51 --> 00:10:54 composition it'll provide special focus
00:10:54 --> 00:10:55 on the plumes that may be erupting from
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 the ocean beneath the ice its
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 measurements are especially sensitive to
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 detecting Vapor plumes that could be
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 difficult to spot using other techniques
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 the instrument will also study
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 interactions between europa's thin
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 atmosphere and charged particles in
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 space these interactions can make
00:11:12 --> 00:11:15 europa's atmosphere glow in ultraviolet
00:11:15 --> 00:11:18 very much like auror on Earth then
00:11:18 --> 00:11:20 there's the Europa Imaging system it'll
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 use visible light cameras to generate
00:11:22 --> 00:11:25 high resolution maps of europa's surface
00:11:25 --> 00:11:27 covering about 90% of its surface at 100
00:11:27 --> 00:11:30 m per pixel that a equates to six times
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 more of Europa surface and five times
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 better resolution than has ever been
00:11:34 --> 00:11:37 captured before and when the spacecraft
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 makes a close flyby of Europa the
00:11:39 --> 00:11:40 instrument will produce images with a
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 resolution 100 times better its
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 three-dimensional views will also allow
00:11:45 --> 00:11:47 scientist to measure surface Heights and
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 its color images will provide
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 information about europa's surface
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 material another part of the spacecraft
00:11:53 --> 00:11:56 scientific package is a dual frequency
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 ice penetrating radar instrument it'll
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 characterize and sound europa's icy
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 crust from near the surface right down
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 to the ocean in the process revealing
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 the hidden structure of europa's ice
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 shell and potential water Pockets within
00:12:08 --> 00:12:11 it it'll also probe the exosphere the
00:12:11 --> 00:12:13 surface and near surface and the full
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 depth of the ice shell itself right down
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 to the ice ocean interface which could
00:12:17 --> 00:12:20 be up to 30 km deep the Europa Clipper
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 magnetometer will be used to
00:12:22 --> 00:12:23 characterize magnetic fields around
00:12:23 --> 00:12:26 Europa using three magnetic flux Gates
00:12:26 --> 00:12:28 placed along an 8 m boom which will be
00:12:28 --> 00:12:29 stowed during the launch and then
00:12:29 --> 00:12:33 deployed Once In Flight by studying the
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 strength and orientation of europa's
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 magnetic field over multiple flybys
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 scientists hope to be able to confirm
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 the existence of europa's subsurface
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 ocean as well as characterize the
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 thickness of its icy crust and it
00:12:45 --> 00:12:47 measure the water's depth and solinity
00:12:48 --> 00:12:49 there's a plasma magnetic sounding
00:12:49 --> 00:12:52 instrument aboard as well it'll measure
00:12:52 --> 00:12:54 plasma to characterize the magnetic
00:12:54 --> 00:12:57 fields generated by plasma currents
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 these plasma currents match the magnetic
00:12:59 --> 00:13:00 induction response of europa's
00:13:00 --> 00:13:03 subsurface ocean and in conjunction with
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 the magnetometer it'll be key to
00:13:05 --> 00:13:07 determining europa's eye shell thickness
00:13:07 --> 00:13:10 ocean depth and solinity it'll also Pro
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 the mechanisms responsible for
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 weathering and releasing material from
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 Europa surface into the atmosphere and
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 ionosphere and understand how Europa
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 influences its surrounding space
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 environment and Jupiter's
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 magnetosphere there's a mass
00:13:24 --> 00:13:25 spectrometer that will determine the
00:13:25 --> 00:13:27 composition of the surface and
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 subsurface ocean by measuring europa's
00:13:29 --> 00:13:32 extremely tenuous atmosphere and any
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 surface material ejected into space
00:13:34 --> 00:13:37 there's also a dust analyzer another
00:13:37 --> 00:13:38 type of mass spectrometer that will
00:13:38 --> 00:13:40 measure the composition of small solid
00:13:40 --> 00:13:43 particles ejected from Europa that'll
00:13:43 --> 00:13:44 provide an opportunity to directly
00:13:44 --> 00:13:47 sample the surface and potential plumes
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 during low altitude flybys this
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 instrument is also capable of
00:13:51 --> 00:13:52 identifying traces of organic and
00:13:52 --> 00:13:56 inorganic compounds in the ice ejector
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 finally europic Clipper will use its
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 radio anten to perform additional
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 experiments and learn more about
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 europa's gravitational field you see as
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 the spacecraft performs each of its 45
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 flybys its trajectory will be subtly
00:14:09 --> 00:14:12 altered by the moon's gravity Now by
00:14:12 --> 00:14:14 sending radio signals between the Earth
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 and the moon and characterizing the
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 Doppler shift in the return signal
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 scientists should be able to create a
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 detailed characterization of the
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 spacecraft's motion and that data will
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 help determine how Europa Flexes in
00:14:26 --> 00:14:28 relation to its distance from Jupiter
00:14:28 --> 00:14:30 which in turn will reveal information
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 about the moon's internal structure and
00:14:32 --> 00:14:33 its tidal
00:14:33 --> 00:14:36 motions this report on Europa Clipper by
00:14:36 --> 00:14:40 NASA TV everywhere on Earth that there's
00:14:40 --> 00:14:44 water there's life we have several ocean
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 worlds in our solar system and by
00:14:47 --> 00:14:50 exploring Europa we're getting a taste
00:14:50 --> 00:14:52 of what these ocean worlds are like
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 Europa is one of the moons of Jupiter
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 it's about the same size as our own Moon
00:14:57 --> 00:15:00 a little bit smaller but it's so much
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 different it's an ice
00:15:02 --> 00:15:03 [Music]
00:15:03 --> 00:15:03 [Applause]
00:15:03 --> 00:15:06 [Music]
00:15:06 --> 00:15:10 World Europa probably has beneath its
00:15:10 --> 00:15:14 icy surface a global ocean of
00:15:14 --> 00:15:17 water we think there are thermal vents
00:15:17 --> 00:15:20 in this vast subsurface ocean there may
00:15:20 --> 00:15:23 be primitive organisms there similar to
00:15:23 --> 00:15:26 the original primitive organisms on
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 Earth from which we all evolved when we
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 first discovered hydrothermal vents on
00:15:30 --> 00:15:33 our seaf floors on the earth we also
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 discovered life there was no sunlight
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 that was penetrating down that deep but
00:15:37 --> 00:15:39 yet there was life living there on
00:15:39 --> 00:15:41 Europa we're not looking for life itself
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 we're just looking for an environment in
00:15:43 --> 00:15:46 which life could Thrive I just love
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 europa's surface I think it's one of the
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 most complex surfaces in our solar
00:15:50 --> 00:15:51 system typically when you look at
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 another planetary surface it's covered
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 with craters just like our moon there
00:15:55 --> 00:15:58 are very few shockingly few impact
00:15:58 --> 00:15:59 craters
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 so that means something is going on to
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 erase the craters just like happens here
00:16:04 --> 00:16:05 on Earth and on Earth we call that
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 geology one of the key questions right
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 now that we have about Europa is whether
00:16:09 --> 00:16:12 or not there is plume activity plumes
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 are one way that you can definitely get
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 Ocean material to the surface we really
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 need a spacecraft in the system that's
00:16:18 --> 00:16:20 watching Europa to see when those plumes
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 are happening if they're happening the
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 Europa Clipper Mission will be the first
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 indepth
00:16:27 --> 00:16:30 exploration of an ocean
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 World Europa Clipper is orbiting Jupiter
00:16:33 --> 00:16:36 and it's performing 49 flybys of Europa
00:16:36 --> 00:16:38 and the main reason it's doing that is
00:16:38 --> 00:16:41 to stay mostly outside of Jupiter's
00:16:41 --> 00:16:45 really intense radiation belts each time
00:16:45 --> 00:16:48 we make a flyby we turn on all of the
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 instruments at once most of us know
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 about cameras because that's what our
00:16:52 --> 00:16:55 eyes see but there is a whole slew of
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 other instruments on board Europa
00:16:57 --> 00:17:00 Clipper that expands our vision we have
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 four different instruments that we're
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 really using to take images of europa's
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 surface we have the visible wavelength
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 the near infrared the far infrared and
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 the UV the ultraviolet we're hoping to
00:17:11 --> 00:17:14 see evidence of change new cracks new
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 Surface colors uh that indicate
00:17:16 --> 00:17:17 different materials maybe have moved
00:17:17 --> 00:17:20 around or come up from the subsurface we
00:17:20 --> 00:17:23 have an instrument that can sniff the
00:17:23 --> 00:17:26 very thin atmosphere the gases and
00:17:26 --> 00:17:29 determine the composition with extreme
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 Precision we're looking for signs of
00:17:31 --> 00:17:35 Organics at Europa are there materials
00:17:35 --> 00:17:37 that contain carbon and hydrogen and
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 oxygen and nitrogen and we have another
00:17:40 --> 00:17:41 instrument that can tell us the
00:17:41 --> 00:17:44 composition of dust particles we're
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 pretty sure there are salts on europa's
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 Surface and those salts may have come
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 out of the ocean we want to understand
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 what are those salts we have a
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 magnetometer and a plasma instrument
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 that are going to be studying that
00:17:56 --> 00:17:58 magnetosphere environment that Europa is
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 sitting in and Jupiter's magnetosphere
00:18:00 --> 00:18:03 environment the magnetic field of Europa
00:18:03 --> 00:18:06 in turn can tell us about the properties
00:18:06 --> 00:18:09 of the ocean how thick is it and how
00:18:09 --> 00:18:12 salty is it and then we have this novel
00:18:12 --> 00:18:15 ice penetrating radar that will try to
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 get below the ice
00:18:17 --> 00:18:20 shell last but not least we have a
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 gravity experiment using the
00:18:22 --> 00:18:25 communication system of the spacecraft
00:18:25 --> 00:18:28 and from that we can get essentially a
00:18:28 --> 00:18:31 map of the gravity field we can get the
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 shape understand you know what's
00:18:33 --> 00:18:34 underneath maybe even get some
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 information on the depth of the ocean
00:18:36 --> 00:18:39 it's really a sophisticated payload so
00:18:39 --> 00:18:40 there really has not been a mission uh
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 like Europa Clipper the pictures that we
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 are going to get back are going to be
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 just fantastic the legacy of Europa
00:18:46 --> 00:18:49 Clipper will be just a treasure Trove of
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 knowledge about this this world just to
00:18:51 --> 00:18:54 find an environment that is similar to
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 the one from which life arose on Earth
00:18:56 --> 00:18:58 would really be groundbreaking it would
00:18:58 --> 00:19:01 be awesome I have no idea what we are
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 going to detect beneath europa's icy
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 surface but all I know is it's going to
00:19:05 --> 00:19:08 be wonderful we do this work of
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 exploration for the Next Generation we
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 don't know if Earth is the only place
00:19:13 --> 00:19:16 that life got started or if it's really
00:19:16 --> 00:19:19 common and a really important way to get
00:19:19 --> 00:19:21 at that is to understand is there life
00:19:21 --> 00:19:25 elsewhere in our solar system
00:19:25 --> 00:19:35 [Music]
00:19:35 --> 00:19:37 and in that report from Nessa TV we
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 heard from Europa Clipper project
00:19:39 --> 00:19:42 scientist Robert pepal from JPL Europa
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 Clipper Deputy project scientist Bonnie
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 buatti Europa clippa staff scientist
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 Katie craft from the John's Hopkins
00:19:48 --> 00:19:51 Applied Physics laboratory Europa clippa
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 staff scientist Aaron Leonard also from
00:19:53 --> 00:19:56 JPL and Europa Clipper investigation
00:19:56 --> 00:20:00 scientist Shan Brooks this
00:20:00 --> 00:20:15 [Music]
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 SpaceTime and time now to take another
00:20:17 --> 00:20:18 brief look at some of the other stories
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 making news and science this week with a
00:20:20 --> 00:20:23 science report new figures show that
00:20:23 --> 00:20:26 more than 47 people suffered heat
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 related deaths across Europe last year
00:20:28 --> 00:20:31 year the findings reported in the
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 journal Nature are based on a modeling
00:20:33 --> 00:20:36 study by International researchers and
00:20:36 --> 00:20:37 they claim the figures would have been
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 much higher if people didn't have
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 modern-day health care and Comforts like
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 air conditioning the authors reached
00:20:43 --> 00:20:45 their conclusions based on death data
00:20:45 --> 00:20:47 from the European statistical office
00:20:47 --> 00:20:49 that allowed them to estimate haat
00:20:49 --> 00:20:52 related deaths in 2023 across 35
00:20:52 --> 00:20:55 European countries the figures suggest
00:20:55 --> 00:20:56 that
00:20:56 --> 00:20:59 4731 12 heat related deaths may have
00:20:59 --> 00:21:01 happened between May 29th and October
00:21:01 --> 00:21:04 the 1st 2023 with the highest number of
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 heat related deaths occurring in
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 southern Europe the authors then
00:21:08 --> 00:21:09 estimated what the death rate would have
00:21:09 --> 00:21:12 been without modern day advantages that
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 suggests that the heat related death
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 rates across Europe could have been 80%
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 higher in the general population and
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 100% higher in the
00:21:22 --> 00:21:25 elderly a new study claims a mysterious
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 type of iron rich magma ined within
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 extinct volcanoes is likely to be
00:21:29 --> 00:21:32 abundant in Rare Earth elements the
00:21:32 --> 00:21:33 findings reported in the journal
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 geochemical perspectives letters could
00:21:35 --> 00:21:38 offer a new way to Source these Metals
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 Rare Earth elements are important to
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 modern society they're found in
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 everything from smartphones and flat
00:21:44 --> 00:21:47 screen TVs through to magnets trains and
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 missiles they're also vital for the
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 development of electric vehicles and
00:21:51 --> 00:21:53 Renewable Energy Technologies such as
00:21:53 --> 00:21:55 bird killing wind
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 turbines scientists have for the first
00:21:58 --> 00:22:01 time map the entire brain of trop the
00:22:01 --> 00:22:04 fruit fly a report in the journal Nature
00:22:04 --> 00:22:05 claims this new map can teach
00:22:05 --> 00:22:08 researchers about brain function the
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 authors say the fruit fly brain has
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 around 140 neurons and more than 50
00:22:12 --> 00:22:15 million connections that's around a
00:22:15 --> 00:22:17 million times fewer neurons than most
00:22:17 --> 00:22:20 human brains they say despite its size
00:22:20 --> 00:22:22 the fruitfly brain is still used for a
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 range of complex behaviors by the insect
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 and that makes it an ideal starting
00:22:26 --> 00:22:27 point to help them towards their
00:22:27 --> 00:22:30 eventual goal of mapping other species
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 including the human
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 brain there'll be a new update for
00:22:34 --> 00:22:37 Windows 11 coming out next month with
00:22:37 --> 00:22:38 the details we're joined by technology
00:22:38 --> 00:22:41 editor Alex saharov Roy from Tech advice
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 start life so this is called the windows
00:22:43 --> 00:22:48 11 24 H2 so the second half of 2024 and
00:22:48 --> 00:22:49 normally these things are not always
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 bringing new features I mean sometimes
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 they are obviously there's bug fixures
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 but this time if you have a Windows plus
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 co-pilot PC which is one of the new ones
00:22:58 --> 00:22:59 with the the chip inside that does the
00:22:59 --> 00:23:02 artificial intelligence with the neural
00:23:02 --> 00:23:05 Processing Unit you'll get new recall
00:23:05 --> 00:23:07 feature in preview which take
00:23:07 --> 00:23:08 screenshots of everything that you're
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 doing and uh allows you to search
00:23:10 --> 00:23:11 through those screenshots and actually
00:23:11 --> 00:23:12 interact with them you don't have to
00:23:12 --> 00:23:14 bring up the actual word or PDF document
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 for example you can copy and paste text
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 and copy images from it but you'll now
00:23:18 --> 00:23:19 have to have Windows hello or your
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 fingerprint or a password to enable
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 access to that nothing is much going
00:23:23 --> 00:23:26 back to Microsoft and uh there's
00:23:26 --> 00:23:27 additional features inside that
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 basically take advantage of the fact
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 that your AI chip can sit there and help
00:23:31 --> 00:23:34 you to remember things and find things
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 that a normal search cannot and you can
00:23:36 --> 00:23:39 also pause the uh recall feature if
00:23:39 --> 00:23:40 you're going to sites where you don't
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 want it to remember anything maybe your
00:23:42 --> 00:23:43 banking site for example or other sites
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 that you're on and it's supposed to give
00:23:45 --> 00:23:48 your PC a photographic memory and it's
00:23:48 --> 00:23:49 actually quite a smart idea but the way
00:23:49 --> 00:23:50 that Microsoft rolled it out at first
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 and basically promised security when
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 nobody believed Microsoft can deliver a
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 secure version of Windows naturally
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 people were a bit concerned about about
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 it and got paused and so this is meant
00:24:00 --> 00:24:02 to be coming in November one of the the
00:24:02 --> 00:24:04 big features there's also I thing called
00:24:04 --> 00:24:08 a click too feature so this is where you
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10 can take a snapshot like with the old
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 fashioned Snipping Tool but now you can
00:24:12 --> 00:24:14 blur the background or raise objects on
00:24:14 --> 00:24:16 the photo so emulating some of those
00:24:16 --> 00:24:18 Photo Magic Eraser features that we see
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 on the Samsung and Google phones and
00:24:20 --> 00:24:23 even now with iOS 18 on the Apple
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 iPhones the windows Search tool itself
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 in the past took whatever you said and
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 if I couldn't find it it didn't show you
00:24:29 --> 00:24:30 any results but everybody knows if you
00:24:30 --> 00:24:32 go to Google and misspell a word it
00:24:32 --> 00:24:33 still finds what it is you're looking
00:24:33 --> 00:24:36 for and so the internal Windows search
00:24:36 --> 00:24:38 facility will finally get this sort of
00:24:38 --> 00:24:40 fuzzy intelligence that we're used to
00:24:40 --> 00:24:43 with using search engines photos and
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 paint they're going to get more AI
00:24:45 --> 00:24:47 features AI enhancements and you can
00:24:47 --> 00:24:50 reimagine and enhance whole resolution
00:24:50 --> 00:24:53 low resolution photos like in those CSI
00:24:53 --> 00:24:54 type shows on TV where they're improving
00:24:54 --> 00:24:56 the resolution of someone's number plate
00:24:56 --> 00:24:57 way off in the distance well you'll get
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 similar all sorts of capabilities you
00:24:59 --> 00:25:01 can reportedly increase the resolution
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 by up to eight times with a little
00:25:03 --> 00:25:05 slider and the new processing unit will
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 do that task for you so they're really
00:25:07 --> 00:25:10 trying to make you feel like your PC
00:25:10 --> 00:25:12 without AI features is going to be old
00:25:12 --> 00:25:14 they want you to upgrade and uh no
00:25:14 --> 00:25:15 surprise there everyone's doing the same
00:25:15 --> 00:25:18 thing my Apple the Mac OS seoa now has a
00:25:18 --> 00:25:20 bunch of AI features built in the Google
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 phones are all coming with Gemini which
00:25:22 --> 00:25:24 is their version of AI and the the use
00:25:24 --> 00:25:26 cases are coming out quick and fast but
00:25:26 --> 00:25:28 still for most people who haven't used
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 it yet they still sort of yet to try it
00:25:30 --> 00:25:32 and see the well for themselves but
00:25:32 --> 00:25:34 pretty soon every device will just come
00:25:34 --> 00:25:36 with AI standard and we'll have the prei
00:25:36 --> 00:25:39 era and post AI era and we're firmly
00:25:39 --> 00:25:41 into that now and all the companies want
00:25:41 --> 00:25:42 your job great but of course if you wait
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 until next year you get even better PC
00:25:44 --> 00:25:45 smartphones and tablets with even better
00:25:45 --> 00:25:47 AI feature I had an interesting
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 experience day before yesterday I was uh
00:25:49 --> 00:25:52 organizing an interview and via email
00:25:52 --> 00:25:53 and in the email one line I said was
00:25:54 --> 00:25:55 I'll give you all the details in the
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 attachment that was all I said and I was
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 just about to send the off and then
00:25:59 --> 00:26:01 Outlook reminded me you haven't added
00:26:01 --> 00:26:03 your attachment yet so it was obviously
00:26:03 --> 00:26:05 watching what I was doing no look yes or
00:26:05 --> 00:26:08 no I mean I've seen Google do that as
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 well and the trigger is the word
00:26:10 --> 00:26:11 attachment I have an attachment and then
00:26:12 --> 00:26:13 if the email program sees well hang on
00:26:13 --> 00:26:15 there's no attachment attached to this
00:26:15 --> 00:26:17 email I mean it says well hey hang on
00:26:17 --> 00:26:18 you mentioned an attachment in your
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 email but you haven't sent one I don't
00:26:20 --> 00:26:21 think it's actually going through your
00:26:21 --> 00:26:24 email and look I I I didn't mind because
00:26:24 --> 00:26:26 I had forgotten to add the attachment
00:26:26 --> 00:26:28 but it was still disconcerting for me I
00:26:28 --> 00:26:29 guess it's going to become a lot more
00:26:29 --> 00:26:30 disconcerting in the future when your
00:26:30 --> 00:26:32 computer actually is reading and
00:26:32 --> 00:26:33 understanding what it is you're saying
00:26:33 --> 00:26:34 at the moment it's just a trigger for
00:26:35 --> 00:26:36 the word attachment and and it's like
00:26:36 --> 00:26:37 it's like a new fense statement you know
00:26:37 --> 00:26:39 if the user said attachment and there's
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 no actual attachment file you know
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 attached to this email then send a
00:26:43 --> 00:26:45 little popup to the user and I've seen
00:26:45 --> 00:26:47 that for the last few years on Gmail and
00:26:47 --> 00:26:48 I haven't been using notbook for a long
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 time because I just I defected to Gmail
00:26:50 --> 00:26:52 hav't been very happy ever since but uh
00:26:52 --> 00:26:53 it's nice to hear that the Outlook has
00:26:53 --> 00:26:55 finally caught up and it's offering this
00:26:55 --> 00:26:57 as a useful service that's Alex Sahara
00:26:57 --> 00:27:01 Ro from Tech advice start
00:27:01 --> 00:27:14 [Music]
00:27:14 --> 00:27:17 life and that's the show for now
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