00:00:00 --> 00:00:04 this is spacetime series 27 episode 122
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 will broadcast on the 9th of October
00:00:06 --> 00:00:10 2024 coming up on SpaceTime the sun
00:00:10 --> 00:00:12 unleashes its most powerful solar flare
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 in more than a decade a new study shows
00:00:15 --> 00:00:17 that dwarf planet series may have once
00:00:17 --> 00:00:20 been an ocean world and NASA's European
00:00:20 --> 00:00:22 Clipper Mission slated for launch
00:00:22 --> 00:00:26 tomorrow all that and more coming up on
00:00:26 --> 00:00:30 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:30 --> 00:00:31 Stewart
00:00:31 --> 00:00:38 [Music]
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 Gary the sun has just emitted its most
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 powerful solar flare in more than a
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 decade it was one of a pair of solar
00:00:53 --> 00:00:56 flares that erupted just 2 days apart
00:00:56 --> 00:00:57 which were the most powerful in the
00:00:57 --> 00:01:00 current solar cycle the big was a
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 spectacular X 9.1 class event which it
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 closed to the top of the energy scale
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 and it h a coronal mass ejection
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 directly towards the Earth the powerful
00:01:10 --> 00:01:14 blast was generated by the same AR 3842
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 Sunspot Group which had earlier launched
00:01:16 --> 00:01:19 an x7.1 class flare the second strongest
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 solar flare of the current solar cycle
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 both were detected by NASA's Solar
00:01:24 --> 00:01:28 Dynamics Observatory spacecraft the x7.1
00:01:28 --> 00:01:29 class event hit the Earth on octo
00:01:29 --> 00:01:32 October the 4th is a mild Halo chronal
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 mass ejection and the more powerful
00:01:34 --> 00:01:37 x99.1 blast hit on October the 6th the
00:01:37 --> 00:01:40 Dual impact spark strong G3 class
00:01:40 --> 00:01:43 geomagnetic storms with auroral activity
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 reaching mid latitudes radiation from
00:01:46 --> 00:01:48 the flares ionized the top of Earth's
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 atmosphere causing deep shortwave radio
00:01:50 --> 00:01:53 blackouts solar flares a powerful burst
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 of energy flung out into space as
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 magnetic field lines from deep inside
00:01:57 --> 00:02:00 the Sun erupt out above the Sun surface
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 along sunspots and then snap releasing
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 energy in the process these events
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 classification as x-class flares
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 indicate that the most intense type of
00:02:09 --> 00:02:12 solar flare that's produced while the
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 numbers provide more information about
00:02:14 --> 00:02:16 their strength solar flares are
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 classified on a logarithmic scale
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 similar to earthquakes and tornadoes if
00:02:21 --> 00:02:22 the events are strong enough and these
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 two were they can drag solar plasma and
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 magnetic field into space with them
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30 that's a coronal mass ejection the space
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 weather events known as geomagnetic
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 storms can damage even destroy
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 spacecraft or at least they can shorten
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 their lives by causing the Earth's
00:02:38 --> 00:02:40 atmosphere to expand and that increases
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 atmospheric drag on the spacecraft that
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 causes orbital Decay forcing the
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 satellites to use up more of their
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 Reserve fuel in order to maintain an
00:02:48 --> 00:02:51 operational orbit geomagnetic storms can
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 also disrupt Communications and
00:02:53 --> 00:02:56 navigation systems they black out power
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 grids On The Ground by overloading
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 Transformers and they can increase
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 radiation levels for astronauts and even
00:03:02 --> 00:03:05 people in high altitude aircraft of
00:03:05 --> 00:03:06 course on the plus side they cause
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 spectacular Aurora light displays
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 usually at higher latitudes as the
00:03:11 --> 00:03:12 charged particles they bring travel
00:03:12 --> 00:03:14 along the Earth's magnetic field lines
00:03:14 --> 00:03:16 and excite atoms and molecules in the
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 atmosphere triggering the Aurora
00:03:18 --> 00:03:21 Borealis and Aurora aralis the northern
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 and southern lights our Sun's currently
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 experiencing a massive increase in solar
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 activity as it moves towards the climax
00:03:28 --> 00:03:31 of its 11 years solar cycle the current
00:03:31 --> 00:03:35 solar cycle number 25 began in 2019 and
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 should reach solar maximum that's the
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 climax of the cycle sometime in the next
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 year or so at which point the sun's
00:03:41 --> 00:03:44 magnetic poles will quite literally flip
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 polarity with the North Pole becoming
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 South and the South Pole north that
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51 won't be the end of the solar storms but
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 gradually over time they will start to
00:03:53 --> 00:03:55 decrease again until they reach solar
00:03:55 --> 00:03:59 minimum sometime around 2030 needless to
00:03:59 --> 00:04:02 say will will keep you informed this is
00:04:02 --> 00:04:05 spacetime still to come a new study
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 claims the dwarf planet series May once
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 have being in an ocean World although
00:04:09 --> 00:04:12 probably a somewhat muddy one and NASA's
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 Europa Clipper mission of the Jian ice
00:04:14 --> 00:04:17 Moon slated for launch tomorrow all that
00:04:17 --> 00:04:21 and more still to come on SpaceTime
00:04:21 --> 00:04:35 [Music]
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 a new study claims the dwarf planet
00:04:37 --> 00:04:40 series May once have been an ocean world
00:04:40 --> 00:04:43 that slowly morphed into a giant muddy
00:04:43 --> 00:04:47 icy orb since it's the discovery in 1801
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 astronomers and planetary scientists
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 have ped the makeup of this distant
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 Frozen World which is the largest spot
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 in the main asteroid built between Mars
00:04:55 --> 00:04:59 and Jupiter the 950 km wide dwarf planet
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 has surface features like volcanoes
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 landslides and Glaciers and a heavily
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 battered and dimpled surface covered
00:05:06 --> 00:05:09 with impact graters and that suggests
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 the W hasn't been resurfaced in recent
00:05:11 --> 00:05:13 history and therefore it could have been
00:05:13 --> 00:05:17 very icy in the past however a new study
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 reported in the journal Nature astronomy
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 suggests that Series has a rather dirty
00:05:21 --> 00:05:24 icy crust meaning it may once have been
00:05:24 --> 00:05:28 an ocean world if a somewhat muddy one
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 the findings are based on computer
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 simulations which examined how crators
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 on series deformed over billions of
00:05:34 --> 00:05:37 years one of the studies authors Mike
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 Sor from puru University says there
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 appears to have been lots of water ice
00:05:41 --> 00:05:44 near sir surface and that it appears to
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 get gradually less icy the deeper and
00:05:46 --> 00:05:49 deeper you go sari says people used to
00:05:49 --> 00:05:51 think that if siries was very icy the
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 creators would deform quickly over time
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 like glaciers flowing on Earth or like
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 gooey flowing honey however these new
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 simulation have shown that ice can be
00:06:01 --> 00:06:03 much stronger in conditions on series
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 than previously predicted if you mix in
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 just a little bit of solid rock the
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 team's discover is contradictory to the
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 previous belief that series was
00:06:11 --> 00:06:14 relatively dry the common assumption was
00:06:14 --> 00:06:17 series was less than 30% ice but s's
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 team now believes the surface is
00:06:19 --> 00:06:23 actually more like 90% ice s says series
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 used to be an ocean world like Europa
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 the Jovian ice Moon which contains a
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 global subsurface liquid water ocean
00:06:29 --> 00:06:32 bene its frozen crust however series had
00:06:32 --> 00:06:35 a dirty muddy ocean as that muddy ocean
00:06:36 --> 00:06:39 froze over time it created an icy crust
00:06:39 --> 00:06:40 with a little bit of Rocky material
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 trapped in it now even solids will flow
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 over long time scales and Ice flows more
00:06:46 --> 00:06:49 readily than Rock craters have deep
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 bowls which produce high stress levels
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 and then relax to a lower stress State
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 resulting in a shallower bowl thanks to
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 a solid state flow so the conclusion
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 after Nas's Dawn
00:07:00 --> 00:07:01 was that due to the lack of relaxed
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 shallow craters the crust couldn't be
00:07:03 --> 00:07:06 very icy however the new computer
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 simulations account for a new way the
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 ice can flow with only a little bit of
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 non ice material mixed in and that would
00:07:12 --> 00:07:15 allow a very icer crust to barely flow
00:07:15 --> 00:07:18 even over billions of years and in that
00:07:18 --> 00:07:20 way you could end up with an ice Rich
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 series that still matches the observed
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 lack of crater
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 relaxation to reach their conclusions
00:07:27 --> 00:07:28 the authors tested different crustal
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 structures and they simulations they
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 found that gravitational crust with a
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 high ice content near the surface that
00:07:35 --> 00:07:38 grades down to lower ice with depth was
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 the best way to limit relaxation of
00:07:40 --> 00:07:44 Syrian craters back in September 2007
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 NASA launched the dawn mission to visit
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 series and another mainbuilt asteroid
00:07:48 --> 00:07:51 called Vesta it was the first spacecraft
00:07:51 --> 00:07:54 to go into sustained orbits around two
00:07:54 --> 00:07:57 separate extraterrestrial destinations
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 Dawn arrived at Series in 2015 and
00:08:00 --> 00:08:01 remained in orbit studying the dwarf
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 planet until 2018 the authors used
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 multile observations made by Ador to
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 provide the data they needed for their
00:08:08 --> 00:08:11 simulations different surface features
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 such as pets domes and landslides all
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 suggest that the near subsurface of
00:08:15 --> 00:08:18 series contains lots of ice and
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 spectroscopic data also shows that there
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 should be ice beneath the regolith on
00:08:22 --> 00:08:25 the dwarf planet and gravity data yields
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 a density value near that of ice
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 specifically ice loaded with with
00:08:29 --> 00:08:32 impurities the authors also took a
00:08:32 --> 00:08:33 topographical profile of an actual
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 complex crater on series and used it to
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 construct the geometry for some of their
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 simulations Sor says it all points to
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 the dwarf planet having once been a
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 frozen ocean World pretty close in many
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 characteristics other than size to the
00:08:49 --> 00:08:50 planet Earth
00:08:50 --> 00:08:54 itself this is spacetime still to come
00:08:54 --> 00:08:57 NASA's Europa Clipper mission seled for
00:08:57 --> 00:09:00 launch to the Jian ice moon tomorrow and
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 later in the science report researchers
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 have for the first time mapped the
00:09:04 --> 00:09:07 entire brain of tropus the fruit fly all
00:09:07 --> 00:09:12 that and more still to come on
00:09:12 --> 00:09:24 [Music]
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 SpaceTime NASA's Europa Clipper mission
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 is sled for launch to the Jovian is moon
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 during a 21-day launch window which
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 opens tomorrow the
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 3 kg spacecraft is the largest
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 planetary Mission ever undertaken by the
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 space agency it launched from the
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 Kennedy Space Center in Florida a a
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 SpaceX Falcon heavy rocket comprising
00:09:46 --> 00:09:49 three Falcon 9 cor stages mounted side
00:09:49 --> 00:09:52 by side if all goes well the spacecraft
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 will reach the Jovian system in April
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 2030 on board will be nine science
00:09:57 --> 00:10:00 instruments designed to understand the
00:10:00 --> 00:10:03 nature of this 3 km wide Frozen
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 world and the global liquid ocean
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 beneath its icy crust the mission is
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 designed to help scientists better
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 understand the potential for life on
00:10:12 --> 00:10:15 other worlds its instruments include a
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 mapping Imaging infrared spectrometer
00:10:17 --> 00:10:20 that'll map IES salts and Organics as
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 well as warm spots on Europa that could
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 be suggesting habitability it'll also
00:10:24 --> 00:10:27 reveal how material is exchanged between
00:10:27 --> 00:10:30 the Surface ice and the ocean below
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 there's a tetracorder which will provide
00:10:32 --> 00:10:35 rapid analysis of europa's composition a
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 thermal emissions Imaging system will
00:10:37 --> 00:10:38 map the temperature and texture of
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 youropa surface looking for clues about
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 activity such as icy geyes and regions
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 where the moon suspected ocean may be
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 nearer the surface there's an
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 UltraViolet spectrograph which will
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 study europa's atmospheric and surface
00:10:51 --> 00:10:54 composition it'll provide special focus
00:10:54 --> 00:10:55 on the plumes that may be erupting from
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 the ocean beneath the ice its
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 measurements are especially sensitive to
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 detecting Vapor plumes that could be
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 difficult to spot using other techniques
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 the instrument will also study
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 interactions between europa's thin
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 atmosphere and charged particles in
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 space these interactions can make
00:11:12 --> 00:11:15 europa's atmosphere glow in ultraviolet
00:11:15 --> 00:11:18 very much like auror on Earth then
00:11:18 --> 00:11:20 there's the Europa Imaging system it'll
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 use visible light cameras to generate
00:11:22 --> 00:11:25 high resolution maps of europa's surface
00:11:25 --> 00:11:27 covering about 90% of its surface at 100
00:11:27 --> 00:11:30 m per pixel that a equates to six times
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 more of Europa surface and five times
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 better resolution than has ever been
00:11:34 --> 00:11:37 captured before and when the spacecraft
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 makes a close flyby of Europa the
00:11:39 --> 00:11:40 instrument will produce images with a
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 resolution 100 times better its
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 three-dimensional views will also allow
00:11:45 --> 00:11:47 scientist to measure surface Heights and
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 its color images will provide
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 information about europa's surface
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 material another part of the spacecraft
00:11:53 --> 00:11:56 scientific package is a dual frequency
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 ice penetrating radar instrument it'll
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 characterize and sound europa's icy
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 crust from near the surface right down
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 to the ocean in the process revealing
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 the hidden structure of europa's ice
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 shell and potential water Pockets within
00:12:08 --> 00:12:11 it it'll also probe the exosphere the
00:12:11 --> 00:12:13 surface and near surface and the full
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 depth of the ice shell itself right down
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 to the ice ocean interface which could
00:12:17 --> 00:12:20 be up to 30 km deep the Europa Clipper
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 magnetometer will be used to
00:12:22 --> 00:12:23 characterize magnetic fields around
00:12:23 --> 00:12:26 Europa using three magnetic flux Gates
00:12:26 --> 00:12:28 placed along an 8 m boom which will be
00:12:28 --> 00:12:29 stowed during the launch and then
00:12:29 --> 00:12:33 deployed Once In Flight by studying the
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 strength and orientation of europa's
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 magnetic field over multiple flybys
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 scientists hope to be able to confirm
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 the existence of europa's subsurface
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 ocean as well as characterize the
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 thickness of its icy crust and it
00:12:45 --> 00:12:47 measure the water's depth and solinity
00:12:48 --> 00:12:49 there's a plasma magnetic sounding
00:12:49 --> 00:12:52 instrument aboard as well it'll measure
00:12:52 --> 00:12:54 plasma to characterize the magnetic
00:12:54 --> 00:12:57 fields generated by plasma currents
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 these plasma currents match the magnetic
00:12:59 --> 00:13:00 induction response of europa's
00:13:00 --> 00:13:03 subsurface ocean and in conjunction with
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 the magnetometer it'll be key to
00:13:05 --> 00:13:07 determining europa's eye shell thickness
00:13:07 --> 00:13:10 ocean depth and solinity it'll also Pro
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 the mechanisms responsible for
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 weathering and releasing material from
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 Europa surface into the atmosphere and
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 ionosphere and understand how Europa
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 influences its surrounding space
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 environment and Jupiter's
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 magnetosphere there's a mass
00:13:24 --> 00:13:25 spectrometer that will determine the
00:13:25 --> 00:13:27 composition of the surface and
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 subsurface ocean by measuring europa's
00:13:29 --> 00:13:32 extremely tenuous atmosphere and any
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 surface material ejected into space
00:13:34 --> 00:13:37 there's also a dust analyzer another
00:13:37 --> 00:13:38 type of mass spectrometer that will
00:13:38 --> 00:13:40 measure the composition of small solid
00:13:40 --> 00:13:43 particles ejected from Europa that'll
00:13:43 --> 00:13:44 provide an opportunity to directly
00:13:44 --> 00:13:47 sample the surface and potential plumes
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 during low altitude flybys this
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 instrument is also capable of
00:13:51 --> 00:13:52 identifying traces of organic and
00:13:52 --> 00:13:56 inorganic compounds in the ice ejector
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 finally europic Clipper will use its
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 radio anten to perform additional
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 experiments and learn more about
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 europa's gravitational field you see as
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 the spacecraft performs each of its 45
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 flybys its trajectory will be subtly
00:14:09 --> 00:14:12 altered by the moon's gravity Now by
00:14:12 --> 00:14:14 sending radio signals between the Earth
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 and the moon and characterizing the
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 Doppler shift in the return signal
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 scientists should be able to create a
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 detailed characterization of the
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 spacecraft's motion and that data will
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 help determine how Europa Flexes in
00:14:26 --> 00:14:28 relation to its distance from Jupiter
00:14:28 --> 00:14:30 which in turn will reveal information
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 about the moon's internal structure and
00:14:32 --> 00:14:33 its tidal
00:14:33 --> 00:14:36 motions this report on Europa Clipper by
00:14:36 --> 00:14:40 NASA TV everywhere on Earth that there's
00:14:40 --> 00:14:44 water there's life we have several ocean
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 worlds in our solar system and by
00:14:47 --> 00:14:50 exploring Europa we're getting a taste
00:14:50 --> 00:14:52 of what these ocean worlds are like
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 Europa is one of the moons of Jupiter
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 it's about the same size as our own Moon
00:14:57 --> 00:15:00 a little bit smaller but it's so much
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 different it's an ice
00:15:02 --> 00:15:03 [Music]
00:15:03 --> 00:15:03 [Applause]
00:15:03 --> 00:15:06 [Music]
00:15:06 --> 00:15:10 World Europa probably has beneath its
00:15:10 --> 00:15:14 icy surface a global ocean of
00:15:14 --> 00:15:17 water we think there are thermal vents
00:15:17 --> 00:15:20 in this vast subsurface ocean there may
00:15:20 --> 00:15:23 be primitive organisms there similar to
00:15:23 --> 00:15:26 the original primitive organisms on
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 Earth from which we all evolved when we
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 first discovered hydrothermal vents on
00:15:30 --> 00:15:33 our seaf floors on the earth we also
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 discovered life there was no sunlight
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 that was penetrating down that deep but
00:15:37 --> 00:15:39 yet there was life living there on
00:15:39 --> 00:15:41 Europa we're not looking for life itself
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 we're just looking for an environment in
00:15:43 --> 00:15:46 which life could Thrive I just love
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 europa's surface I think it's one of the
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 most complex surfaces in our solar
00:15:50 --> 00:15:51 system typically when you look at
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 another planetary surface it's covered
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 with craters just like our moon there
00:15:55 --> 00:15:58 are very few shockingly few impact
00:15:58 --> 00:15:59 craters
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 so that means something is going on to
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 erase the craters just like happens here
00:16:04 --> 00:16:05 on Earth and on Earth we call that
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 geology one of the key questions right
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 now that we have about Europa is whether
00:16:09 --> 00:16:12 or not there is plume activity plumes
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 are one way that you can definitely get
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 Ocean material to the surface we really
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 need a spacecraft in the system that's
00:16:18 --> 00:16:20 watching Europa to see when those plumes
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 are happening if they're happening the
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 Europa Clipper Mission will be the first
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 indepth
00:16:27 --> 00:16:30 exploration of an ocean
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 World Europa Clipper is orbiting Jupiter
00:16:33 --> 00:16:36 and it's performing 49 flybys of Europa
00:16:36 --> 00:16:38 and the main reason it's doing that is
00:16:38 --> 00:16:41 to stay mostly outside of Jupiter's
00:16:41 --> 00:16:45 really intense radiation belts each time
00:16:45 --> 00:16:48 we make a flyby we turn on all of the
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 instruments at once most of us know
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 about cameras because that's what our
00:16:52 --> 00:16:55 eyes see but there is a whole slew of
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 other instruments on board Europa
00:16:57 --> 00:17:00 Clipper that expands our vision we have
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 four different instruments that we're
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 really using to take images of europa's
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 surface we have the visible wavelength
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 the near infrared the far infrared and
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 the UV the ultraviolet we're hoping to
00:17:11 --> 00:17:14 see evidence of change new cracks new
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 Surface colors uh that indicate
00:17:16 --> 00:17:17 different materials maybe have moved
00:17:17 --> 00:17:20 around or come up from the subsurface we
00:17:20 --> 00:17:23 have an instrument that can sniff the
00:17:23 --> 00:17:26 very thin atmosphere the gases and
00:17:26 --> 00:17:29 determine the composition with extreme
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 Precision we're looking for signs of
00:17:31 --> 00:17:35 Organics at Europa are there materials
00:17:35 --> 00:17:37 that contain carbon and hydrogen and
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 oxygen and nitrogen and we have another
00:17:40 --> 00:17:41 instrument that can tell us the
00:17:41 --> 00:17:44 composition of dust particles we're
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 pretty sure there are salts on europa's
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 Surface and those salts may have come
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 out of the ocean we want to understand
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 what are those salts we have a
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 magnetometer and a plasma instrument
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 that are going to be studying that
00:17:56 --> 00:17:58 magnetosphere environment that Europa is
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 sitting in and Jupiter's magnetosphere
00:18:00 --> 00:18:03 environment the magnetic field of Europa
00:18:03 --> 00:18:06 in turn can tell us about the properties
00:18:06 --> 00:18:09 of the ocean how thick is it and how
00:18:09 --> 00:18:12 salty is it and then we have this novel
00:18:12 --> 00:18:15 ice penetrating radar that will try to
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 get below the ice
00:18:17 --> 00:18:20 shell last but not least we have a
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 gravity experiment using the
00:18:22 --> 00:18:25 communication system of the spacecraft
00:18:25 --> 00:18:28 and from that we can get essentially a
00:18:28 --> 00:18:31 map of the gravity field we can get the
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 shape understand you know what's
00:18:33 --> 00:18:34 underneath maybe even get some
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 information on the depth of the ocean
00:18:36 --> 00:18:39 it's really a sophisticated payload so
00:18:39 --> 00:18:40 there really has not been a mission uh
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 like Europa Clipper the pictures that we
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 are going to get back are going to be
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 just fantastic the legacy of Europa
00:18:46 --> 00:18:49 Clipper will be just a treasure Trove of
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 knowledge about this this world just to
00:18:51 --> 00:18:54 find an environment that is similar to
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 the one from which life arose on Earth
00:18:56 --> 00:18:58 would really be groundbreaking it would
00:18:58 --> 00:19:01 be awesome I have no idea what we are
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 going to detect beneath europa's icy
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 surface but all I know is it's going to
00:19:05 --> 00:19:08 be wonderful we do this work of
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 exploration for the Next Generation we
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 don't know if Earth is the only place
00:19:13 --> 00:19:16 that life got started or if it's really
00:19:16 --> 00:19:19 common and a really important way to get
00:19:19 --> 00:19:21 at that is to understand is there life
00:19:21 --> 00:19:25 elsewhere in our solar system
00:19:25 --> 00:19:35 [Music]
00:19:35 --> 00:19:37 and in that report from Nessa TV we
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 heard from Europa Clipper project
00:19:39 --> 00:19:42 scientist Robert pepal from JPL Europa
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 Clipper Deputy project scientist Bonnie
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 buatti Europa clippa staff scientist
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 Katie craft from the John's Hopkins
00:19:48 --> 00:19:51 Applied Physics laboratory Europa clippa
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 staff scientist Aaron Leonard also from
00:19:53 --> 00:19:56 JPL and Europa Clipper investigation
00:19:56 --> 00:20:00 scientist Shan Brooks this
00:20:00 --> 00:20:15 [Music]
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 SpaceTime and time now to take another
00:20:17 --> 00:20:18 brief look at some of the other stories
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 making news and science this week with a
00:20:20 --> 00:20:23 science report new figures show that
00:20:23 --> 00:20:26 more than 47 people suffered heat
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 related deaths across Europe last year
00:20:28 --> 00:20:31 year the findings reported in the
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 journal Nature are based on a modeling
00:20:33 --> 00:20:36 study by International researchers and
00:20:36 --> 00:20:37 they claim the figures would have been
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 much higher if people didn't have
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 modern-day health care and Comforts like
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 air conditioning the authors reached
00:20:43 --> 00:20:45 their conclusions based on death data
00:20:45 --> 00:20:47 from the European statistical office
00:20:47 --> 00:20:49 that allowed them to estimate haat
00:20:49 --> 00:20:52 related deaths in 2023 across 35
00:20:52 --> 00:20:55 European countries the figures suggest
00:20:55 --> 00:20:56 that
00:20:56 --> 00:20:59 4731 12 heat related deaths may have
00:20:59 --> 00:21:01 happened between May 29th and October
00:21:01 --> 00:21:04 the 1st 2023 with the highest number of
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 heat related deaths occurring in
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 southern Europe the authors then
00:21:08 --> 00:21:09 estimated what the death rate would have
00:21:09 --> 00:21:12 been without modern day advantages that
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 suggests that the heat related death
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 rates across Europe could have been 80%
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 higher in the general population and
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 100% higher in the
00:21:22 --> 00:21:25 elderly a new study claims a mysterious
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 type of iron rich magma ined within
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 extinct volcanoes is likely to be
00:21:29 --> 00:21:32 abundant in Rare Earth elements the
00:21:32 --> 00:21:33 findings reported in the journal
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 geochemical perspectives letters could
00:21:35 --> 00:21:38 offer a new way to Source these Metals
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 Rare Earth elements are important to
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 modern society they're found in
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 everything from smartphones and flat
00:21:44 --> 00:21:47 screen TVs through to magnets trains and
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 missiles they're also vital for the
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 development of electric vehicles and
00:21:51 --> 00:21:53 Renewable Energy Technologies such as
00:21:53 --> 00:21:55 bird killing wind
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 turbines scientists have for the first
00:21:58 --> 00:22:01 time map the entire brain of trop the
00:22:01 --> 00:22:04 fruit fly a report in the journal Nature
00:22:04 --> 00:22:05 claims this new map can teach
00:22:05 --> 00:22:08 researchers about brain function the
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 authors say the fruit fly brain has
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 around 140 neurons and more than 50
00:22:12 --> 00:22:15 million connections that's around a
00:22:15 --> 00:22:17 million times fewer neurons than most
00:22:17 --> 00:22:20 human brains they say despite its size
00:22:20 --> 00:22:22 the fruitfly brain is still used for a
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 range of complex behaviors by the insect
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 and that makes it an ideal starting
00:22:26 --> 00:22:27 point to help them towards their
00:22:27 --> 00:22:30 eventual goal of mapping other species
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 including the human
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 brain there'll be a new update for
00:22:34 --> 00:22:37 Windows 11 coming out next month with
00:22:37 --> 00:22:38 the details we're joined by technology
00:22:38 --> 00:22:41 editor Alex saharov Roy from Tech advice
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 start life so this is called the windows
00:22:43 --> 00:22:48 11 24 H2 so the second half of 2024 and
00:22:48 --> 00:22:49 normally these things are not always
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 bringing new features I mean sometimes
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 they are obviously there's bug fixures
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 but this time if you have a Windows plus
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 co-pilot PC which is one of the new ones
00:22:58 --> 00:22:59 with the the chip inside that does the
00:22:59 --> 00:23:02 artificial intelligence with the neural
00:23:02 --> 00:23:05 Processing Unit you'll get new recall
00:23:05 --> 00:23:07 feature in preview which take
00:23:07 --> 00:23:08 screenshots of everything that you're
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 doing and uh allows you to search
00:23:10 --> 00:23:11 through those screenshots and actually
00:23:11 --> 00:23:12 interact with them you don't have to
00:23:12 --> 00:23:14 bring up the actual word or PDF document
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 for example you can copy and paste text
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 and copy images from it but you'll now
00:23:18 --> 00:23:19 have to have Windows hello or your
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 fingerprint or a password to enable
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 access to that nothing is much going
00:23:23 --> 00:23:26 back to Microsoft and uh there's
00:23:26 --> 00:23:27 additional features inside that
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 basically take advantage of the fact
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 that your AI chip can sit there and help
00:23:31 --> 00:23:34 you to remember things and find things
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 that a normal search cannot and you can
00:23:36 --> 00:23:39 also pause the uh recall feature if
00:23:39 --> 00:23:40 you're going to sites where you don't
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 want it to remember anything maybe your
00:23:42 --> 00:23:43 banking site for example or other sites
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 that you're on and it's supposed to give
00:23:45 --> 00:23:48 your PC a photographic memory and it's
00:23:48 --> 00:23:49 actually quite a smart idea but the way
00:23:49 --> 00:23:50 that Microsoft rolled it out at first
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 and basically promised security when
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 nobody believed Microsoft can deliver a
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 secure version of Windows naturally
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 people were a bit concerned about about
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 it and got paused and so this is meant
00:24:00 --> 00:24:02 to be coming in November one of the the
00:24:02 --> 00:24:04 big features there's also I thing called
00:24:04 --> 00:24:08 a click too feature so this is where you
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10 can take a snapshot like with the old
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 fashioned Snipping Tool but now you can
00:24:12 --> 00:24:14 blur the background or raise objects on
00:24:14 --> 00:24:16 the photo so emulating some of those
00:24:16 --> 00:24:18 Photo Magic Eraser features that we see
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 on the Samsung and Google phones and
00:24:20 --> 00:24:23 even now with iOS 18 on the Apple
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 iPhones the windows Search tool itself
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 in the past took whatever you said and
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 if I couldn't find it it didn't show you
00:24:29 --> 00:24:30 any results but everybody knows if you
00:24:30 --> 00:24:32 go to Google and misspell a word it
00:24:32 --> 00:24:33 still finds what it is you're looking
00:24:33 --> 00:24:36 for and so the internal Windows search
00:24:36 --> 00:24:38 facility will finally get this sort of
00:24:38 --> 00:24:40 fuzzy intelligence that we're used to
00:24:40 --> 00:24:43 with using search engines photos and
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 paint they're going to get more AI
00:24:45 --> 00:24:47 features AI enhancements and you can
00:24:47 --> 00:24:50 reimagine and enhance whole resolution
00:24:50 --> 00:24:53 low resolution photos like in those CSI
00:24:53 --> 00:24:54 type shows on TV where they're improving
00:24:54 --> 00:24:56 the resolution of someone's number plate
00:24:56 --> 00:24:57 way off in the distance well you'll get
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 similar all sorts of capabilities you
00:24:59 --> 00:25:01 can reportedly increase the resolution
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 by up to eight times with a little
00:25:03 --> 00:25:05 slider and the new processing unit will
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 do that task for you so they're really
00:25:07 --> 00:25:10 trying to make you feel like your PC
00:25:10 --> 00:25:12 without AI features is going to be old
00:25:12 --> 00:25:14 they want you to upgrade and uh no
00:25:14 --> 00:25:15 surprise there everyone's doing the same
00:25:15 --> 00:25:18 thing my Apple the Mac OS seoa now has a
00:25:18 --> 00:25:20 bunch of AI features built in the Google
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 phones are all coming with Gemini which
00:25:22 --> 00:25:24 is their version of AI and the the use
00:25:24 --> 00:25:26 cases are coming out quick and fast but
00:25:26 --> 00:25:28 still for most people who haven't used
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 it yet they still sort of yet to try it
00:25:30 --> 00:25:32 and see the well for themselves but
00:25:32 --> 00:25:34 pretty soon every device will just come
00:25:34 --> 00:25:36 with AI standard and we'll have the prei
00:25:36 --> 00:25:39 era and post AI era and we're firmly
00:25:39 --> 00:25:41 into that now and all the companies want
00:25:41 --> 00:25:42 your job great but of course if you wait
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 until next year you get even better PC
00:25:44 --> 00:25:45 smartphones and tablets with even better
00:25:45 --> 00:25:47 AI feature I had an interesting
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 experience day before yesterday I was uh
00:25:49 --> 00:25:52 organizing an interview and via email
00:25:52 --> 00:25:53 and in the email one line I said was
00:25:54 --> 00:25:55 I'll give you all the details in the
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 attachment that was all I said and I was
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 just about to send the off and then
00:25:59 --> 00:26:01 Outlook reminded me you haven't added
00:26:01 --> 00:26:03 your attachment yet so it was obviously
00:26:03 --> 00:26:05 watching what I was doing no look yes or
00:26:05 --> 00:26:08 no I mean I've seen Google do that as
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 well and the trigger is the word
00:26:10 --> 00:26:11 attachment I have an attachment and then
00:26:12 --> 00:26:13 if the email program sees well hang on
00:26:13 --> 00:26:15 there's no attachment attached to this
00:26:15 --> 00:26:17 email I mean it says well hey hang on
00:26:17 --> 00:26:18 you mentioned an attachment in your
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 email but you haven't sent one I don't
00:26:20 --> 00:26:21 think it's actually going through your
00:26:21 --> 00:26:24 email and look I I I didn't mind because
00:26:24 --> 00:26:26 I had forgotten to add the attachment
00:26:26 --> 00:26:28 but it was still disconcerting for me I
00:26:28 --> 00:26:29 guess it's going to become a lot more
00:26:29 --> 00:26:30 disconcerting in the future when your
00:26:30 --> 00:26:32 computer actually is reading and
00:26:32 --> 00:26:33 understanding what it is you're saying
00:26:33 --> 00:26:34 at the moment it's just a trigger for
00:26:35 --> 00:26:36 the word attachment and and it's like
00:26:36 --> 00:26:37 it's like a new fense statement you know
00:26:37 --> 00:26:39 if the user said attachment and there's
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 no actual attachment file you know
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 attached to this email then send a
00:26:43 --> 00:26:45 little popup to the user and I've seen
00:26:45 --> 00:26:47 that for the last few years on Gmail and
00:26:47 --> 00:26:48 I haven't been using notbook for a long
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 time because I just I defected to Gmail
00:26:50 --> 00:26:52 hav't been very happy ever since but uh
00:26:52 --> 00:26:53 it's nice to hear that the Outlook has
00:26:53 --> 00:26:55 finally caught up and it's offering this
00:26:55 --> 00:26:57 as a useful service that's Alex Sahara
00:26:57 --> 00:27:01 Ro from Tech advice start
00:27:01 --> 00:27:14 [Music]
00:27:14 --> 00:27:17 life and that's the show for now
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